|
African Population Studies
Union for African Population Studies
ISSN: 0850-5780
Vol. 12, Num. 2, 1997
|
African Population Studies/Etude de la Population Africaine, Vol. 12,
No. 2, September/septembre 1997
The Determinants of Teenage
Sexuality and their Understanding of STDs/HIV/AIDS in Kenya
Cathy TOROITICH-RUTO
African Population
Policy Research Centre, A programme of
the Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
Code Number: ep97013
ABSTRACT
In
this paper, we used data from a 1991 survey to examine the factors influencing
adolescent sexual behaviour and their knowledge and perceptions of the risk
of contracting STDs/HIV/AIDS in Kenya. Descriptive data show that sexual activity
starts early and is sporadic. The incidence of abortion among adolescents is
high. Although adolescents are knowledgeable about STDs/HIV/AIDS, they do not
use condoms for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Multivariate analysis
shows that the factors which influence onset of sexual activity are: age, religion,
type of residence, education and career expectations, type of school attended,
performance in school, parents marital status and correct knowledge of the
ovulatory cycle. The study presents evidence that unless society is able to
accept the sexuality of adolescents, issues such as unwanted pregnancy, high
rate of school drop-out among girls, abortions and STDs/HIV/AIDS infections
among adolescents will continue to rise and deprive adolescents of achieving
their full potential.
RÉSUMÉ
Dans
cette communication, les facteurs influençant le comportement sexuel
des adolescentes et leurs connaissances et perceptions du risque de contracter
les MST/VIH/SIDA au Kenya sont étudiés en utilisant des données
issues dune étude menée en 1991. Les données descriptives
montrent que lactivité sexuelle commence tôt et de manière
sporadique. Il ya une très forte incidence de lavortement chez les
adolescentes. Quoique les adolescentes soient très au fait des MST/VIH/SIDA,
ils nutilisent pas de préservatifs pour se prémunir contre les
maladies sexuellement transmissibles. Lanalyse multivariée montre que
les facteurs qui influencent le début de lactivité sexuelle sont:
lâge, la religion, le type de résidence, léducation et
les perspectives de carrière, le type décole fréquenté,
la performance à lécole, la situation matrimoniale des parents
et une bonne connaissance du cycle dovulation. Létude présente
des preuves que la société est bien capable daccepter la sexualité
des adolescentes, ainsi que dautres phénomènes tels que les grossesses
non désirées. Le taux élevé de déperdition
scolaire chez les filles, les avortements, et les infections par les MST/VIH/SIDA
chez les adolescentes vont continuer à augmenter et les empêcher
ainsi dexploiter pleinement leurs potentialités.
INTRODUCTION
Under
the demographic regime of early universal marriage and high fertility that has
characterized all of Africa until recently, adolescent reproductive health received
scant attention. However, with rapid social changes including the advent of
HIV and the onset of fertility transition in countries like Kenya, continued
ignorance of the conditions influencing adolescent choices and sexual behaviour
can no longer be justified. A number of developments in the last two decades
in Kenya have combined to make this study timely and relevant.
Adolescence
is a time of emotional, physical, and psychological development and contributes
substantially to the well-being of the individual in adulthood. Given the fact
that the future size of the Kenyan population will be highly dependent on the
population momentum, this group should be a central force to reckon with. Therefore,
understanding their sexual and reproductive behaviour is of tremendous policy
importance.
Moreover,
adolescents are in a critical stage if they have limited knowledge of their
body functions and the anxieties or uncertainties about safe sex place them
at risk of STDs and HIV infection (Suda, 1993). Therefore, the reproductive
health component of general health increases during adolescence, particularly
among women entering the reproductive years. Social pressures, especially for
low-income girls and young women, influence early marriage and pregnancy, establishing
at an early age a pattern of high fertility and poor sexual and reproductive
health that severely limits their ability to pursue educational and employment
opportunities (Sather and Mason, 1993; Assie-Lumumba, 1995).
BACKGROUND
Several
studies have shown that age at first intercourse is reducing, suggesting that
todays young adults are becoming sexually active at increasingly younger ages.
In addition, some studies have shown that few adolescents use contraceptives
and are at risk of pregnancy (Kiragu, 1991; McCauley and Salter, 1995; Kiragu
and Zabin, 1995). This results in situations such as dropping out of school,
poverty, early marriage and contracting sexually transmitted diseases (DHS
Chartbook, 1992; Kane et al., 1993; Ilinigumugabo, 1995).
