 |
| About Bioline | All Journals | Testimonials | Membership | News |
|
||||||
|
||||||
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 3, Supp. 1, 2006, pg. 181-186 RESEARCH ARTICLE A new variety of Bacopa monnieri obtained by in vitro polyploidization Alejandro Salvio Escandón*1 , Juan Carlos Hagiwara2 , Liliana Marisol Alderete3 1Instituto
de Floricultura INTA-Castelar,
De los Reseros y Las Cabañas s/n (1712),
Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Tel/Fax: 54 11 4481 3864,
E-mail: aescandon@castelar.inta.gov.ar Financial support: INTA project number 1837. Code Number: ej06083 Abstract The commercial value
of Bacopa monnieri, a widespread herbaceous plant in
Keywords: colchicine, flow cytometry, ornamental plants, Scrophulariaceae, tetraploid.
B.
monnieri, an
herbaceous plant commonly found in temperate regions (Zuloaga
and Morrone, 1999), is one of the 12 native species of the genus Bacopa (Scrophulariaceae) present in
Flower size is one of the traits in B. monnieri that needs to be improved to increase the ornamental value of the specie. Polyploidy agents such as colchicines and oryzaline, often used to modify the plant shape and to restorer fertility, are valuable tools to get bigger flowers. These chemicals were successfully applied in the past in many ornamental crops (Horn, 2002) to obtain new genotypes with variants in size and/or colour of flowers and leaves (Notsuka et al. 2000). Chromosome doubling under in vitro conditions is, as well, a very interesting tool for exploration and domestication of wild germplasm to be used as ornamentals (Escandón et al. 2005). Theses improved ornamental products could be either included into a breeding program or transferred to potential users together with the technology developed. This study presents the tweaking of both the in vitro propagation technique of nodal segments of B. monnieri and the in vitro treatment of this species with colchicine to obtain the new variety Ali INTA-JICA. Nodal segments of B. monnieri were disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s and then in a solution containing 25% sodium hypochlorite: 0.01% Tween 80 during 25 min. After that, the segments were rinsed three times with distilled and sterile water. Following
disinfection, nodal segments were cultured in a hormone free MS medium
(Murashige and Skoog, 1962) to grow the explants
needed to study the response of B. monnieri to different cytocinine
concentrations. The MS medium used for the culture was supplemented
with 20 g/L sucrose, 7 g/L agar, and four growth regulator concentrations:
0.0; 0.25; 0.5 and 1.00 mg/L BAP, pH was adjusted to 5.7 with KOH.
The explants were grown in a 16 hrs light photoperiod under an irradiance
of 3,000 lux, and an average temperature of
After
one subculture three or four centimetres long rooted plantlets were
transferred to an
In vitro plant polyploidization Nodal
segments from in vitro plant of B. monnieri were submerged
in 1% DMSO solution containing the following doses of colchicine (v/v):
0.0; 0.001 and 0.01 % (24 and 48 hrs). Fifteen untreated nodal segments
as well as fifteen segment groups submerged in water or in 1% DMSO
(aqueous solution) were used as controls. The culture medium used
for the controls was MS supplemented with 0.25 mg/L BAP. Culture conditions
as well as temperature an photoperiod were the same than in the tissue
culture experiments (16 hrs light photoperiod under an irradiance
of 3,000 lux, and an average temperature of
The ploidy level was determined using the flow cytometer (Partec, CA), following commercial indications: approximately 0.5 cm2 of leaf tissue were chopped with a sharp blade submerged in 0.5 ml nucleus extraction buffer (HR, high resolution, A solution, Partec, CA) and then incubated in the same buffer during 1.5 min. After being filtered, the solution was incubated 1 min with HR B, Partec, CA. (De Schepper et al. 2001; Sari et al. 1999). The different flow cytometer parameters were adjusted with untreated material to secure well defined and reproducible readings. The nuclear DNA of 150 colchicine treated plants was used in these determinations. For the phenotype analysis of the recovered treated plants, the diameter of ten flowers and ten stems and the size of the ten leaves were gauged. The stem diameter was measured at the third leaves pair node. Also, the third leaves pair was chosen to measure the ratio length/ wide to establish the size of the leaves. The colour of fifteen leaves and flower was measured by a Minolta CR 321 colorimeter. