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PARKINSON'S DISEASE - A REVIEW
Shamsideen Abayomi
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurological condition. Environmental, genetic
factors and age are important predisposing factors, but there continues to be
increasing evidence for a genetic component. Apoptosis and necrosis have been
implicated in the loss of the nigral neurons in patients with parkinson's disease.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, the actions of excitotoxins, deficient
neurotrophic support and immune mechanisms are contributory. Excessive activity
of the subthalamic nucleus has also been found to contribute to the symptoms of
parkinsons disease using the neurotransmitter glutamate, blockade of which might
provide an effective treatment of parkinson's disease. Treatment could be preventive,
symptomatic or restorative. Neuroprotective agents prevent apoptosis by upregulating
apoptosis defence gene and down regulating apoptosis promoting genes. Selegilline
(deprenyl) has selective anti apoptotic properties by increasing mitochondrial
energy production and reducing generation of free radicals. Free radical scavengers
such as α-tocopherol, high doses of ascorbate, antioxidants such as selenium
and ubiquinone, drugs inhibiting glutamate release or receptor interaction such
as N- methyl 4 - valine antagonist and aspirin, which down regulate glutamate
receptors have been tried without proven benefit. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
agents and interferon β have also been tried with no documented efficacy.
Except for functional neurosurgical procedures, levodopa remains the most effective
replacement therapy for parkinson's disease.
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