The
erosion of traditional means of regulating sexuality and contraception due to
rural-urban migration and the worsening of the economy have caused waning of
many traditional mechanisms (Lema and Njau, 1991; Oladosu, 1993; Yeboah, 1993;
Lema et al., 1991; Suda, 1993). Rural-urban migration has also weakened
extended family networks which provided stability and support. Customs such
as early marriages and female genital mutilation were used traditionally to
curb early sexual practices and avoid adolescent childbearing out of wedlock
(Bledsoe and Cohen, 1993). An information gap amongst adolescents concerning
sexuality and contraception is one of the factors resulting in premarital sex
among adolescents. Parents and adults do not give them information on sex and
contraception because it is not considered culturally appropriate, hence they
turn to their peers who give them inappropriate and/or inaccurate advice. Adolescents
have no difficulty getting books, videos, and magazines which may encourage
sexual freedom without giving information about the risks involved with sexual
intercourse (Lema, 1990; Baker and Rich, 1990; Ajayi et al., 1991; Sullivan,
1995).
Youri
(1993) has shown that among adolescents who got pregnant while still in school,
47 per cent had abortions while 53 per cent gave birth. Rogo (1992) has documented
that over 90 per cent of adolescent pregnancies are unwanted. They consequently
resort to abortions. According to a study of 1,058 female adolescents carried
out by Ilinigumugabo (1995), 9 per cent of them had attempted to have an abortion,
53 per cent of those who attempted fell ill, and 25 per cent had to be hospitalized.
Early
and unintended pregnancy is a major cause for discontinuation of education among
school-going female adolescents. Consequently, opportunities that would have
otherwise been available become foreclosed for the female due to unintended
pregnancy during schooling years (Youri, 1993; Assie-Lumumba, 1995; School
Drop-out and Adolescent Pregnancy, 1995; The People, 1996). Data
has shown that every year 10,000 girls drop out of primary and secondary school
because of unwanted pregnancy (Ferguson, 1988; Njau and Radeny, 1994). The majority
of these girls do not resume the ir studies. Out of those who do, very few return
to their previous schools. Most go to other relatively poor schools.
The
DHS Chartbook on Marriage and Childbearing (1992) explains that the adverse
consequences of adolescent childbearing fall not only upon the young mothers,
but on society at large. In addition to childbearing costs for maternal and
child health care, there is loss for an added potential of an educated person.
Socioeconomic development is attained by acquiring education. It enables the
adolescent to elevate their social status, and to make significant financial
contributions to their families and to participate in the development of their
societies.
The
Data
This
study analyses data collected in 1991 in secondary schools in 17 districts of
Kenya. The survey collected data on never-married men and women of ages 15-24
years from a sample size of 9,208. The questionnaire was self-administered.
Although, there are limitations that accompany the data used, such as the AMREF
study - it has been shown by other researchers that sexual behaviour is a sensitive
topic and the quality of the data may be poor - these concerns have been proven
to be unfounded as the same method of data collection have been used consistently
by several researchers over the years. However, one has to take caution and
maintain a degree of skepticism when considering the results.
The
AMREF study covered segments of the population that are of utmost importance
in this study (school-going adolescents). It provides information that is not
otherwise available in other data sets such as the Kenya Fertility Survey and
Demographic and Health Surveys which do not explore the sexual behaviour of
the teenagers in detail.
RESULTS
The
basic socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the respondents are provided
in Table 1. Most of the subjects were from rural areas and were young adolescents
(15-19 years age group). The majority of them attend day schools which are mixed
with both boys and girls.
In
Table 2, results show that although over half of the respondents reported that
they did not enjoy their first sexual experience, most gave consent to the sexual
activity and 24 per cent reported that they were forced into having sexual intercourse.
Furthermore, 29 per cent said that they usually plan to have sex and only 10
per cent of the respondents had been involved in sexual activity in the last
month.
Table
3 shows that 35 per cent of the respondents were already sexually active but
contraceptive use was low (17 per cent). Pregnancy is high (47 per cent had
ever given birth and 11 per cent were pregnant at the time of the survey). About
42 per cent of the respondents also, had had an abortion which was
performed
mostly by a qualified doctor. However, 11 per cent of the respondents said that
they performed the abortions themselves.
