Ichthyological Bulletin J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology ISSN: 0073-4381 Num. 68, 2000, pp. 1-97

Ichthyological Bulletin, Number 68, June 2000

AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE LABROID FISH FAMILIES LABRIDAE AND SCARIDAE

Paolo Parenti¹ and John E. Randall²

Code Number: fb00001

Parenti, Paolo and John E. Randall. 2000. An annotated checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, No. 68, 97 pages.

An annotated checklist of the species of the fish families Labridae and Scaridae is presented; 541 valid species are recognized, including 68 genera and 453 species of labrids and 10 genera and 88 species of scarids. Thirty undescribed species of wrasses and two undescribed parrotfish species are also included. A list of nominal species is given, with their present assignments; nominal species of uncertain status are placed as incertae sedis and listed separately. A list of nomina nuda is also provided. The valid genera and species are listed alphabetically, with their synonyms and distributions. Examination of the original descriptions and type material (when extant) of previously unplaced nominal species of labroid fishes led to identification of 69 new synonyms. The generic names Artisia de Beaufort, 1939 and Emmeekia Jordan & Evermann, 1896 are here recognized as new synonyms of Halichoeres Rüppell, 1835. For the Labridae, 65 new synonyms of valid species are listed. Labrus psittaculus Richardson,1840, a valid species of Pseudolabrus, is a primary homonym of Labrus psittaculus Lacepède, 1801; the next available name for this species is Labrichthys rubicunda Macleay, 1881 and the new combination Pseudolabrus rubicundus is proposed. The following new combinations are included: Pseudojulis inornatus Gilbert, 1890 is a valid species of Pseudojuloides; Xyrichtys perlas Wellington et al., 1994 is a valid species of Novaculichthys. For Scaridae, Sparus abildgaardi Bloch, 1791 is a senior synonym of Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), but a request of the International Commission has been made to reject abildgaardi in order to conserve S. chrysopterum; and Scarus visayanus Herre, 1933 is a new synonym of Scarus tricolor Bleeker,1847. Pseudoscarus microcheilos Bleeker, 1861 is a synonym of Chlorurus strongylocephalus (Bleeker, 1854).

Figure 1

Checklists of species are invaluable tools in the fields of natural science. They serve to consolidate our level of knowledge and at the same time reveal areas in need of further investigation. They may take the form of listing species for a geographical area or a compilation of the species of a taxonomic unit such as a family.

Among the vertebrates, fishes represent a class whose genera and species continue to increase every year. Figure 1 shows the increase in the number of nominal species of Labridae since our system of classification began with Linnaeus (1758). Nelson (1994) estimated that the number of described fish species is approaching 70-80% of the total number expected in the world. The sudden rise in the discovery of new species of fishes beginning about 1960 is correlated principally with the widespread use of scuba gear and ichthyocides which enabled ichthyologists to collect specimens that are not readily taken by ordinary fishing methods. Also of importance has been the greater emphasis among ichthyologists in recent years to revise taxa, thus revealing undescribed species long residing unidentified or misidentified on museum shelves.

The valid genera and species in the following checklist of labroid fishes are arranged alphabetically. The family Odacidae is here omitted, as it was recently revised by Gomon and Paxton (1986). Although it is widely accepted that the Labridae, Scaridae and Odacidae represent a monophyletic assemblage, inclusion of these three families into a single family is still a topic of debate. It was first suggested by Gomon and Russell (1981), then proposed by Kaufman and Liem (1982) and followed by some authors (Stiassny & Jensen, 1987; Webb, 1990). Although the Labridae may represent a paraphyletic assemblage (Bellwood, 1994; Gomon, 1997), the conventional family classification is here adopted. Attempts to classify the Labridae and Scaridae into phylogenetically sound subfamilies and tribes have not been satisfactory. Monophyly has not been established for most of these taxa (Westneat, 1993; Nelson, 1994; Gomon, 1997).

We present a brief introduction of general morphology and habitat for each family of labroid fishes. Each valid genus and species is accompanied by its synonyms. Details of subsequent designation of type species for the genera are given by Eschmeyer et al. (1997). The author Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1839 and 1840 is abbreviated as Val., 1839 or 1840. Misidentifications are included only when a later author, upon noting that a misidentification is a new species, named it for the author who made the mis-identification. We have excluded the species named by Curtiss, who privately published in 1938 A Short Zoology of Tahiti, in which 116 new species of fishes were described. Fowler (1949: 127) referred to Curtiss as an untrained novice and placed those Curtiss names that he could recognize in synonymy. He added, "Such a proposal as this author seeks to impose on taxonomic ichthyology hardly invites consideration. However, I have given his references only with the thought of their ultimate disposal rather than they should ever arise to further confuse the nomenclature".

We also summarize the distribution of each species. Definitions are needed for the general terms used in these summaries. "Indo-Pacific" refers to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian Ocean and western and central Pacific. For the present checklist, this means that a fish is widespread throughout the region from the east coast of Africa to at least the islands of French Polynesia. Although the Red Sea, Hawaiian Islands, Pitcairn Group, and even remote Easter Island are part of the Indo-Pacific region, they are mentioned when included in the species distribution. Our use of "western Pacific" includes a broad distribution from southern Japan to at least the Great Barrier Reef or coast of Queensland. "Western Indian Ocean" implies a distribution along the coast of Africa from Somalia to Mozambique or South Africa, as well as the islands west of the southern tip of India. "East Indies" refers to the islands of New Guinea, Borneo, Indonesia, and the Philippines (and generally to the Solomon Islands to the east and the Nicobars and Andamans to the northwest, though these areas have not been well collected). If a species' distribution extends from the East Indies to adjacent mainland areas of southeast Asia or northern Australia, the term "Indo-Malayan region" is employed. For many species, these summaries are approximations, as our knowledge of their distributions is still fragmentary.

Wrasses occur worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas. Most species (82 %) are found in the Indo-Pacific region, with Australia having the largest labrid fish fauna (about 33% of the species and 70% of the genera). The species of Labridae vary greatly in shape, from slender to moderately deep-bodied, from long-snouted to short-snouted, and with caudal fins from rounded to lunate.

Characters that define the family are as follows: Mouth usually terminal, the jaws protractile, the maxilla not exposed when mouth is closed. Teeth in jaws usually conical and separate, those at front generally canines that often protrude; no teeth on roof of mouth except a few in some species of Bodianus; pharyngeal bones united, typically with strong nodular to molariform teeth. Lips often thick. Scales cycloid, usually 24-80 in longitudinal series (species of Hologymnosus with more than 100 scale series); head never fully scaled; lateral line continuous or interrupted. Vertebrae usually 23-42. Dorsal fin contin-uous, without a notch between spinous and soft portions (though soft-rayed part may be higher), with 8-21 spines (usually fewer than 15) and 6-21 soft rays; anal fin with 2-6 spines (usually 3) and 7-18 rays. The species of Labridae vary greatly in size from 5 to 230 cm total length.

Wrasses are diurnal, and although most species bury in sand at night to sleep, many wrasses merely take shelter at night. Most species occur on shallow coral reefs or rocky bottom, though some species of Bodianus, Polylepion and Decodon are found in depths of 200 m or more. Razorfishes (Xyrichtys and Cymolutes) occur over open stretches of sand into which they dive with the approach of danger.

All labrids are carnivorous; most feed mainly on a variety of small and large invertebrates, especially hard-shelled molluscs and crustaceans, which they crush with their pharyngeal teeth. A few species prey primarily upon small fishes, while others such as species of Cirrhilabrus, Paracheilinus and Pseudocoris feed on zooplankton. The species of Labroides and the young of some others feed on crustacean ectoparasites and mucus of fishes. Adults of the species of Labrichthys, Labropsis, and Diproctacanthus feed mainly on coral polyps.

The colour pattern may differ dramatically from juvenile to adult and with sex. The reproductive biology involves sex reversal: adults in the initial stage are usually female and generally less colourful. Some species have both females and males in the drab initial phase. Many terminal males are territorial and maintain an harem of females with which they spawn individually. The majority of wrasses have pelagic eggs, but some temperate species build nests of seaweed.

The Labridae is a very large family, third in number of species after Gobiidae and Serranidae. Nelson (1994) estimated the number of valid labrid species as 500 in about 60 genera. Our checklist includes 68 genera and 452 valid species (Fig. 1). An additional 29 undescribed species are also included by generic name. Doubtful genera and species are listed separately. Corrections are expected since some large genera such as Coris (under study by the second author), Halichoeres and Xyrichtys have not been revised. Examination of the original descriptions and type material of previously unplaced nominal species of labrid fishes led to identification of 65 new synonyms.

Although Russell (1980) identified six tribes, Hypsigenyini, Labrini, Cheilinini, Labrichthyini, Julidini and Novaculini, only Cheilinini (Westneat, 1993) and Hypsigenyini (Gomon, 1997) have been recognized as monophyletic. Cheilinini includes ten genera grouped in two lineages: the genera Cheilinus, Doratonotus, Epibulus, Oxycheilinus and Wetmorella form the "cheiline" lineage, and the genera Cirrhilabrus, Paracheilinus, Pseudocheilinus, Pseudocheilinops and Pteragogus form the "pseudocheiline" lineage. Randall (1999a) recognises the two cheiline lineages as two distinct tribes: Cheilinini and Cirrhilabrini, respectively. The Tribe Cirrhilabrini is diagnosed and expanded to include the genus Conniella.

The tribe Hypsigenyini comprises at least eight genera: Achoerodus, Bodianus, Choerodon, Clepticus, Decodon, Polylepion, Semicossyphus and Xiphocheilus (Gomon, 1997). The position of Anchichoerops within the Hypsigenyini is regarded as provisional. Finally, monophyly has been demonstrated for the pseudolabrines, a group of six labrid genera (Austrolabrus, Dotalabrus, Eupetrichthys, Notolabrus, Pictilabrus and Pseudolabrus) conventionally placed within the Julidini (Russell, 1988).

Acantholabrus Val., 1839: 242 (type-species, Lutjanus exoletus (not of Linnaeus) Risso, (= Lutjanus palloni Risso, 1810) by subsequent designation).

One species (Bauchot & Quignard, 1973).

Lutjanus palloni Risso, 1810: 263 (Nice, France).
Labrus pallidus Nardo, 1824b: 252 (Adriatic Sea).
Acantholabrus imbricatus Lowe, 1839: 86 (Madeira).
Acantholabrus couchii Val., 1839: 248 (Cornwall, England).

Remarks: there is no type material for Labrus pallidus Nardo; however the species is described with enough details to identify it as Acantholabrus palloni.
Distribution: Norway south to Cape Lopez, Gabon; Madeira, Azores, Canary Ids, and Mediterranean.

Achoerodus Gill, 1863: 222 (type-species, Labrus gouldii Richardson, by original designation).
Heterochoerops Steindachner, 1866d: 52 (type-species, H. viridis Steindachner, by monotypy).
Platychoerops Klunzinger, 1880: 399 (type-species, P. muelleri Klunzinger, by original designation, preoccupied by Charlesworth, 1855 in Mammalia [not replaced; reported as synonym by McCulloch, 1929]).

Two species (Gomon, 1997); southern Australia.

Labrus gouldii Richardson, 1843b: 353 (Western Australia).
Trochocopus unicolor Günther, 1876: 398 (Sydney, New South Wales, Australia).
Platychoerops muelleri Klunzinger, 1880: 399 [75], pl. 8, fig. 2 ( King George Sound, Western Australia).
Platychoerops badius Ogilby, 1893: 134 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

Distribution: South Australia to Lancelin, Western Australia.

