Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic is more pronounced in sub-
Saharan Africa. The ever-increasing prevalence of HIV infection and the continued improvement in
clinical management has increased the likelihood of these patients being managed by healthcare
workers. The aim of the review was to assess current literature on the risks of transmission of HIV
infection and protection of the healthcare worker.
Methods: A literature review was performed using MEDLINE articles addressing ‘human
immunodeficiency virus’, ‘HIV’, ‘Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome’, ‘AIDS’, ‘HIV and
Surgery’. We also manually searched relevant surgical journals and completed the bibliographic
compilation by collecting cross references from published papers.
Results: Transmission is by contamination with body fluids for example needle-stick injury and blood
splashes. The risk of HIV transmission from patient to healthcare worker always exists. The risk of
transmission is very small and depends on the type of discipline and type of procedure. Hollow
needles are more dangerous than suture needles. Sero-conversion is, however, very minimal.
Universal precautions are emphasised. In case of needle-stick injury or splash it is important that
affected healthcare workers take post-exposure prophylaxis.
Conclusion: Occupational HIV transmission is lower than that for other infections. However,
protection of all health care personnel should be the prime objective. Universal infection control
guidelines must be accepted and strictly enforced. A prompt response to blood contact is crucial and
post-exposure prophylaxis is essential.