Table
1: Percentage distribution of never married respondents aged 15-24, according
to background characteristics
Characteristics
|
Percentage
N=9208
|
Age
|
15-19
|
93.5
|
20-24
|
6.5
|
Total
|
100
|
Residence
|
Rural
|
58.4
|
Urban
|
16.7
|
Rural/urban
|
24.9
|
Total
|
100
|
Religion
|
Protestant
|
52.6
|
Catholic
|
34.2
|
Muslim
|
2.1
|
None
|
0.6
|
Other
|
10.5
|
Total
|
100
|
Type of School
|
Day
|
81.9
|
Boarding
|
13.2
|
Both (day
& boarding)
|
4.9
|
Total
|
100
|
Type of School
|
Mixed
|
67.7
|
Girls only
|
32.3
|
Total
|
100
|
Table
4 gives results of respondents perception on the usefulness of religion, parents
and health professionals in helping them to cope with sex-related matters.
More
respondents answered positively that health professionals were fairly useful
while parents were rated highest as very useful. Results in Table 5 show that
73 per cent of the respondents correctly indicated that getting a prescription
is the best treatment for gonorrhea. About 6 per cent of the respondents reported
that AIDS is curable while 4 per cent did not know. Table 5 further shows that
many adolescents are not sure of how AIDS is transmitted, and only 35 per cent
answered correctly that condoms prevent AIDS infection. It was surprising to
find that many respondents said that teenagers are safe from being infected
with AIDS.
Results
from Table 6 demonstrate that the most significant factors associated with onset
of sexual activity are: age, type of school, high career and educational expectations,
school performance, type of residence, correct knowledge of ovulatory cycle,
and parents marital status. Table 6 further shows that respondents who came
from families where both parents are still married as well
as
those whose fathers were polygamous were more likely of being sexually active
compared with those respondents from divorced or single-headed households.
Table
2: Percentage distribution of respondents according to sexual activity and practice
Variables
|
Percentage
|
Reproductive
health variables
|
Age started
menstruating by 14 years (n = 4480)
|
51.7
|
Had sexual
intercourse before menstruation (n = 9056)
|
24.1
|
Knew correctly
the source of bleeding (n = 1766)
|
20.0
|
Had sexual
intercourse by 15 years (n = 6931)
|
54.0
|
Description
of first sexual experience (3048)
|
Enjoyable
|
20.3
|
Not enjoyable
|
56.5
|
Other
|
23.2
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Circumstances
of first sex (3038)
|
Was forced
|
24.1
|
Show love
|
21.3
|
Cheated
|
17.6
|
Wanted to
know how it feels
|
33.1
|
Wanted to
please partner
|
1.9
|
Other
|
2.0
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Do you usually
plan to have sex (2740)
|
Plan every
time
|
29.1
|
Plan sometimes
|
24.8
|
Never plan
|
46.1
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Length of
time from last sex (2911)
|
1 month
|
10.0
|
2 months
|
12.4
|
3 months
|
26.6
|
4 months
|
51.0
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Table 3: Percentage
of respondents according to sexual activity, pregnancy status, knowledge and
use of contraceptives and use of reproductive health services
VariablesPercentage
|
Reproductive
health variables(9056)
|
Sexually
active
|
34.6
|
knowledge
of ovulatory cycle
|
29.0
|
Ever used
a contraceptive method
|
17.2
|
Ever suffered
form STD
|
4.9
|
Ever been
treated for a STD
|
2.9
|
Partner ever
used a condom(2857)
|
Never
|
47.1
|
Sometime
|
20.7
|
Always
|
8.0
|
Don't know
|
24.2
|
Total
|
100.0
|
pregnancy
status(217)
|
Currently
pregnant
|
11.1
|
Ever given
birth
|
47.0
|
Ever had
an abortion
|
41.9
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Person who
conducted abortion(179)
|
Qualified
doctor
|
43.6
|
Qualified
nurse
|
17.9
|
Unknown qualification
of a medical person