Heterochoerops viridis Steindachner, 1866d: 52 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

Distribution: Queensland to Victoria.

Ammolabrus Randall & Carlson, 1997: 30 (type-species, A. dicrus Randall & Carlson, by original designation).

One species.

Ammolabrus dicrus Randall & Carlson, 1997: 32 (Oahu, Makaha, Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Anampses Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 276 (type-species, A. cuvier Quoy & Gaimard, by monotypy).
Pseudanampses, Bleeker, 1862d: 101 (type-species, Anampses pterophthalmus Bleeker, by subsequent designation).
Anampsodax Bleeker, 1875: 82 (type-species, A. lienardi Bleeker [Appeared as "Gen? Anampsodax Lienardi Blkr"]).
Ampheces Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 628 (type-species, Anampses geographicus Valenciennes, by original designation).

Genus revised by Randall (1972); 13 species; Indo-Pacific.

Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1829: 42, pl. 10, fig. 1 (El Tur, Sinai coast, Egypt, Gulf of Suez).
Anampses diadematus Rüppell, 1835: 21, pl. 6, fig. 3 (El Tur, Sinai coast, Egypt, Gulf of Suez).
Anampses lineolatus Bennett, 1836: 208 (Mauritius).
Anampses chlorostigma Val., 1840: 9 (Red Sea).
Anampses coeruleomaculatus Günther, 1881: pl. 138 (error for caeruleopunctatus).
Anampses taeniatus Liénard in Sauvage, 1891: 457 (Mauritius).
Anampses pulcher Regan, 1913: 371, pl.58, fig. 3; pl. 59 (Easter Id, southeastern Pacific).
Anampses tinkhami Fowler, 1946: 162, fig. 30 (Aguni Shima, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, including Red Sea, South Africa, Easter Id and Line Ids.

Anampses chrysocephalus Randall, 1958a: 100, fig. 3 (Oahu, Hawaiian Ids).
Anampses rubrocaudatus Randall, 1958a: 103, fig. 4 (Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Anampses cuvier Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 276, pl. 55, fig.1 ( Maui, Hawaiian Ids).
Anampses godeffroyi Günther, 1881: 252, pl. 140 (Hawaiian Ids).
Anampses evermanni Jenkins, 1901: 57, fig. 14 (Honolulu).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Anampses elegans Ogilby, 1889: 67 (Lord Howe Id).
Anampses variolatus Ogilby, 1889: 67 (Lord Howe Id).

Distribution: New Zealand, Lord Howe Id, and New South Wales, Australia.

Anampses femininus Randall, 1972: 176, pl. 3, figs. a-b (Hanga Piko, Easter Id, southeastern Pacific).

Distribution: Easter Id to New South Wales and southern Great Barrier Reef.

Anampses geographicus Val., 1840: 10, pl. 389 (Indian Ocean).
Anampses pterophthalmus Bleeker, 1857c: 81 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Anampsodax lienardi Bleeker, 1875: 83 (Mauritius).

Distribution: Mauritius to Western Australia, western Pacific, Tonga, Fiji, and Caroline Ids.

Anampses lennardi Scott, 1959: 86, fig. 6 (Point Samson, Western Australia, 20°38'S, 117°12'E).

Distribution: northwestern Australia.

Anampses melanurus lineatus, Randall, 1972: 172, fig. 7 (Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba).

Distribution: Red Sea and Indian Ocean to Indonesia.

Anampses melanurus Bleeker, 1857c: 79 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

Distribution: South Africa and Japan to East Indies and French Polynesia.

Anampses meleagrides Val., 1840: 12 (Mauritius).
Anampses, amboinensis Bleeker, 1857c: 80 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Anampses meleagris Günther, 1862: 135 (unjustified emendation of Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes).
Anampses lunatus Sauvage (ex Liénard), 1891: 459 (Amboine; Zanzibar; Mauritius).
Anampses ikedai Tanaka, 1908: 32, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Kagoshima Pref., Japan).
Anampses nagayoi Tanaka, 1908: 34, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Kagoshima Pref., Japan).

Distribution: Red Sea to South Africa, Samoa and Caroline Ids.

Anampses neoguinaicus Bleeker, 1878: 57, pl. 3, fig. 4 (New Guinea).
Anampses fidjensis Sauvage, 1880: 224 (Fiji Ids).

Distribution: western Pacific to Fiji.

Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856a: 56 (Ambon , Indonesia).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, including Red Sea.

Anampses viridis Val., 1840: (Mauritius).
Anampses rubroviridis Liénard in Sauvage, 1891: 458 (Mauritius).

Distribution: Mauritius.

Anchichoerops Barnard 1927: 746 (type-species, Choerops natalensis Gilchrist & Thompson, by monotypy).

One species.

Choerops natalensis Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909: 259 (Natal, South Africa).

Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal to Port St Johns, South Africa.

Austrolabrus Steindachner, 1884: 1100 (type-species, Labrichthys maculata Macleay, by monotypy).

One species.

Labrichthys maculata Macleay, 1881: 89 (King George Sound, Western Australia).

Distribution: southern Australia: central New South Wales and between Kangaroo Id and Shark Bay.,

Bodianus Bloch, 1790: 33 (type-species, Bodianus bodianus Bloch, by absolute tautonymy).
Harpe Lacepède, 1802: 426 (type-species, Harpe caeruleoaureus Lacepède, by monotypy).
Diastodon Bowdich, 1825: xii, 238 (type-species, Diastodon speciosus Bowdich, by monotypy).
Cossyphus Val., 1839: 102 (type-species, Bodianus bodianus Bloch, by subsequent designation; preoccupied by Olivier 1791 in Coleoptera and by Rafinesque 1815 and Dumont 1823 in Aves).
Ronchifex Gistel, 1848: viii (type-species, Bodianus bodianus Bloch, replacement name for Cossyphus Valenciennes).
Lepidaplois Gill, 1862: 140 (type-species, Cossyphus axillaris Valenciennes, by monotypy).
Trochocopus Günther, 1862: 100 (type-species, Trochocopus opercularis Günther, by monotypy).
Cheiliopsis Steindachner, 1863a: 1113 (type-species, Cheiliopsis bivittatus Steindachner, by monotypy).
Euhypsocara Gill, 1863: 222 (type-species, Cossyphus anthioides of Günther, by original designation).
Gymnopropoma Gill, 1863: 222 (type-species, Labrus bilunulatus Lacepède, by original designation).
Verreo Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 619 (type-species, Cossyphus oxycephalus Bleeker, by original designation).
Verriculus Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 191 (type-species, V. sanguineus Jordan & Evermann, by original designation).
Chaeropsodes Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909: 260 (type-species, C. pictus Gilchrist & Thompson, by monotypy).
Pseudolepidaplois Blanchot & Blanc, 1961: 53 (type-species, P. pfaffi Bauchot & Blanc, by monotypy).

The genus is currently under revision by M. Gomon; 38 species (6 undescribed) are listed here. Mostly Indo-Pacific; 2 species in eastern Pacific and 6 in Atlantic.

Crenilabrus anthioides, Bennett, 1832a: 167 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus zosterophorus Bleeker, 1857c: 75 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Cossyphus boutoni Liénard in Sauvage, 1891: 452 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus bicolor Liénard in Sauvage, 1891: 453 (Mauritius).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Labrus axillaris Bennett, 1832a: 167 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus axillaris Val., 1839: 131, pl. 371 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus octomaculatus Liénard in Sauvage, 1891: 454 (Mauritius).
Lepidaplois albomaculatus Smith, 1957a: 101, fig. 1 (Mauritius).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Labrus bilunulatus Lacepède, 1801: 454, 526, pl. 31, fig. 2 (Great Equatorial Ocean [Mauritius]).
Cossyphus albotaeniatus Val., 1839: 141 (Hawaiian Ids).
Crenilabrus modestus Garrett, 1864: 106 (Honolulu fish market, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Lepidaplois strophodes Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 103 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Lepidaplois richardsoni Fowler, 1908: 433, fig. 7 (Victoria, Australia).
Lepidaplois atrorubens Jordan [E.K.], 1925: 23, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Honolulu fish market, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Three subspecies: Bodianus bilunulatus albotaeniatus: Hawaiian Ids; Bodianus bilunulatus bilunulatus: Indian Ocean and western Pacific; and Bodianus bilunulatus new subspecies, eastern central Pacific (M. Gomon, pers. comm.).

Bodianus bimaculatus Allen, 1973: 386, fig. 1 ( Bairakaseru Id, Ngemelis Ids, Palau Archipelago, Philippine Sea).

Distribution: South Africa, Mauritius and Maldives to western Pacific.

Verreo cylindriatus Tanaka, 1930: 941, pl. 187, fig. 513 (Tokyo fish market, Japan).

Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, New Caledonia, and northwestern Hawaiian Ids.

Labrus diana Lacepède, 1801: 450, 522, pl. 32, fig. 1 (Indo-Pacific Ocean).
Cossyphus spilotes Guichenot, 1865: 13 (Réunion Id).
Lepidaplois aldabrensis Smith, 1955: 932, pl. 24 (Aldabra Id).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia, Samoa and Marshall Ids.

Harpe diplotaenia Gill, 1862: 140 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico).
Harpe pectorallis Gill, 1862: 141 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico).

Distribution: Baja California to Peru; records from Chile are questionable (M. Protti, pers. comm.).

Cossyphus eclancheri Valenciennes, 1846:, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Galápagos Ids); the species name dates to publication of the plate; the corresponding text was published later (Valenciennes, 1855: 340).

Distribution: Ecuador to Chile, Galápagos Ids.

Cossyphus frenchii Klunzinger, 1880: 400 (King George Sound, Western Australia).
Trochocopus rufus Macleay, 1878b: 35, pl. 5, fig. 3 (King George Sound, Western Australia).

Distribution: southeastern and southwestern Australia.

Bodianus insularis Gomon & Lubbock, 1980: 106, figs. 1-3 (English Bay, Ascension Id).

Distribution: Ascension, St. Helena and St. Paul's Rocks.

Bodianus izuensis Araga & Yoshino in Masuda, Araga & Yoshino, 1975: 296, pl. 103, fig. G (off Izu Oceanic Park, Shizuoka Pref., Japan).

Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, New Caledonia, and eastern Australia.

Labrus leucosticticus Bennett, 1832a: 166 (Mauritius).
Lepidaplois bourbon Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1961: 7, fig. 1 (Réunion Id).

Distribution: Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Comores, Indonesia, Taiwan, and southern Japan.

Remarks: the specific name was misspelled as leucostictus by Smith (1957a), Randall (1986a), and Shen (1993).

Lepidaplois loxozonus Snyder, 1908: 95 (Okinawa, Japan).
Lepidaplois trotteri Fowler & Bean, 1923: 20 (Tuamotu Ids).

Distribution: two subspecies: B. loxozonus, loxozonus: western Pacific to Mariana and Marshall Ids, and B. loxozonus trotteri Line Ids to French Polynesia (Myers, 1989).

Lepidaplois macrognathos Morris, 1974: 632, figs. 1-2 (off Kanyika Id, Kenya, 2°27'S, 40°52'E, 65 m.).

Distribution: Kenya and Oman.

