Use of molecular markers and major genes in the genetic improvement of livestock

Recent developments in molecular biology and statistics have opened the possibility of identifying and using genomic variation and major genes for the genetic improvement of livestock. Information concerning the basis of these techniques and their applications to the genetic improvement of animals is reviewed. Main marker molecular marker systems in animals (RFPL and microsatellites), genome maps, methods for detecting marker major gene linkages and use of marker assisted selection, genetic fingerprinting and mixture models based on segregation analysis are analyzed. The characteristics where the application of marker assisted selection can be more effective are those that are expressed late in the life of the animal, or controlled by a few pairs of genes. The first example correspond to the longevity and carcass characteristics in meat producing animals, the second, to the resistance to certain diseases or defects of simple inheritance. The detection of major genes using mixture models with segregation analysis can direct the work of identification of DNA marker genotypes towards populations and characteristics with greater probability of detecting a major gene using molecular markers. The present trend indicates that molecular, pedigree and phenotypic information will be integrated in the future through mixture models of segregation analysis that might contain major gene effects through the markers, polygenic inheritance and uses powerful and flexible methods of estimation such as Gibbs Sampling.

Keywords
Livestock, Genetic improvement, Molecular markers, Marker assisted selection, Quantitative trait loci, Major genes