|
10.0
|
Non medical
person
|
3.9
|
Family member
|
3.9
|
Myself
|
11.2
|
other
|
9.5
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Table
4: Knowledge and attitudes of respondents according to age group
|
How useful
is religion in helping to cope with sex-related matters
|
How useful
are parents in helping to cope with sex related matters
|
How useful
have health professionals been in coping with sex-related matters
|
15-19(n =8607)
|
20-24(n =
601)
|
15-19(n =8607)
|
20-24 (n
= 601)
|
15-19 (n
=8607)
|
20-24 (n
= 601)
|
Very useful
|
72.8
|
75.4
|
73.2
|
71.9
|
70.2
|
71.4
|
Fairly useful
|
13.7
|
12.6
|
10.3
|
10.6
|
12.6
|
13.1
|
Not useful
|
10.6
|
9.1
|
10.9
|
11.3
|
10.1
|
9.0
|
Dont know
|
2.8
|
2.8
|
5.6
|
6.2
|
7.0
|
6.5
|
Total
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
Table
5: Knowledge and perception of reproductive health issues
Variables
|
%
(n = 9208)
|
Gonorrhoea
is effectively treated by:
|
Having sex
with non-infected person
|
6.2
|
Use traditional
medicine
|
4.0
|
Buy medicine
|
1.6
|
Get prescription
|
73.1
|
Dont know
|
13.1
|
Other
|
2.0
|
Total
|
100.0
|
If gonorrhoea
is curable
|
Yes
|
81.2
|
No
|
9.6
|
Dont know
|
9.2
|
Total
|
100.0
|
If AIDS is
curable
|
Yes
|
5.6
|
No
|
90.1
|
Dont know
|
4.3
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Those who
have seen an AIDS patient Can get AIDS through the following:
|
Kissing
|
19.8
|
Mosquito
bite
|
20.5
|
Touching
an AIDS victim
|
5.7
|
Hugging
|
3.8
|
Anal sex
|
51.8
|
Oral sex
|
82.8
|
Living with
AIDS victim
|
9.8
|
Condoms prevent
AIDS infection
|
Yes
|
35.2
|
No
|
34.8
|
Dont know
|
30.0
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Teenagers
are safe from AIDS
|
Yes
|
47.5
|
No
|
43.6
|
Dont know
|
8.9
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Only homosexuals
can transmit AIDS
|
Yes
|
10.5
|
No
|
74.1
|
Dont know
|
15.4
|
Total
|
100.0
|
Table
6: Logistic regression results showing the factors that contribute to early
onset of sexual practice among adolescents
Ever had
sex
|
b
|
Exp(b)
|
Age (15-19)
|
-0.3968
|
0.6725**
|
Religion
Protestant
|
-0.0957
|
0.9061*
|
Muslim
|
-0.8262
|
0.4378**
|
School Day
|
0.1069
|
1.1128
|
Both Boarding & day
|
0.0591
|
1.0609
|
Mixed school
|
0.2686
|
1.3082**
|
Govt. School
|
0.05456
|
1.056
|
Mission school
|
0.0527
|
1.0541
|
Private school
|
0.3107
|
1.3644**
|
Repeated
a class
|
0.3465
|
1.4141**
|
Career and
educational expectations
|
Wants to
complete university
|
-0.5219
|
0.5934**
|
Wants to
complete college
|
-0.3184
|
0.7273
|
Wants career-doctor
|
-0.1534
|
0.8577
|
Wants career-nurse
|
-0.3758
|
1.0383
|
School performance
|
Pergrad a
|
-0.025
|
0.9752
|
Pergrad b
|
0.1509
|
1.1629
|
Pergrad c
|
0.2029
|
1.2250**
|
Pergrad d
|
0.3732
|
1.4524**
|
Residence
Rural
|
-0.2659
|
0.7665**
|
Live both
rural/urban
|
-0.0049
|
0.9951
|
Marks in
class-low
|
-0.0785
|
0.9244
|
Parents'
marital status Married
|
-0.2523
|
0.7769**
|
Father-Polygamous
|
0.2902
|
1.3569**
|
Know correctly
ovulatory cycle
|
0.3052
|
1.3569**
|
Log
likelihood = -3893.13
|
No
of obs. = 6181
|
Chi2
(24) = 224.44
|
Prob > chi2 = 0.000
|
Pseudo
R2 = 0.0280
|
*significant
at 0.1 ; ** significant at 0.05
|
DISCUSSION
The
AMREF survey data confirm that adolescent sexual activity is high and modern
education exposes adolescents to different value systems. Furthermore, the school
environment enables adolescents to interact more with partners of the opposite
sex. Different reasons have been shown to be related to the high sexual activity.
One such reason is the breakdown of social control by parents and teachers over
adolescents (Bledsoe and Cohen, 1993). The other is the changing society where
girls are lured into sexual activity for material gain (Suda, 1993; Youri, 1993).