Labrus macrourus Lacepède, 1801: 438, 493, pl. 9, fig. 3 (Indo-Pacific Ocean).
Labrus hirsutus Lacepède, 1801: 429, 473, pl. 20, fig. 1 (Great Gulf of India).
Labrus rubrolineatus Lacepède, 1801: 433, 480 (Madagascar and Réunion Id).
Crenilabrus croceus Lesson, 1828: 407 (Mauritius).
Crenilabrus chabrolii Lesson, 1830: 133, pl. 38 (Mauritius).
Labrus spilonotus Bennett, 1836: 207 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus maldat Val., 1839: 114 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus macrurus Günther, 1862: 104 (unjustified emendation of Labrus macrourus, Lacepède).

Distribution: western Indian Ocean.

Bodianus masudai, Araga & Yoshino in Masuda, Araga & Yoshino, 1975: 297, pl. 103, fig. H (off Izu Oceanic Park, Shizuoka Pref., Japan).

Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, and New Caledonia.

Labrus mesothorax Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 254 (East Indies).
Scarus mordax Gronow in Gray, 1854: 64 (Indian Ocean).

Distribution: western Pacific to Christmas Id (eastern Indian Ocean).

Cossyphus neilli Day, 1867b: 560 (Madras, India).

Distribution: India and Sri Lanka.

Cossyphus opercularis Guichenot, 1847: 283 (Madagascar).
Trochocopus opercularis Günther, 1862: 100 (Mauritius?).
Cheiliopsis bivittatus Steindachner, 1863a: 1113, pl. 24, fig. 1-1c (Mauritius).

Distribution: Red Sea and Indian Ocean to Indonesia.

Cossyphus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1862d: 129 (Japan).

Distribution: Japan.

Labrus perditio Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 702, pl. 20, fig. 4 (Tongatabu, Tonga Ids).
Cossyphus atrolumbus Val., 1839: 123 (Mauritius).
Trochocopus sanguinolentus De Vis, 1883: 287 (Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia).
Cossyphus aurifer De Vis, 1884: 146 (Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia).
Cossyphus latro De Vis, 1885: 878 (Moreton Bay).
Cossyphus nigromaculatus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908: 197 (off Durban harbor, South Africa).
Chaeropsodes pictus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909: 260 (Durban market, South Africa).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific; anti-equatorial: southern Africa to the islands of southern Oceania and from Taiwan to southern Japan.

Bodianus prognathus Lobel, 1981: 45, figs. 1-4 (Fanning Id, Line Ids).

Distribution: Line Ids, central Pacific.

Cossyphus pulchellus Poey, 1860: 208 (Cuba).
Harpe naevius Eigenmann, 1894: 630 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Distribution: Bermuda, North Carolina to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies to Venezuela.

Labrus rufus Linnaeus, 1758: 284 (America).
Bodianus bodianus Bloch, 1790: 33, pl. 223 (Brazil).
Lutjanus verres Bloch, 1791: 9, pl. 255 ("Japan"; evidently erroneous).
Sparus falcatus Bloch, 1791: 20, pl. 258 (Martinique Id)
Labrus semiruber Lacepède, 1801: 428, 473 (Brazil).
Bodianus blochii Lacepède, 1802: 279, 287 (Brazil).
Harpe caeruleoaureus Lacepède, 1802: 426, 427, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Martinique Id, West Indies).
Bodianus brachyrhynus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918: 787 (Estado de Bahia, Brazil).

Distribution: Bermuda, North Carolina to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies to southern Brazil.

Remarks: Bodianus brachyrhynus is a synonym according to Luiz Alves Rocha (pers. comm.).

Verriculus sanguineus Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 191 (Hilo, Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Labrus scrofa Val., 1839: 93 (Cape Verde Ids and Madeira).
Crenilabrus caninus Lowe, 1839: 84 (off Madeira).
Pseudolepidaplois pfaffi Bauchot & Blanc, 1961: 54, fig. 4 (Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Ids).

Distribution: eastern tropical Atlantic.

Diastodon speciosus Bowdich, 1825: 238, fig. 41 (St Jago Id, Madeira).
Labrus iagonensis Bowdich, 1825: 234, fig. 47 ( St Jago Id, Madeira and River Gambia, West Africa).
Cossyphus tredecimspinosus Günther, 1862: 107 (no locality).
Cossyphus jagonensis Troschel, 1866: 229 (emendation of Labrus iagonensis Bowdich).

Distribution: eastern tropical Atlantic.

Bodianus tanyokidus Gomon & Madden, 1981: 122, figs. 2-3 (Mauritius).

Distribution: Comoro Ids, Mauritius, southern Japan, southern Marianas.

Bodianus thoracotaeniatus Yamamoto, in Amaoka et al., 1982: 245, pl. 170 (Kita Koho Seamount, Kyushu-Palau Ridge, W. Pacific, 26°45 'N, 135°22' E; 345 m).

Distribution: southern Japan and Taiwan.

Lepidaplois trilineatus Fowler, 1934: 492, fig. 47 (Natal coast, South Africa).
Lepidaplois luteopunctatus Smith, 1957a: 102, pl. 1, fig. A (off Delagoa Bay, Mozambique).

Distribution: Gulf of Aden to South Africa.

Cossyphus unimaculatus Günther, 1862: 109, 506 (Australia).
Cossyphus bellis Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887c: 561 (Shoalhaven, New South Wales, Australia).

Distribution: southeastern Australia, New Zealand, Lord Howe Id, and Norfolk Id to Easter Id.

Cossyphus vulpinus Richardson, 1850: 71 (Australia).

Distribution: western Australia.

Distribution: Western Australia.

Distribution: southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

Distribution: New Caledonia and eastern Australia.

Distribution: Cook Ids, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and Palau.

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Distribution: Line Ids, central Pacific.

Centrolabrus Günther, 1861: 303 (type-species, Labrus exoletus Linnaeus, by subsequent designation).

Three species; eastern Atlantic.

Centrolabrus caeruleus Azevedo, 1999: 3, fig. 1, a-b (Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Id, Azores).

Distribution: Azores Ids.

Labrus exoletus Linnaeus, 1758: 287 (Atlantic Ocean).
Labrus chinensis Linnaeus, 1758: 287 ("Asia" [probably Europe]).
Labrus pentacanthus Lacepède, 1801: 441, 503 (between Norway and Greenland).
Crenilabrus microstoma Thompson (ex Couch), 1837: 55 (Cornwall, England).

Distribution: northeastern Atlantic from Greenland and Norway to Portugal.

Remarks: synonymy from Bauchot (1963) and Bauchot and Quignard (1973). Lönnberg (1896) regarded Labrus chinensis as a synonym of Labrus exoletus. The diagnosis of L.chinensis is concise, but the anal-fin ray count of five spines in a total of 12 elements suggests that it may represent C. exoletus. Wheeler (1991: 178) examined the Linnean fish collection at Uppsala and concluded that the specimen labelled Centrolabus exoletus, (ZIU 194) is apparently the type of L. chinensis. The type of Labrus exoletus is no longer extant. As stated by Wheeler, "if it became necessary in a revisionary study to designate a neotype for L. exoletus, it might be desirable to designate this specimen".

Crenilabrus trutta Lowe, 1834: 143 (off Madeira).
Crenilabrus trutta var. unicolor Lowe, 1838: 187 (Madeira).
Acantholabrus viridis Val., 1839: 252 (Canary Ids).
Acantholabrus romeritus Valenciennes, 1843: 64 (Canary Ids).
Acantholabrus romerus Valenciennes, 1843: 64 (Lanzarote, Canary Ids).

Distribution: Azores, Madeira, and Canary Ids.

Remarks: synonymy from Gomon and Forsyth (1990).

Cheilinus Lacepède, 1801: 529 (type-species, Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepède, by subsequent designation; Chilinus is a misspelling).
Crassilabrus Swainson, 1839: 172, 225 (type-species, Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, by monotypy; proposed as subgenus).
Thalliurus Swainson, 1839: 230 (type-species, Thalliurus blochii Swainson, by monotypy; proposed as subgenus).
Urichthys Swainson, 1839: 172, 225 (type-species, Labrus lunulatus Forsskål, by subsequent designation; proposed as subgenus).

Seven species; Indo-Pacific. The genus is currently under revision by M.W. Westneat, J.E. Randall, and M.F. Gomon; synonymies should be considered provisional.

Cheilinus abudjubbe Rüppell, 1835: 18 (Red Sea).

Distribution: Red Sea.

Sparus chlorourus Bloch, 1791: 24, pl. 260 (Japan).
Thalliurus blochii Swainson, 1839: 230 (no locality).
Cheilinus punctatus Bennett, 1832a: 167 (Mauritius).
Cheilinus punctulatus Val., 1840: 87, pl. 396 (Seychelles).
Cheilinus blochii Val., 1840: 108 (Japan).
Cheilinus guttatus Bleeker, 1847: 161 (Jakarta, Indonesia).
Cheilinus decacanthus Bleeker, 1851b: 256 (Indonesia).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from South Africa to Japan, Australia and central Pacific.

Sparus fasciatus, Bloch, 1791: 18, pl. 257 (Japan).
Labrus enneacanthus Lacepède, 1801: 433, 480 (no locality).
Sparus bandatus Perry, 1811: no page (Eastern Ocean).
Cheilinus quinquecinctus Rüppell, 1835: 19, pl. 6, fig. 1 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).

Distribution: Red Sea to Mozambique, Samoa and Marshall Ids.

Remarks: Sparus bandatus is a synonym according to Whitley (1931b).

Labrus lunulatus Forsskål, 1775: 37 (Jeddah, Red Sea).
Cheilinus lunifer Nichols, 1923: 3, fig. 3 (Djibouti).

Distribution: Red Sea to Persian Gulf.

Cheilinus ketlitzii Val., 1840: 105 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Cheilinus sanguineus Val., 1840: 106 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853h: 349 (Indonesia).
Cheilinus calophthalmus Playfair & Günther, 1867: 90, pl. 11, fig. 4 (Zanzibar).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from South Africa to Japan, Australia and central Pacific.

Remarks: Cheilinus ketlitzii, Cheilinus sanguineus, and Cheilinus calophthalmus, are new synonyms of Cheilinus oxycephalus (Mark Westneat, pers. comm.). Fowler (1928: 362) emended Cheilinus ketlitzii to kitlitzii, and regarded it as the valid name for the species presently known as Oxychelinus celebicus (Bleeker). Randall and Parenti (1999) proposed that ketlitzii and sanguineus be suppressed in order to conserve oxycephalus.

Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepède, 1801: 529, 537, pl. 31, fig. 3 (type localities, Réunion, Mauritius and Madagascar).
Cheilinus trilobus Schinz, in Cuvier, 1822: 427 (emendation of Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepède).
Cheilinus sinuosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 278 (Madagascar, Hawaiian Ids and Mariana Ids).
Cheilinus rivulatus Val., 1840: 86 (New Ireland Id).
Cheilinus festivus Val., 1840: 104 (Oualan, Caroline Ids).
Cheilinus maculosus Val., 1840: 104 (Oualan Id).
Cheilinus nebulosus Richardson, 1846b: 261 (Sea of China).
Cheilinus tetrazona Bleeker, 1853c: 293 (Indonesia).
Cheilinus fasciatopunctatus Steindachner, 1863a: 1114, pl. 23 (Red Sea).
Cheilinus pulchellus Sauvage, 1880: 224 (Fiji Ids).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from South Africa to Japan, Australia and central Pacific.

Remarks: Daget (1968) discussed the status of Cheilinus trilobus.

Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835: 20, pl. 6, fig. 2 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Cheilinus mertensii Val., 1840: 102 (Guam, Mariana Ids).
Chilinus godeffroyi Günther, 1872a: 666, pl. 66 (Tonga Ids).
Cheilinus rostratus Cartier, 1874: 103 (Cebu, Philippines).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Cheilio Lacepède, 1802: 432 (type-species, C. auratus Lacepède, by subsequent designation).
Micropodus Rafinesque, 1815: 86 (unneeded replacement name for Cheilio Lacepède).
Eupemis Swainson, 1839: 173, 232 (type-species, Labrus fusiformis Rüppell, by monotypy; proposed as subgenus of Julis on p. 173 and as subgenus of Gomphosis on p. 233).

One species.

Labrus inermis Forsskål, 1775: 34 (Yemen, Red Sea).
Labrus hassek Lacepède, 1801: 444 513 (Arabia, nomen novum, for Labrus inermis Forsskål).
Cheilio auratus Lacepède, 1802: 432, 433 (Mauritius).
Cheilio fuscus Lacepède, 1802: 432, 433 (Mauritius).
Labrus fusiformis Rüppell, 1835: 7, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and Massawa, Eritrea).
Cheilio cyanochloris Val., 1839: 346, pl. 382 (Mauritius).
Cheilio forskalii Val., 1839: 349 (Mauritius and Suez).
Cheilio hemichrysos Val., 1839: 351 (Hawaiian Ids).
Cheilio viridis Val., 1839: 352 (Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Ids).
Cheilio microstoma Val., 1839: 353 (no locality).
Cheilio ramosus Jenyns, 1842: 102 (Japan).
Cheilio bicolor Bianconi, 1857: 100 (Mozambique).
Cheilio udanad Montrouzier, 1857: 470 (Woodlark Id).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Hawaiian Ids, Australia and Easter Id.

Remarks: synonymy from Fowler (1928) de Beaufort (1940), and Bauchot (1963).

Choerodon Bleeker, 1849: 10 (type-species, Labrus macrodontus Lacepède, by monotypy).
Choerops Rüppell, 1852: 20 (type-species, Choerops meleagris Rüppell, by monotypy).
Cossyphodes Bleeker, 1860a: 37 (type-species, Labrus macrodontus Lacepède, by monotypy).
Hypsigenys Günther, 1861: 383 (type-species, Labrus macrodontus Lacepède, by monotypy).
Torresia Castelnau, 1875: 36 (type-species, T. australis Sauvage, by monotypy).
Lienardella Fowler & Bean, 1928: 202 (type-species, Lepidaplois mirabilis Snyder, by original designation; proposed as a subgenus).
Macrochoerodon Fowler & Bean, 1928: 200 (type-species, Crenilabrus oligacanthus Bleeker, by original designation).
Peaolopesia Smith, 1949: 370 (type-species, Xiphochilus gymnogenys Günther, by original designation).
Aspiurochilus Fowler, 1956: 176 (type-species, Crenilabrus stejnegeri Ishikawa, by original designation; proposed as a subgenus).
Choerodonoides Kamohara, 1958: 2 (type-species, C. japonicus Kamohara, by original designation).

Twenty-three species plus two undescribed species; Indo- Pacific. We follow Gomon (1974a) in placing Lienardella Fowler & Bean in synonymy. The genus is being revised by M.F. Gomon. Names and synonyms are provisional.

Sparus anchorago Bloch, 1791: 108, pl. 276 ("Received from the Holland auction").
Labrus macrodontus Lacepède, 1801: 451, 522 (no locality).
Cossyphus macrodon Bleeker, 1849a: 10 (unjustified emendation of Labrus macrodontus Lacepède).
Choerops meleagris Rüppell, 1852: 20 (Mare Javanicum,).
Labrus chlorodus Gray, 1854: 80 (no locality).
Crenilabrus leucozona Bleeker, 1858c: 238 (Indonesia).
Choerops maeander Cartier, 1874: 102 (Cebu, Philippines).
Choerodon weberi Ogilby, 1911: 52 (Aru Ids, Indonesia).

Distribution: Sri Lanka to Ryukyus, French Polynesia and New Caledonia.

Labrus japonicus Val., 1839: 99 (Japan; preoccupied by Labrus japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 nomen dubium).
Choerops azurio Jordan & Snyder, 1901: 747 nomen novum for Labrus japonicus Valenciennes.
Crenilabrus stejnegeri Ishikawa, 1904: 13, pl. 6, fig. 2 (Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Taiwan, Japan.

Remarks: M.F. Gomon informed us that Crenilabrus stejnegeri is a synonym of C. azurio.

Choerodon cauteroma Gomon & Allen, 1987: 25 (Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia).

Distribution: western Australia.

Chaerops cephalotes Castelnau, 1875: 39 (Queensland).
Choerops perpulcher De Vis, 1885: 877 (Queensland).
Choerops macleayi Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887: 241 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).
Choerops hodgkinsonii Saville-Kent, 1893: 296, 370, pl. 15, fig. 2 (Port Denison, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: northern Australia.

Labrus cyanodus, Richardson, 1843b: 355 (Black Point, Port Essington, Queensland, Australia).
Chaerops crassus Castelnau, 1875: 39 (Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia).
Choerops albigena De Vis, 1885: 876 (Queensland).
Choerops olivaceus De Vis, 1885: 876 (Queensland).
Choerops unimaculatus De Vis, 1885: 877 (Great Barrier Reef; preoccupied by Choerops unimaculatus Cartier, 1874 [= Choerodon schoenleinii (Valenciennes)]).
?Choerops concolor De Vis, 1885: 878 (Queensland).

Distribution: Indonesia and north coast of Australia.

Remarks: Assignment of the De Vis names from M.F. Gomon (pers. comm.).

Xiphochilus fasciatus Günther, 1867: 101, pl. 10 (Cape York, Queensland, Australia).
Lepidaplois mirabilis Snyder, 1908: 96 (Okinawa, Japan).
Choerodon balerensis Herre, 1950: 149 (Philippines).

Distribution: western Pacific.

Remarks: Choerodon balerensis is a synonym according to M.F. Gomon (pers. comm.).

Choerodon frenatus Ogilby, 1910b: 99 (north of Double Id Point, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: northeastern Australia.

Choerops graphicus De Vis, 1885: 878 (Queensland).
Choerodon transversalis Whitley, 1956: 258, fig. 7 (Heron Id, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: New Caledonia, southern Great Barrier Reef.

Xiphochilus gymnogenys Playfair & Günther, 1867: 85, pl. 12, fig. 4 (Zanzibar).

Distribution: Tanzania. Kenya? Mozambique?

Choerops jordani Snyder, 1908: 98 (Okinawa Id, Japan).

Distribution: western Pacific.

Choerodon margaritiferus Fowler & Bean, 1928: 197 (Jolo market, Philippines).

Distribution: New Caledonia, Philippines.

Choerodon melanostigma Fowler & Bean, 1928: 199, pl. 16 (Jolo market, Philippines).

Distribution: Philippines; records from New Caledonia are misidentifications of C. jordani.

Choerodon monostigma Ogilby, 1910b: 102 (Queensland).

Distribution: northern Australia and New Guinea.

Crenilabrus oligacanthus Bleeker, 1851c: 489 (Rio [Rhio or Riouw], Indonesia).
Choerops palawanensis Seale, 1910: 523 (Philippines).

Distribution: Indonesia, Philippines.

Choerodon paynei Whitley, 1945: 29, fig. 14 (Dirk Hartog Id, Western Australia).

Distribution: western Australia.

Xiphochilus robustus Günther, 1862: 98 (Mauritius).
Cossyphus maxillosus Guichenot, 1865: 23 (Réunion Id).
Choerops dodecacanthus Bleeker, 1868: 275 (Réunion Id).
Choerodon pescadorensis Yu, 1968: 10, fig. 4 (Pescadores Ids, Taiwan).

Distribution: Red Sea, Réunion, Mauritius, Taiwan, Japan.

Remarks: Choerodon pescadorensis Yu is a synonym (S.C. Shen, pers. comm.).

Choerops rubescens Günther, 1862: 97 (Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia).

Distribution: western Australia.

Cossyphus schoenleinii Val., 1839: 143 ( Indonesia).
Cossyphus cyanostolus Richardson, 1846b: 256 (China).
Cossyphus ommopterus Richardson, 1846b: 257 (China).
Choerops unimaculatus Cartier, 1874: 102 (Philippines).
Torresia australis Castelnau, 1875: 36 (Queensland).
Torresia lineata De Vis, 1885: 881 (Cardwell, Queensland).
Chaerops notatus Alleyne & Macleay, 1877: 344, pl. 16, fig. 1 (Cape Grenville, Queensland, Australia).
?Choerops nyctemblema Jordan & Evermann, 1902: 353, fig. 21 (Taiwan).
Choerodon rubidus Scott, 1959: 89, fig. 7 (Shark Bay, Western Australia).
Choerodon quadrifasciatus Yu, 1968: 11, fig. 5 (Taiwan).

Distribution: Okinawa to Indonesia and Australia.

Remarks: Synonymy from M.F. Gomon, (pers. comm.).

Choerodon sugillatum Gomon, 1987: 19 (Cape Bedford, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: Queensland to northwestern Australia.

Choerops venustus De Vis, 1884: 147 (Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia).
Choerodon ambiguus Ogilby, 1910b: 100 (Queensland).

Distribution: Great Barrier Reef to southeastern Australia.

Remarks: Synonymy from M.F. Gomon, (pers. comm.).

Choerodon vitta Ogilby, 1910a: 13 (Aru Ids, Indonesia).

Distribution: Aru Ids, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia.

Choerops zamboangae Seale & Bean, 1907: 236, fig. 6 (Zamboanga, Philippines).

Distribution: West Pacific.

Choerops zosterophorus Bleeker, 1868: 273, pl. 12, top fig. (Great Kai Id, Indonesia).
Choerops brenchleyi Günther, 1872b: 424 (Indonesia).

Distribution: East Indies.

Cirrhilabrus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 167 (type-species, Cirrhilabrus temminckii Bleeker, by subsequent designation).
Cheilinoides Bleeker, 1851a: 71 (type-species, Cheilinoides cyanopleura Bleeker, by monotypy).
Cirrhilabrichthys Klausewitz, 1976: 12 (type-species, C. filamentosus Klausewitz, by original designation).
Neocirrhilabrus Cheng & Wang, 1979: 73 (type-species, N. oxyurus Cheng & Wang, by original designation).

Thirty-six species and 5 undescribed species. Red Sea to Central Pacific.

Cirrhilabrus adornatus Randall & Kunzmann, 1998: 41, figs. 1-4 (Pulau Ular, off Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia).

Distribution: Sumatra and Mentawai Ids.

Cirrhilabrus aurantidorsalis Allen & Kuiter, 1999: 134, figs. 1-3 (Batudaka Id., Togean Islands, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION>: Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus balteatus Randall, 1988: 210, pls. 1, figs. c-d, 3, figs. d-f (Eniwetak Atoll, Marshall Ids).

Distribution: Marshall Ids.

Cirrhilabrus blatteus Springer & Randall, 1974: 48, figs. 2-3 (Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).

Distribution: Red Sea.

Cirrhilabrus condei Allen & Randall, 1996: 102, figs. 1-2 (Rausch Pass, Madang, Papua New Guinea).