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey test (95%) supported by the software Statistica 2.0. Disinfection experiment showed an efficiency of 80%. B. monnieri did not showed difficulties to grow in vitro conditions. Neither browning nor oxidation processes were detected at the amount of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite used. Table 1 shows the results obtained with the nodal segments of B. monnieri. Significant differences in the shoots multiplication rate were detected between the treatments containing 0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L BAP (18.37 and 17.94 shoots/explant, respectively) and the other treatments. The treatment containing 1.0 mg/L BAP showed callus production and a very important tissue vitrification. Although callus production was important in the treatment with 0.5 mg/L BAP, no vitrification was detected in this treatment. Neither callus formation nor vitrification process were found in the 0.25; 0.1 and 0.0 mg/L BAP treatments, and except for the 1.0 mg/L BAP treatment, in all the others the novo shoots developed from the bottom of the explant and at the edge of the leaves (Figure 1a). All recovered shoots rooted spontaneously. No problem was detected for the acclimatization step, all plants transferred to pots were successfully rusticated. These results indicate that for an efficient in vitro micropropagation of B. monnieri and in order to avoid undesirable responses, the levels of BAP must be carefully adjusted. In fact, to start with the in vitro polyploidization experiments, the fine-tuning of in vitro micropropagation is required as the first step. The tissue culture experiment in this study showed that B. monnieri presented a strict hormonal and nutritional requirement. Contrasting with the results herein, Tiwari et al. (2001) found, in an experiment in which they compared the effects of different citocinin concentrations, that for B. monnieri BAP concentrations higher than 1.0 mg/L were the adequate for in vitro multiplication of this specie. Not enough data are available to explain adequately the difference between the result presented here and those reported by Tiwari et al. (2001). In vitro plant polyploidization Complete, viable plants of B. monnieri were obtained from in vitro growing conditions after the colchicine treatment. Multiplication rate was similar for both, treated and control plants. This result is in agreement with those reported previously by Escandón et al. (2005) with Scoparia montevidiensis, another Schrophulareaceae species working with the same colchicine doses (0.001 and 0.01%, 24 and 48 hrs). The only difference observed under in vitro conditions between the control and the colchicine treated plants was growing capacity: treated plants grew less compared to the controls (Figure 1b). Two
tetraploid individuals out of 150 colchicine treated plants were recovered. Figure 2 shows the peak readings obtained by
flow citometry analysis of a mixture of diploid and tetraploid tissues.
Peak “
Leaf
area, flower diameter, stem diameter and number of internodes were
significantly different in the recovered tetraploid plants compared
to the control (Table 2). Figure
3 shows the differences in size, aspect and shape between flowers
(panel “a”) and leaves (panel “b”) referred to in the Table
Colour analysis made both in treated and control plants is summarized in Figure 4. Panel “a” shows the different distributions of colour intensity of the tetraploid plant flowers compared to the controls. Differences in colour, size and firmness are apparent in panel “b” in which tetraploid (arrowed) and diploid flowers are shown in detail. Enlargement of organs (flowers and leaves), intensification of colours, hardier and more robust plants, thicker and more rigid foliage, an discernible increase in the tolerance to different stresses, and the resistance to diseases and pests (Petit and Callaway, 2000) are associated with chromosome doubling, a frequent natural event in ornamental species (Horn, 2002). Thus, chromosome doubling is accepted as a source of evolution of flowering plants, and breeders benefit from it for the domestication of certain genotypes (Van Tuyl and Lim, 2003). Actually, this strategy was extensively used during the last 30 years in many species such as banana (Baziran and Ariffin, 2002), grapes (Notsuka et al. 2000), blueberry (Lyrene and Perry, 1982), potato (Hermsen et al. 1981), and sugarcane (Heinz and Mee, 1970). Under in vitro controlled conditions polyploidization was employed in several ornamental crops, such as Alocasia (Thao et al. 2003), Rhododendron (Eeckaut et al. 2002; Väinölä, 2000), Cyclamen (Takamura and Miyajima, 1996; Ishizaka and Uematsu, 1994). It was widely demonstrated that the in vitro colchicine treatment is a powerful tool for breeding ornamental germplasm (Horn, 2002). In our laboratory interesting results were obtained with different genera. The results herein add to previous studies in the genera Scoparia (Escandón et al. 2005) and Calibrachoa (Hagiwara et al. 2002).
Note: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology is not responsible if on-line references cited on manuscripts are not available any more after the date of publication. © 2006 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile The following images related to this document are available:Photo images[ej06083t2.jpg] [ej06083f3.jpg] [ej06083f1.jpg] [ej06083t1.jpg] [ej06083f4.jpg] [ej06083f2.jpg] |
| |||||||||