Although
adolescents said that religion plays a big role in helping them deal with sex-related
issues, results showed that it did not stop them from practicing sexual intercourse.
Other interesting data showed that while knowledge of STDs/HIV infection was
high, adolescents sexual activity was high and sporadic and usually not protective
of STDs/HIV/AIDS and pregnancy. Few of them used condoms although they knew
that condoms prevent infection of STDs/HIV. The study has also shown that although
many adolescents know a method of contraception, they do not use them. The results,
therefore, demonstrate that knowledge of a method is not enough for adolescents
to use contraceptives.
Multivariate
analysis showed that residence, religion, type of school, age, education and
career expectations and school performance, influence adolescents risk of being
sexually active. This data supports what other earlier studies have demonstrated.
As
has been described at the beginning of this paper, the period of adolescence
mostly marks the beginning of varied psycho-social developmental behaviour (for
example, experimentation and exploration of their bodies, sex for sale practices,
drug use, alcohol and cigarette consumption) and many are caught between the
rigid social norms and their own needs and desires to participate in sexual
intercourse. As a result, conflicts occur due to the environmental change which
has not changed to accommodate western behaviours brought about by breakdown
in family traditions and increased economic pressure. Previously, adolescents
were guided by older adults such as aunts, uncles and grandmothers and traditional
practices which reduced high sexual mobility such as early marriage and female
circumcision were more common than now.
Adolescents
need to be aware about their body functions and the consequences of early sexual
intercourse. Sullivan (1995) reports that most adolescents in her study did
not know that participating in sexual intercourse at an early age can result
in pregnancy. Since most adolescents begin sexual intercourse early, there is
need for both boys and girls to know that the first sexual intercourse can result
in a pregnancy or when a girl is most fertile. Provision of the right information
will assist adolescents make better decisions about their sexual behaviour.
Insufficient information and emotional instability creates conditions of unanticipated
irregular sexual activity which results in the incorrect use of contraception
or failure to use them altogether and this puts them at risk of contracting
STDs/HIV (Baudet et al., 1993; Suda, 1995).
It
has been mentioned that many adolescents fear that contraceptives have side
effects while others fear that they may not return to fecundity (Bongaarts and
Bruce, 1995). Jackiewicz and McAnarney (1994) have suggested that early adolescent
pregnancy is as a result of reproductive immaturity, inconsistent familial environment,
low educational level and religious beliefs. This is supported by results from
this study.
CONCLUSION
This
investigation gives an in-depth description of previous work by exploring the
effects of an array of specific characteristics on use of contraceptives and
sexual activity. The results provide further evidence of the importance of these
characteristics in shaping the lives of adolescents.
There
is therefore need to expand investment services that not only provide contraceptives
but also attend closely to related health and social needs of adolescents which
will be very beneficial in their development. Service provision to influence
and alter the cultural and familial factors that limit voluntary contraceptive
use and other reproductive health services will help to meet the reproductive
health needs of the adolescents.
A
policy issue that might emerge from this study is to open avenues in the community
where teachers and parents can guide adolescents on making responsible decisions
especially on sexual issues. Further research need to be carried out to demonstrate
the weakness in socialization of adolescents in Kenya in view of the changing
upbringing and guidance techniques among adolescents in schools as well as at
home.
REFERENCES
- Assie-Lumumba,
N.T. 1995. "Gender and Education in Africa. A New Agenda for Development"
Africa Notes. Institute for African Development. Cornell University.
1-4.
- Ajayi,
A.A; Marangu, L.T & Paxman J.M.; 1991. "Adolescent Sexuality and Fertility
in Kenya: A Survey of Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices", Studies
in Family Planning. 22 (4) 205-216.
- Baker,
G. and Rich, S. 1990. Adolescent Fertility in Kenya and Nigeria. Final
Report for a Study Tour Conducted June-July 1990. Washington DC.
The Center for Population Options, and the Population Crisis Committee.
- Baudet,
J.H; Aubard Y.; Grandjean M.H.; Gasq M.; & Cobin L. 1993. Adolescent
Contraception. Gaette Medicale De France. 100 (2) 10-12.
- Bledsoe,
C.H. and Cohen, B. 1993. Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Sahara
Africa. Population Dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. National Academy
Press. Washington, D.C.