Distribution: Papua New Guinea and Great Barrier Reef.

Cheilinoides cyanopleura Bleeker, 1851a: 72, pl.1 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Cirrhilabrus heterodon Bleeker, 1871: 326, fig. 1 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Cirrhilabrus lyukyuensis Ishikawa, 1904: 12, pl. 6, fig. 1 (Naha, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: western Indonesia to southern Japan.

Remarks: synonymy from Randall & Shen, 1978.

Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957a: 109, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. E (Pinda, Mozambique).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific.

Cirrhilabrichthys filamentosus Klausewitz, 1976: 12, figs. 1-3 (Java Sea, [aquarium import from Indonesia]).

Distribution: Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis Randall & Carpenter, 1980: 21, figs. 1B, 7-8 (Monthage Id, Sulawesi , Indonesia).

Distribution: Philippines and Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus johnsoni Randall, 1988: 217, pl. 2, fig. c (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Ids).

Distribution: Marshall Ids.

Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder, 1904: 529, pl. 10, fig. 18 (between Maui and Lanai islands, Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Cirrhilabrus katherinae Randall, 1992a: 108, pl. 3 B,C (Igaya Bay, Miyake-jima, Izu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Mariana Ids and Izu Ids.

Cirrhilabrus katoi Senou & Hirata, 2000: 89, fig. 1 (Hachijo-jima Id, Izu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Izu Ids and Kashiwa-jima Id, Japan.

Cirrhilabrus laboutei Randall & Lubbock, 1982: 2, pl. 1, figs A-B (south of Nouméa, New Caledonia).

Distribution: New Caledonia, Loyalty Ids and Great Barrier Reef.

Cirrhilabrus lanceolatus Randall & Masuda, 1991: 57, figs. 6-8 (Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Honshu to Ryukyu Ids.

Cirrhilabrus lineatus Randall & Lubbock, 1982: 6, pl. 1, fig. C ( Mato Pass, off southern end of New Caledonia).

Distribution: New Caledonia, Loyalty Ids, and Great Barrier Reef.

Cirrhilabrus lubbocki Randall & Carpenter, 1980: 18, figs. 1A, 2-6 ( Mactan Id, Cebu Prov., Philippines).

Distribution: Philippines and Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus lunatus Randall & Masuda, 1991: 54, figs. 1-5 ( Sesoko Id, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Ryukyu Ids and Ogasawara Ids.

Cirrhilabrus luteovittatus Randall, 1988: 203, pl. 1, figs. a-b; pl. 3, figs a-c (Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Ids).

Distribution: Caroline and Marshall Ids.

Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus Randall & Shen, 1978: 14, pl. 2B (Mao Pi Tou, Taiwan).
Neocirrhilabrus oxyurus Cheng & Wang, 1979: 73 (China).

Distribution: Taiwan, Philippines, and South China Sea.

Cirrhilabrus morrisoni Allen, 1999: 120, figs. 1-4 (Hiberia Reef, western Timor Sea off northwestern Australia).

Distribution: known only from the type locality.

Cirrhilabrus punctatus Randall & Kuiter, 1989: 44, figs. 1-7 (One Tree Id, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef).

Distribution: New South Wales, Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea, Lord Howe Id, Fiji, and Tonga.

Cirrhilabrus pylei Allen & Randall, 1996: 105, figs. 3-4 (Milne Bay Prov., Papua New Guinea).

Distribution: Papua New Guinea.

Cirrhilabrus randalli Allen, 1995a: 14, figs. 1-3 ( Mermaid Reef, Rowley Shoals, Western Australia).

Distribution: northwestern Australia.

Cirrhilabrus rhomboidalis Randall, 1988: 215, pl. 2, figs. a-b; pl. 3, fig. 8 ( Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Ids).

Distribution: Marshall Ids.

Cirrhilabrus roseafascia Randall & Lubbock, 1982: 9, pl. 1, fig. D (Bulari Pass, south of Nouméa, New Caledonia).

Distribution: New Caledonia.

Cirrhilabrus rubrimarginatus Randall, 1992a: 114, pl. 2 A-C (Sesoko Id, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Ryukyu Ids to Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga.

Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis Randall & Carpenter, 1980: 23, figs, 9-10 (Caban Id, Batangas, Luzon Id, Philippines).

Distribution: Philippines and Kalimantan, Borneo.

Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis Randall & Emery, 1983: 21, fig. 1 (Peros Banhos Atoll, Chagos Archipelago).

Distribution: Chagos Archipelago and Maldive Ids.

Cirrhilabrus rubriventralis Springer & Randall, 1974: 52, figs. 4-5 (Elat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).

Distribution: Red Sea to Oman and South Africa, with questionable records from Sri Lanka and Philippines (Randall, 1995a); Sumatra (R. H. Kuiter, pers. comm.).

Cirrhilabrus sanguineus Cornic, 1987: 140, fig. (Mauritius).

Distribution: Mauritius.

Cirrhilabrus scottorum Randall & Pyle, 1989: 114, figs. 1-5 (Papara, Tahiti, Society Ids).

Distribution: Great Barrier Reef to Pitcairn Group.

Cirrhilabrus solorensis Bleeker, 1853f: 88 (Lawajong, Solor Id, Indonesia).

Distribution: Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus temminckii Bleeker, 1853i: 17 (Nagasak).

Distribution: western Australia to southern Japan.

Cirrhilabrus tonozukai Allen & Kuiter, 1999: 137, figs. 6-8 (Tumbak Id, Banggai Ids, Indonesia).

Distribution: Indonesia.

Cirrhilabrus walindi Allen & Randall, 1996: 108, figs. 5-7 (New Britain Id, Bismarck Archipelago).

Distribution: Papua New Guinea and Solomon Ids.

Distribution: Fiji.

Distribution: Palau.

Remarks: to be described by J.R. Randall and R.L. Pyle.

Distribution: Samoa.

Remarks: to be described by J.R. Randall and R.L. Pyle.

Distribution: Cook Islands.

Remarks: to be described by J.R. Randall and R.L. Pyle.

Distribution: New Caledonia, Santa Cruz Ids, and Solomon Ids.

Remarks: to be described by M.W. Westneat and J.T. Williams

Clepticus Cuvier, 1829: 261 (type-species, Clepticus genizara Cuvier, by monotypy).

Three species, two of which are undescribed (Ross Robertson, pers. comm.). Western and eastern Atlantic.

Brama parrae Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 100 (Cuba).
Clepticus genizara Cuvier, 1829: 261 (Havana, Cuba).

Distribution: Bermuda and North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, West Indies, to Brazil.

Distribution: Brazil.

Remarks: to be described by Rodrigo Moura

Remarks: a new species from São Tomé, Gulf of Guinea; to be described by Ross Roberston and John Heiser.

Conniella Allen, 1983: 44 (type-species, Conniella apterygia Allen, by original designation).

One species.

Conniella apterygia Allen, 1983: 44, figs. 1-2 (Bedwell Id, Clerke Reef, Rowley Shoals, Western Australia).

Distribution: Rowley Shoals and Scott-Seringapatam Reefs, western Australia.

Coris Lacepède (ex Commerson), 1801: 96 (type-species, Coris aygula Lacepède, by subsequent designation).
Julis Cuvier, 1814: 90 (type-species, Labrus julis Linnaeus, by absolute tautonymy).
Aygula Rafinesque, 1815: 87 (unneeded replacement for Coris Lacepède).
Ichtycallus Swainson, 1839: 173, 232 (type-species, Julis semipunctatus Rüppell, by subsequent designation, proposed as a subgenus).
Neanis Gistel, 1848: ix (type-species, Labrus julis Linnaeus, unneeded replacement for Julis "Lacep." [Cuvier, 1814]).
Hemicoris Bleeker, 1862: 411 (type-species, Halichoeres variegatus Rüppell, by original designation).
Ctenocorissa Whitley 1931a: 323 (type-species, Labrus pictus Bloch & Schneider, by original designation).
Tiricoris Whitley, 1955: 111 (type-species, Cymolutes sandageri Hector, by original designation).

Twenty-six species; Indo-Pacific species revised by Randall (1999); two eastern Atlantic species; 5 undescribed species in the Indo-Pacific region.

Coris atlantica Günther, 1862: 197 (Sierra Leone).
Coris hupferi Fischer, 1885: 73 (Nifao, Liberia).
Coris guineensis Bleeker, 1863: 31, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Guinea).

Distribution: tropical eastern Atlantic.

Remarks: Coris atlantica is a distinct species ranging from Cape Verde Islands to Liberia (A. Brito and P. Wirtz, pers. comm.). The species is readily confused with the sympatric Coris julis; it differs from C. julis in having longer pelvic fins, more suborbital pores, and configuration of the lateral-line tubules. Two specimens from São Tomé collected by Ross Robertson also show distinct colour variation. These specimens and colour photographs are deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History.

Julis auricularis Val., 1839: 489 (King George Sound, Western Australia).

Distribution: southwestern Australia.

Coris aurilineata Randall & Kuiter, 1982: 164, pl. 1, fig. 1B-C, fig. 2 (Keppel Id, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: New South Wales to Great Barrier Reef.

Coris aygula Lacepède, 1801: 96, 97, pl. 4, fig. 1 (Mauritius).
Coris angulatus Lacepède, 1801: 96, 99, pl. 4 (no locality).
Labrus cingulum Lacepède, 1801: 448, 517, pl. 28, fig. 1 (Mauritius).
Labrus aureomaculatus Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 20 (Sri Lanka).
Julis ruppelii Bennett, 1831: 128 (Gulf of Setic, Red Sea).
Julis gibbifrons Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 707, pl. 19, fig. 3 (Mauritius).
Julis semipuncatus Rüppell, 1835: 12, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Mohila, Red Sea).
Julis coris Val., 1839: 491; nomen novum for Coris aygula Lacepède; preoccupied by Julis coris Lesson, 1828 [=Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839)]).
Coris cyanea Macleay, 1883a: 588 (New Guinea).
Coris variegata Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887a: 131 (Vanuatu).
Coris imbris Tanaka, 1918: 521, pl. 138, fig. 386 (Japan).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Coris ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 284 (Hawaiian Ids).
Coris (Hemicoris) rosea Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 286 (Hawaiian Ids).
Coris argenteostriata Steindachner, 1900: 176 (Honolulu).
Coris schauinslandii Steindachner, 1900: 177 (Honolulu).
Hemicoris keleipionis Jenkins, 1901: 51, fig. 6 (Honolulu).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Julis (Halichoeres) batuensis Bleeker, 1856f: 240 (Batu Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) schroederii Bleeker, 1858a: 3 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Coris pallida MacLeay, 1881: 100 (Queensland, Australia).
Coris papuensis Macleay, 1883b: 275 (Papua New Guinea).
Coris coronata De Vis, 1885: 883 (Queensland, Australia).
Platyglossus punctatus De Vis, 1885: 885 (Murray Id, Queensland, Australia).

Distribution: New South Wales to southern Japan and Ogasawara Ids, east to Micronesia, west to the Maldives and Chagos Archipelago.

Coris bulbifrons Randall & Kuiter, 1982: 168, pl. 2, figs. A-C; figs. 3-5 (Lord Howe Id, Australia).

Distribution: New South Wales, Lord Howe, Norfolk Id.

Julis caudimacula Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 710 , pl. 15, fig. 2 (Mauritius).
Halichoeres multicolor Rüppell, 1835: 15, pl. 4, fig. 3 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).

