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International Journal of Environmental Research
University of Tehran
ISSN: 1735-6865 EISSN: 1735-6865
Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, pp. 671-680
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Bioline Code: er09073
Full paper language: English
Document type: Case Report
Document available free of charge
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International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, pp. 671-680
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Total Dissolved Solid Modeling; Karkheh Reservoir Case Example
Etemad-Shahidi, A; Afshar, A.; Alikia, H. & Moshfeghi, H.
Abstract
The Karkheh Dam Reservoir with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meter is the
largest dam in Iran with both agricultural and drinking usages. Its hydrodynamics and water quality
were modeled and simulated to analyze the total maximum daily load (TMDL) of Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS). The simulation was supported with measurements of temperature and TDS
measurements during two years. A laterally averaged 2D model called CE-QUAL-W2 was used for
the simulation and hypothetical low height spillways were implemented in the model to avoid drying
of the cells in the river branch. The model was then calibrated successfully with an absolute mean
error of 0.71° C. More importantly, vertical stratification of temperature and TDS in the Karkheh
Reservoir was reproduced by the model throughout years 2000 to 2003. The calibrated model was
then used to simulate water quality response to various TDS reduction scenarios. Model results
reveal that a 50% reduction of the TDS load is required for a 40% reduction of TDS in the reservoir
outlet. The modeling of a complex combination of a steep and long river –reservoir system was
another important achievement of this study.
Keywords
Total dissolved solids, Simulation, CE-QUAL-W2, Water quality, Modeling, Stratification
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