- Bongaart,
S. J. and J Bruce. 1995. "The Causes of Unmet Need for Contraception and
the Social Services", Studies in Family Planning. 26 (2) 57-75.
- DHS
Chartbook on Marriage and Childbearing. 1992. Adolescent Women in Sub-Saharan
Africa. International Population reference Bureau. Washington.
USA.
- Ferguson,
A. 1988. Schoolgirl Pregnancy in Kenya. Report of a Study of Discontinuation
Rates and Associated Factors. Ministry of Health/GTZ Support Unit.
- Ilinigumugabo,
A. 1995. Psycho-Social and Health Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancies
Among Out of School Adolescent Girls in Four Rural Communities in Kenya.
Center for Family Studies Research Report Series No. 1. CAFS. Kenya.
- Jaskiewicz,
J.A. and McAnerney E.R. 1994. "Pregnancy During Adolescence", Pediatrics
in Review. 15 (1). 32-38.
- Kane,
T.T.; De Buysscher, R.; Taylor-Thomas T., Smith, T. and Jeng Momodou.
1993. "Sexual Activity, Family Life Education, and Contraceptive Practice Among
Young Adults in Banjul, The Gambia", Studies in Family Planning.
24 (1). 50-61.
- Kiragu,
K. 1 991. Factors Associated with Sexual Contraceptive Behavior Among
School Adolescents in Kenya. The Johns Hopkins University School
of Hygiene and Public Health. USA.
- Kiragu,
K. and Zabin, L.S. 1995." Contraceptive Use Among High School Students
in Kenya" International Family Planning Perspectives. 21 (3) 108-113.
- Lema,
V.M. 1990. "The Determinants of Sexuality Among Adolescent School Girls
in Kenya", East African Medical Journal. 191-200.
- Lema
,V.M.; Makhokha, A.E.; Sanghvi, H.C. and Wanjala, S.H.1991. "A Review of
the Medical Aspects of Adolescent Fertility in Kenya", Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology of Eastern and Central Africa. 9 (1) 37-43.
- Lema,
V.M. and Njau, W.P. 1991. Abortion in Kenya: A Traditional Approach to
Unwanted Pregnancy. The Center for the Study of Adolescents. Kenya.
- McCauley,
A.P. and Salter, C.1995. Meeting the Needs of Young Adults. Population
Reports J-41.
- Njau,
W. and Radeny, S. 1994. Adolescence in Kenya. The Facts. Center
for the Study of Adolescence.
- Oladosu,
M. 1993. "Factors Influencing Adolescent Sexual Activity in Nigeria: Analysis
of the 1990 Demographic and Health Survey",. Journal of Population and
Social Studies. 4 (1-2) 103-119.
- Rogo,
K.O. 1992. Induced Abortion in Kenya. Paper prepared for the
International Planned Parenthood Federation. Center for the study of
Adolescence. Nairobi.
Kenya.
- Sather,
Z.A. and Mason, K.O. 1993. "How Female Education Affects Reproductive Behaviour
in Urban Pakistan", Asian and Pacific Population Forum. 6 (4)
93-103.
- School
Drop-out and Adolescent Pregnancy. 1995. African Education Ministers
Count the Cost A report on the Ministerial Consultation held from
15-18 Sept. 1994 in Mauritius. Organised by Forum for African Women
Educationalists
(FAWE) in Collaboration with The Government of Mauritius.
- Suda,
C. 1993. Sex Behaviour, Cultural Practices and the Risk of HIV/AIDS in
South Nyanza District, Kenya. Kenya Journal of Science Series.
C 5-18.
- Sullivan,
M.L. 1995. "Teenage Males Beliefs and Practices About Contraception: Findings
from Contraceptive Ethnographic Research in High-Risk Neighborhoods" Presented
to the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco,
CA. April 6-8. Unpublished.
- The
People. 1996. "Towards Saving Student Mothers" February 23-29. iv.
Nairobi, Kenya.
- Yeboah,
Y. 1993. Equal Opportunities for Working Women: The Implications of Adolescent
Pregnancy and Childbirth in Sub-Saharan Africa for ILO Policies and Programmes
.World Employment Program. Working Paper. ILO Geneva.
- Youri,
P. 1993. Female Adolescent Health and Sexuality Study in Kenyan Secondary
Schools. An Interim Report. Amref. Kenya.
Copyright 1997 - Union for African Population
Studies.
|