Distribution: Indian Ocean, Red Sea to South Africa, Indonesia and northwestern Australia.

Coris centralis Randall, 1999b: 21, fig. 2; pls. 5C,D; 17D (Tabuaeran [Fanning Id], Line Islands).

DISTRIBUTION: Line Ids, central Pacific Ocean

Julis cuvieri Bennett, 1831: 128 (Mauritius).
Julis stellatus Val., 1839: 499 (Mauritius).
Coris gaimard africana Smith, 1957b: 119, Pls. 1A-2A; fig. 1 (Mahé, Seychelles).

Distribution: Indian Ocean: Red Sea to South Africa, Sri Lanka and all western Indian Ocean islands.

Remarks: Coris gaimard africana Smith was treated as Coris africana by Randall, 1992b, 1995.

Coris debueni Randall, 1999b: 26, fig. 3; pls. 6 C,D; 7 A,B (Hanga Roa, west coast of Easter Id.).

Distribution: Easter Island.

Coris dorsomacula Fowler, 1908: 436, fig. 8 (Victoria, Australia).

Distribution: western Pacific.

Julis flavovittatus Bennett, 1828b: 36 (Hawaiian Ids).
Coris eydouxii Val., 1839: 445 (Hawaiian Ids).
Coris lepomis Jenkins, 1901: 48, fig. 4 (Honolulu).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Remarks: the Philippines record of (Fowler and Bean, (1928) is based on a misidentification of Coris pictoides.

Labrus formosus Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 16 (Sri Lanka). Coris frerei Playfair & Günther, 1867: 101, pl. 13 (Zanzibar).
Coris halei Day, 1888: 803 (Sri Lanka).

Distribution: Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea to South Africa and Sri Lanka.

REMARKS: Labrus formosus Shaw, 1803 was a subsequent reclassification of the species originally named Sparus formosus Shaw and Nodder, 1790, which is a synonym of Labrus mixtus Linnaeus, 1758. Hence, Labrus formosus Bennett is not a homonym.

Julis gaimard Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 265, pl. 54, fig. 1 (Maui, Hawaiian Ids).
Julis greenovii Bennett, 1828b: 37 (Hawaiian Ids).
Julis ganymede Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 16 (Sri Lanka).
Julis (Julis) leucorhynchos Bleeker, 1856b: 57 (Manado, Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia).
Coris pulcherrima Günther, 1862: 200 (Ambon, Indonesia).
Coris greenoughii Günther, 1861: 387 (emendation of Julis greenovii Bennett).
Coris gaimard speciosa Fowler, 1946: 171, fig. 37 (Aguni-Shima, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Christmas and Cocos-Keeling Ids (eastern Indian Ocean) to Japan, Australia, Hawaiian Ids, Society Ids and Tuamotus (but not the Marquesas where there is a closely related undescribed species).

Remarks: Julis ganymede Bennett 1830 is a new synonym of Coris gaimard (Eschmeyer & Pethiyagoda, 1996).

Coris hewetti Randall, 1999b: 43, figs. 4,5; pls. 10 C,D; 11A, 20 B-F (Anabo Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Ids.)

Distribution: Marquesas Ids.

Labrus julis Linnaeus, 1758: 284 (Genoa, Italy).
Labrus paroticus Linnaeus, 1758: 284 (probably Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus perdica Forsskål 1775: 34 (Istanbul, Turkey).
Labrus keslik Lacepède 1801: 453, 523 (Istanbul, Turkey; unneeded replacement for Labrus perdica Forsskål).
Labrus infuscus Walbaum 1792: 249 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus subfuscus Bloch & Schneider 1801: 259 (Mediterranean Sea; preoccupied by Labrus subfuscus Walbaum, 1792 [= Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus, 1758)]).
Labrus cettii Rafinesque 1810b: 23, 54 (Sicily, Italy).
Labrus giofredi Risso, 1810: 228, pl. 9, fig. 23 (Nice).
Julis mediterranea Risso, 1827: 309 (Nice, France; nomen novum for Labrus julis Linnaeus)
Julis speciosa Risso, 1827: 309, 311, pl. 9, fig. 20 (Nice).
Julis vulgaris Fleming, 1828: 210 (Cornwall, England).
Julis vulgaris Val., 1839: 361, pl. 384 preoccupied by Julis vulgaris Fleming, 1828).
Julis festiva Val., 1839: 374 (Brest, France).
Julis melanura Lowe, 1839: 85 (Madeira).
Coris (Hologymnosus) taeniatus Steindachner, 1863b: 1189, pl. 2, fig. 1 ("Java" [probably eastern Atlantic]).
Julis azorensis Fowler, 1919: 204, fig. 2 (Fayal Id, Azores).

Distribution: Eastern Atlantic from Sweden to Cape Lopez, Gabon, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Ids, Mediterranean and southern Black Sea.

Remarks: Synonymy from Gomon and Forsyth (1990). Julis vulgaris Valenciennes is based on several specimens described by Rondelet, Salviani, Aldrovandi, Willughby and on Labrus n.7 of Artedi used by Linneaus to describe his Labrus julis (Bauchot, 1963: 75). Labrus cettii is a junior synonym according to Quignard (1966) and Tortonese (1970). Labrus infuscus Walbaum was described from the Mediterranean with D IX,12; P 13; A III,12; it is a new synonym of Coris julis. The two syntypes of Coris taeniatus were examined by the first author at the Naturhistorische Museum in Vienna and found to be C. julis; the locality "Java" given by Steindachner is obviously erroneous. The specimens may have been from a large collection made in the Canary Ids that came to the Museum at that time. The larger of the two syntypes, NMW 25675, 114 mm SL, is here designated as the lectotype, a decision made with the approval of the curator, Dr. Ernst Mikschi.

Coris marquesensis Randall, 1999: 49, fig. 6; pls 11B-D; 20 G,H (Marquesienne Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Marquesas Ids, South Pacific Ocean.

Julis musume Jordan & Snyder, 1904: 236, pl. 61 (Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Japan, Izu Ids and Taiwan.

Coris nigrotaenia Mee & Hare, 1995: 247 (Oman).

Distribution: southern Oman.

Labrus pictus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 251, pl. 55 (New South Wales, Australia).
Coris semicincta Ramsay, 1883: 301 (New South Wales).

Distribution: southeastern Australia, New Caledonia, Kermadec, Lord Howe, Norfolk and New Zealand.

Coris pictoides Randall & Kuiter, 1982: 160, pl. 1, fig. A; fig. 1 (Bunut, Tioman Id, Malaysia).

Distribution: New South Wales to northwest Australia and Philippines.

Coris roseoviridis Randall, 1999b: 59, fig. 6; pls. 13 C,D; 14 A (Karapoto Iti Islet, Rapa).

Distribution: Pitcairn Ids, Mangareva, Rapa, Austral Ids, and Raratonga, Cook Ids.

Cymolutes sandeyeri Hector, 1884: 323 (Tiritiri Id, Auckland, New Zealand; incorrect original spelling)
Coris rex Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886: 851 (off Bondi, New South Wales, Australia).
Cymolutes sandageri: Sandager, 1888: 130 (emendation).
Coris trimaculata Ogilby, 1888: 992 (Norfolk Id).

Distribution: southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

Remarks: Hector (1884) stated that the specimen was "Collected by Mr. Sandeyer"; however this man's name was F.S. Sandager. Sandager (1888: 130) in a paper on fishes of Mokohinau Islands, lists Cymolutes sandageri, with information on its presence, abundance, spawning, but nothing on the name change. Hutton (1890: 282) followed Hector in using sandeyeri, but later, Thompson (1892), Phillips (1927), and Paulin et al. (1989) report sandageri. Phillips (1927) stated "sandeyeri" is obviously a misprint for "sandageri", the species being named after the lighthouse-keeper, Sandager". G.S. Hardy (1990: 11) reports "Cymolutes sandeyeri Hector, 1884: 323 = Coris sandageri (Hector, 1884)".

We have identified the only remaining syntype of Coris trimaculata, AMS I.1403, 92 mm SL, as a juvenile Coris sandageri.

Halichoeres variegatus Rüppell, 1835: 14, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).

Distribution: Red Sea.

Remarks: Coris variegata is often wrongly used in the Indo-West Pacific for the very similar Coris batuensis.

Coris (Hemicoris) venusta Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 285 (Hawaiian Ids).
Hemicoris remedius Jenkins, 1901: 49, fig. 5 (Honolulu).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Ctenolabrus Val., 1839: 223 (type-species, Labrus rupestris Linnaeus, by subsequent designation).
Cynaedus Swainson, 1839: 229 (type-species, Labrus rupestris, by subsequent designation, proposed as a subgenus).

One species (Bauchot & Quignard, 1973).

?Labrus suillus Linnaeus, 1758: 285 (West Europe).
Labrus rupestris Linnaeus, 1758: 286 (no locality).
Labrus bergsnyltrus Lacepède, 1801: 439 (North Atlantic).
Sparus carudse Lacepède, 1802: 49, 148 (Norway).
Labrus cinereus Pallas, 1814: 267 (Maris nigri).
Ctenolabrus marginatus Val., 1839: 232 (France).
Ctenolabrus acutus Val., 1839: 235 (Malaga, Spain).

Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Remarks: Labrus suillus is a probable synonym (Quignard, 1966). The combination Ctenolabrus suillus has been used by some authors (Jordan, 1890: 623; Lozano Rey, 1952: 448, pl. 37; Bauchot, 1963: 39; Costa, 1991).

Cymolutes Günther, 1861: 387 (type-species, Julis praetextata Quoy & Gaimard, by subsequent designation).

Previously considered a monotypic genus (Bauchot, 1963); 3 species are presently recognized (Randall, 1986a; Randall et al., 1990). Indo-Pacific.

Xyrichthys lecluse Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 284, pl. 65, fig.1 (Hawaiian Ids).
Xyrichthys microlepidotus Val., 1840: 52 (Hawaiian Ids).
Novacula (Novacula) microlepis Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 284 (Hawaiian Ids).

Distribution: Hawaiian Ids.

Julis praetextata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 712, pl. 15, fig. 4 (Mauritius).
Novacula xyrichthyoides Bleeker, 1856g: 488 (East Indies).
?Julis kuelkuel Montrouzier, 1857: 473 (Woodlark Id).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific.

Xyrichthys torquatus Val., 1840: 54, pl. 392 ("Suriname" [actually East Indies]).
Xyrichthys novaculoides Bleeker, 1853a: 122 (Indonesia).
Cymolutes tateyamaensis Sakamoto, 1930: 11, fig. 1(Japan).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific.

Decodon Günther, 1861: 384 (type-species, Cossyphus puellaris Poey, by monotypy).
Pariolanthus Smith, 1968: 343 (type-species, Lepidaplois grandisquamis, by original designation, proposed as a subgenus).

Four species (Randall, 1986a; Gomon, 1997). Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Lepidaplois (Pariolanthus) grandisquamis Smith, 1968: 343, figs. 1-2 (off Ponte de Barra Falsa, Mozambique).

Distribution: western Indian Ocean.

Decodon melasma Gomon, 1974b: 207, fig. 1 (3 mi. off Buena Vista, Gulf of California, Mexico).

Distribution: eastern Pacific.

Verreo pacificus Kamohara, 1952: 54, fig. 51 (Mimase).

Distribution: Japan.

Cossyphus puellaris Poey, 1860: 210 (Havana, Cuba).

Distribution: Bermuda, North Carolina to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, West Indies to Brazil.

