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The Eight Stages of Trust and “Amanah” in Medicine and the Dunning-Kruger effect ABDULLAH, Jafri Malin Abstract The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which unskilled people make poor decisions and reach erroneous conclusions, but their incompetence denies them the metacognitive ability to recognise their mistakes. These unskilled people therefore suffer from illusory superiority, rating their ability as above average, much higher than it actually is, while the highly skilled underrate their own abilities, suffering from illusory inferiority. Keywords physician; medical; ethics; Malaysia; education; neurosurgery

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