Diproctacanthus Bleeker, 1862a: 415 (type-species, Labroides xanthurus Bleeker, by original designation).

One species.

Labroides xanthurus Bleeker, 1856b: 52 (Indonesia).

Distribution: Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Palau.

Doratonotus Günther, 1862: 124 (type-species, Doratonotus megalepis Günther, by subsequent monotypy).
Antonichthys Bauchot & Blanc, 1961: 50 (type-species, A. wetmorelloides Bauchot & Blanc, by monotypy).

One species.

Doratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862: 125 (St. Christopher, Leeward Ids, West Indies).
Doratonotus thalassinus Jordan & Gilbert, 1884: 28 (Key West, Florida, U.S.A.).
Doratonotus decoris Evermann & Marsh, 1899: 354 (Ponce, Puerto Rico).
Doratonotus boekei Metzelaar, 1919: 107, fig. 31 (Curaçao and Bonaire).
Antonichthys wetmorelloides Bauchot & Blanc, 1961: 50, fig. 3a-c (Rolas Id, São Tomé, eastern Atlantic).

Distribution: Bermuda, Florida to Venezuela; West Indies, and off São Tomé in the eastern Atlantic.

Dotalabrus Whitley, 1930: 251 (type-species, Cheilinus aurantiacus Castelnau, by original designation).

Two species (Russell, 1988); Australia.

Dotalabrus sp. Allen, 1985:, figs. 304-305 (Rottnest Id, Western Australia).
Dotalabrus alleni Russell, 1988: 10, fig. 2,pl. 1, c-d (Carnac Id, Cockburn Sound, Western Australia).

Distribution: southwestern Australia.

Cheilinus aurantiacus Castelnau, 1872b: 245 (Adelaide).
Labrichthys elegans Steindachner, 1883: 195 (St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia).
Labrichthys macleayi Herzenstein, 1896: 10 (St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia).

Distribution: southern and southwestern Australia.

Epibulus Cuvier, 1815b: 111 (type-species, Sparus insidiator Pallas, by monotypy).

Two species (1 undescribed); Indo-Pacific.

Sparus insidiator Pallas, 1770: 41, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Java, Indonesia).
Epibulus insidiator var. flava Bleeker, 1849a: 40 (Java).
Epibulus insidiator var. fusca Bleeker, 1849a: 40 (Java).
Epibulus striatus Day, 1871: 697 (Andaman Ids).

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Hawaiian Ids.

Epibulus sp. Myers, 1989: 180.

Distribution: Palau to Philippines.

Remarks: to be described by J.E. Randall and B.W. Carlson.

Eupetrichthys Ramsay & Ogilby, 1888: 631 (type-species, E. angustipes Ramsay & Ogilby, by monotypy).

One species.

Eupetrichthys angustipes Ramsay & Ogilby, 1888: 632 (Rose Bay, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

Distribution: Southeastern and western Australia.

Frontilabrus Randall & Condé, 1989: 90 (type-species, F. caeruleus Randall & Condé, by monotypy).

One species.

Frontilabrus caeruleus Randall & Condé, 1989: 90, figs. 1-3 (Maldive Ids).

Distribution: Maldive Ids.

Gomphosus Lacepède, 1801: 100 (type-species, Gomphosus caeruleus Lacepède, by subsequent designation).

Acarauna Sevastianoff, 1802: 357, 364 (type-species, Acarauna longirostris Sevastianoff, by monotypy).

Two species (Randall, 1986a); Indo-Pacific.

Gomphosus caeruleus Lacepède, 1801: 100, 101, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Mauritius).
Acarauna longirostris Sevastianoff, 1802: 359 (Brazil?; evidently erroneous).
Gomphosus fuscus Bennett J.W.,1828: pl. 3 (Sri Lanka).
Gomphosus ornatus Bennett, 1830: 690 (Indonesia).
Gomphosus viridis Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 30 (Sri Lanka; preoccupied by Gomphosus viridis Cuvier, 1829 [= G. varius Lacepède, 1801]).
Gomphosus melanotus Bleeker, 1855d: 457 (Cocos-Keeling Ids, Indian Ocean).
Gomphosus caeruleus klunzingeri Klausewitz, 1962: 12, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Al-Quseir [formerly Kosseir], Egypt, Red Sea).

Distribution: Indian Ocean, Red Sea to South Africa, Oman, Maldives, Chagos and Cocos-Keeling Ids. Two subspecies: G. caeruleus caeruleus, Indian Ocean, and G. caeruleus klunzingeri, Red Sea.

Gomphosus varius Lacepède, 1801: 100, 105, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Tahiti, Society Ids).
Gomphosus tricolor Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 280, pl. 55, fig. 2 (Maui, Hawaiian Ids).
Gomphosus pectoralis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 282 (Maui, Hawaiian Ids).
Gomphosus viridis Cuvier, 1829: 261 (no locality given).
Gomphosus cepedianus Val., 1840: 18 (Hawaiian Ids).
Gomphoses fuscus Val., 1840: 25 (Mauritius).
Gomphoses nasutus Parkinson in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840: 27 (Tahiti, Society Ids).
Gomphosus notostigma Bleeker, 1862b: 304 (Java).
Gomphosus sandvicensis Günther, 1862: 194 (Hawaiian Ids).
Gomphosus undulatus Streets, 1877: 85 (Line Ids).
Gomphosus pacificus Seale, 1901a: 94 (Guam).
Thalassoma stuckiae Whitley, 1959: 19, fig. 7 (Nouméa, New Caledonia).

Distribution: eastern Indian Ocean to central Pacific, including Pitcairn Group.

Halichoeres Rüppell, 1835: (10) 14 (type-species, H. bimaculatus Rüppell, by subsequent designation).
Platyglossus Bleeker (ex Klein), 1862a: 411 (type-species, Julis annulatis Valenciennes, by original designation).
Hemiulis Swainson, 1839:173, 228 (type-species, Labrus guttatus Bloch, by subsequent designation).
Hemijulis Bonaparte, 1841: puntata 156, fasc. 30 (incorrect subsequent spelling).
Hemitautoga Bleeker, 1862a: 413 (type-species, Labrus centiquadrus Lacepède, by original designation).
Guentheria Bleeker, 1862a: 413 (type-species, Halichoeres caeruleovittatus Rüppell, by original designation).
Pseudojulis Bleeker, 1862a: 412 (type-species, Julis (Julis) girardi Bleeker, by original designation).
Choerojulis Gill, 1862: 142 (proposed as a replacement name for Halichoeres Rüppell).
Pusa Jordan & Gilbert, 1879: 374 (type-species, Choerojulis grandisquamis Gill, by monotypy, preoccupied by Scopoli 1777 in Mammalia).
Emmeekia Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 413 (type-species, Pseudojulis venustus Jenkins & Evermann, by original designation).
Iridio Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 412 (type-species, Labrus radiatus Linnaeus, by original designation).
Julidio Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 413 (type-species, Pseudojulis adustus Gilbert, by original designation).
Octocynodon Fowler, 1904: 535 (type-species, Julis miniatus Valenciennes, by original designation)
Halinanodes Whitley, 1931b: 113 (type-species, Halichoeres leucostigma Fowler & Bean, by original designation).
Artisia de Beaufort, 1939: 17 (type-species, Artisia festiva de Beaufort, by monotypy).

Indo-Pacific, western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. Emmeekia is a synonym according to W. Bussing (pers. comm.). Halichoeres is in need of revision. On the basis of differences in larval and juvenile features a separate genus may be required for four eastern Pacific species formerly assigned to Pseudojulis (adustus, inornatus, melanotus and venustus) (Grove & Lavenberg, 1997: 488). With about 70 species, of which 4 are undescribed, Halichoeres is the largest genus of the Labridae. Randall and Smith (1982) recognized 15 species from the western Indian Ocean. Randall (1981c) discussed the status of some species from the Pacific. Nine species are known from the western Atlantic (Randall & Böhlke, 1965); 61 species are known from the Indo-Pacific region.

Pseudojulis adustus Gilbert, 1890: 66 (Socorro Id, Revilla Gigedo [Revillagigedo] Ids, off western Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Revillagigedo Ids and Isla del Coco.

Iridio bimaculata Wilson, 1916: 68 (mouth of Rio Dagua at Bonaventura, Colombia).
Halichoeres aestuaricola Bussing, 1972: 4, fig. 1 nomen novum for Iridio bimaculata Wilson 1916, secondarily preoccupied by Halichoeres bimaculatus Rüppell 1835.

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Colombia.

Labrus guttatus Bloch, 1791: 149, pl. 287, fig. 2 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus guttatus Bonnaterre, 1788 and Labrus guttatus Gmelin, 1789 [= Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål, 1775)]).
Labrus argus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 263 (Australia).
Labrus guttulatus Lacepède, 1801: 446, 514 (incorrect subsequent spelling or emendation of Labrus guttatus).
Julis argus Bennett 1828a: 577, pl. 13, fig. 7 (Indonesia).
Julis punctulatus Val., 1839: 483 ([Indonesia]; based on Renard, fol. 21, n. 115).
Julis (Halichoeres) polyophthalmus; Bleeker, 1852f: 731 (Lepar Id, western Sumatra, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) leparensis Bleeker, 1852f: 730 (Lepar Id, western Sumatra, Indonesia).
Platyglossus reticulatus Cartier, 1874: 104 (Philippines).
Halichoeres fijiensis Herre, 1935: 410 (Ovalau, Fiji Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific.

REMARKS: Julis punctulatus is a synonym (Pietsch, 1995).

Iridio bathyphilus Beebe & Tee-Van, 1932: 117 (1 mi. south of Nonsuch Id, Bermuda).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, North Carolina, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan and southern Brazil.

Labrus bicolor Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 267 (no locality).
Julis (Halichoeres) margaritiphorus Bleeker, 1853d: 487 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) hyrtlii Bleeker, 1856b: 60 (Makasar [Ujung Pandang], Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) cantori Bleeker, 1861a: 70 (Malaysia).
Platyglossus bifasciatus Steindachner, 1866a: 477, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Hong Kong).
Platyglossus pseudogramma Cartier, 1874: 103 (Ubay, Bohol Id, Philippines).
Platyglossus bilineatus Karoli, 1882: 174 (lapsus calami for bifasciatus).
?Platyglossus xanti Karoli, 1882: 174 (Singapore); probably a juvenile Halichoeres bicolor.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Malayan region to Sri Lanka; a Christmas Id record is doubtful.

Julis (Halichoeres) binotopsis Bleeker, 1849b: 7 (Boleling, northern Bali, Indonesia).
Halichoeres sp. 2 Kuiter, 1992: 179.

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.

Halichoeres biocellatus Schultz, in Schultz et al., 1960: 233, fig. 104 (Arjii Id, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Japan to western Australia, Fiji and Micronesia.

Labrus bivittatus Bloch, 1791: 133, pl. 284, fig. 1 (Martinique Id, West Indies).
Labrus psittaculus Lacepède, 1801: 452, 522, pl. 16, fig. 2 (America [Martinique Id, West Indies]).
Labrus multicostatus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 81 (Carolinas, U.S.A.).
Julis humeralis Poey, 1860: 212 (Cuba).
Choerojulis grandisquamis Gill, 1863: 206 (North Carolina, U.S.A.)
Choerojulis arangoi Poey, 1876: 151 [109], pl. 7 [4], fig. 1 (Havana, Cuba).
Platyglossus florealis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882c: 287 (Laguna Grande, Florida, U.S.A.).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, North Carolina to Brazil.

Platyglossus bleekeri Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887: 275 (Tokyo, Japan).
Halichoeres tremebundus Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 639, fig. 8 (Hiroshima, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Honshu to Philippines.

REMARKS: H. bleekeri is here treated as distinct from the species the Japanese have been calling H. tenuispinis (Randall, 1999d).

Choerojulis brownfieldi Whitley, 1945: 28, fig. 13 (Garden Id, off Fremantle,Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Australia.

Julis caudalis Poey, 1860: 213 (Havana, Cuba).

DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to northern South America.

Halichoeres chierchiae Caporiacco, 1947: 205, fig. 3 (Gulf of Panama, eastern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Panama.

Halichoeres chlorocephalus Kuiter & Randall, 1995: 110, figs. 5-8 (Nagada, Madang Prov., Papua New Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION: Papua New Guinea.

Labrus chloropterus Bloch, 1791: 151, pl. 288 (Japan).
Labrus gymnocephalus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 251 (no locality).
Julis (Halichoeres) cuvieri Bleeker, 1847: 160 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia; preoccupied by Julis cuvieri Bennett, 1831 [= Coris cuvieri])
Julis (Halichoeres) modestus Bleeker, 1847: 160 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Halichoeres bleekeri Günther, 1861: 386 nomen novum for Julis cuvieri Bleeker, 1847.
Platyglossus guttulatus Macleay, 1883a: 587 (New Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines to Solomon Ids.

Halichoeres chrysus Randall, 1981c: 416, figs. 1-2 (Sandfly Passage, Florida Id, Solomon Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Marshall Ids and Caroline Ids; also Rowley Shoals (western Australia) and Christmas Id (eastern Indian Ocean).

Halichoeres cosmetus Randall & Smith, 1982: (3)15, pl. 6, fig. C, pl. 7, figs. A-B (North Male Atoll, Maldives).

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean.

Labrus cyanocephalus Bloch, 1791: 139, pl. 286 (no locality).
Julis dimidiatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 96, pl. 53 (off Brazil).
Julis internasalis Poey, 1861: 421 (Havana, Cuba).

DISTRIBUTION: Florida and Antilles to Brazil.

Halichoeres discolor Bussing, 1983: 19, fig. 1 (Bahía Weston, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION: Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, eastern Pacific.

Platyglossus dispilus Günther, 1864: 25 (Pacific coast of Panama).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Peru, Galapágos Ids.

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, North Carolina to Florida, West Indies and Caribbean to southern Brazil.

Julis (Halichoeres) hartzfeldii Bleeker, 1852d: 563 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Labrichthys nudigena De Vis, 1885: 881 (Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.

REMARKS: a valid species according to Kuiter (1992).

Labrus hortulanus Lacepède, 1801: 449, 518, pl. 29, fig. 2 (Indo-Pacific Ocean).
Labrus centiquadrus Lacepède, 1801: 437, 493 (Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion).
Julis semidecorata Lesson, 1828: 403 (Mauritius).
Sparus decussatus Bennett, 1829: pl. 14 (Sri Lanka).
Halichoeres eximius Rüppell, 1835: 16, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Red Sea).
Julis corbis Val., 1839: 435 (no locality given).
Julis (Halichoeres) notophthalmus Bleeker, 1847: 158 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Tautoga notophthalmus Bleeker, 1856b: 53 (Manado, Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, including Red Sea.

REMARKS: Halichoeres centiquadrus appeared first in Lacepède (1801) and was used by many authors as the name for this species. Randall and Smith (1982) pointed out that Valenciennes realized that centiquadrus and hortulanus represented the same species; he placed hortulanus first in the species heading and table of contents. As first revisor, his choice of hortulanus established it as the valid name for this species. Julis corbis Valenciennes is a synonym (Pietsch, 1995).

Halichoeres insularis Allen & Robertson, 1992: 51, figs. 5-6 (Socorro Id, Revillagigedo Ids, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Isla Socorro, off Pacific coast of Mexico.

Halichoeres iridis Randall & Smith, 1982: 17, pl. 7, figs. C-E (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea to South Africa, Oman, Maldives, Chagos and Mauritius.

Julis (Halichoeres) kallochroma Bleeker, 1853c: 289 (Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Mentawai Ids (off Sumatra); also off southwestern Thailand (U. Satopoomin, pers. comm.).

Halichoeres lapillus Smith, 1947: 801 (Inhaca Id, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique).

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean.

Halichoeres leptotaenia Randall & Earle, 1994: 288, pls. 1-3 (Musandam, Persian Gulf, Oman).

DISTRIBUTION: Persian Gulf.

Halichoeres leucoxanthus Randall & Smith, 1982: 20, pl. 8, figs C-D (East end of Java, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean, Christmas Id, and western Indonesia.

Labrus leucurus Walbaum, 1792: 249 (no locality).
Labrus purpurescens Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 262 (no locality).
Anampses moniliger Cuvier, in Cuvier et al., 1827: pl. 31, fig. 6 (no locality).
Julis (Halichoeres) kallopisos Bleeker, 1853h: 348 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) temmincki Bleeker, 1853d: 491 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies, Palau, and Solomon Ids.

REMARKS: Although Halichoeres purpurescens has often been recognized as valid, we follow de Beaufort (1940) in regarding it as a synonym of H. leucurus. Labrus leucurus and Anampses moniliger are based on the figure and description of Seba (1761: 95 pl. 31).

Julis maculipinna Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848: 18 (Barbados, West Indies).
Iridio meyeri Bean, 1906: 29 (Bermuda).
Iridio microstomus Bean, 1906: 30 (Bermuda).
Halichoeres penrosei Starks, 1913: 59, pl. 7 (Natal, Brazil).
Iridio frenatus Nichols, 1920: 61 (Bermuda).
Iridio similis Nichols, 1920: 61 (Bermuda).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, North Carolina to Florida, West Indies, Caribbean to Brazil.

Halichoeres malpelo Allen & Robertson, 1992: 47, figs. 1-2 (Malpelo Id, eastern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Isla Malpelo, Colombia, eastern Pacific.

Julis margaritaceus Val., 1839: 484 (Vanikoro Id, Santa Cruz Ids, southwestern Pacific).
Julis poecila Lay & Bennett, 1839: 66, pl. 19, fig.1 (Ryukyu Ids, Japan).
Julis (Halichoeres) harloffii Bleeker, 1847: 159 (Java).
Platyglossus opercularis Günther, 1862: 148 (Fiji Ids and Ambon Id, Indonesia).
Platyglossus equinus De Vis, 1885: 885 (Cardwell, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia).
Halichoeres daedalma Jordan & Seale, 1906: 301, pl. 47, fig. 2 (Apia, Upolu Id, Western Samoa).
Halichoeres nafae Tanaka, 1908: 36, pl. 2, fig. 3 (Naha, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Cocos-Keeling Islands to central Pacific.

REMARKS: synonymy from Kuiter and Randall (1981).

Halichoeres marginatus Rüppell, 1835: 16 (Mohila and Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).
Julis lamarii Val., 1839: 481 (Mauritius).
Julis annularis Val. (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 482 (Java, Indonesia).
Julis notopsis Val. (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 485 (Guam, Mariana Ids).
Julis (Halichoeres) phaiopus Bleeker, 1853c: 291 (Cauer, Sumatra, Indonesia).
Platyglossus metager Day (ex Tickell), 1888: 802 (Saddle Id, off Kyoukphyoo, Arracan, Myanmar [Burma]).
Halichoeres ianthinus Fourmanoir, 1955: 217 (Comores).
Halichoeres virescens Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1961: 13 (Réunion Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to Hawaiian Ids.

Halichoeres melanochir Fowler & Bean, 1928: 264, pl. 25 (Lampinigan Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: western Australia to southern Japan.

Pseudojulis melanotis Gilbert, 1890: 66 (Gulf of California, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Panama.

Julis (Halichoeres) hoevenii Bleeker, 1851b: 250 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) melanurus Bleeker, 1851b: 251 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) chrysotaenia Bleeker, 1853d: 488 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Platyglossus floscorallis Jordan & Seale, 1906: 299, pl. 46, fig. 2 (Pago Pago, American Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Micronesia and Samoa.

REMARKS: Halichoeres hoevenii and H. melanurus are the female and male forms of this species. As first revisors, (Randall, Allen & Steene, 1997: 319) chose Halichoeres melanurus as the valid name.

Halichoeres melas Randall & Earle, 1994: 296, pl. 8 (Kuria Muria Ids, southern Oman, Arabian Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Oman.

Halichoeres melasmapomus Randall, 1981c: 421, figs. 3-4 (Pitcairn Id).

DISTRIBUTION: western to central Pacific.

Julis miniatus Val. (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 460 (Java, Indonesia).
Pseudojulis murrayensis De Vis, 1885: 882 (Murray Id, Queensland, Australia).
Halichoeres annulatus Fowler, 1904: 535, pl. 20 (Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific.

REMARKS: synonymy from Kuiter and Randall (1981).

Julis nebulosus Val., 1839: 461 (Bombay, India).

Julis (Halichoeres) pseudominiatus Bleeker, 1856a: 62 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

Julis (Halichoeres) reichei Bleeker, 1858b: 43 (Sumatra and Ambon Id, Indonesia).

Pseudojulis maculifer Castelnau, 1875: 35 (Queensland, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean to western Pacific.

REMARKS: synonymy from Kuiter and Randall (1981).

Platyglossus nicholsi Jordan & Gilbert, 1882a: 231 (Socorro Id, Revillagigedo Ids, off western Mexico).
Halichoeres sellifer Gilbert, 1890: 67 (Clarion Id, Revillagigedo Ids).
Halichoeres macgregori Gilbert & Starks, 1904: 145, pl. 23, fig. 45 (Panama).
Julidio maculosus Clark, 1936: 390 (Conway Bay, Indefatigable Id [Santa Cruz], Galápagos Ids).
Halichoeres stigmasepia Fowler, 1944a: 336, fig. 228 (Santa María Id [Charles Id], Galápagos Ids).
Halichoeres stictus Fowler, 1944a: 336, figs. 230-231 (James Id [San Salvador Id], Galápagos Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Panama, Revillagigedo Ids and Galápagos Ids.

REMARKS: synonymy from Bussing (1987).

Labrus nigrescens Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 263 (no locality).
Labrus baccatus de Procé 1822: 132 (Manila, Philippines).
Labrus mola Cuvier 1829: 258 (no locality given).
Julis dussumieri Val., 1839: 478, pl. 387 (Malabar, India).
Julis exornatus Richardson, 1846b: 258 (Hong Kong).
Julis (Halichoeres) javanicus Bleeker, 1857b: 341 (Java).
Halichoeres kneri Bleeker, 1862b: (Java; Singapore; Bangka; Sulawesi, Indonesia).
Platyglossus (Leptojulis) dubius Steindachner, 1866c: 37 (Tanzania [Zanzibar]).
Platyglossus dayi Steindachner, 1870b: 567 (Singapore).
Platyglossus ransonneti Steindachner, 1870: 567 (Singapore).
Platyglossus immaculatus Macleay, 1878a: 362, pl. 10, fig. 1f (Darwin, Australia).
Platyglossus amabilis De Vis, 1885: 885 (Murray Id, Queensland, Australia).
Platyglossus roseus Day, 1888: 264 (Karachi, Pakistan).
Platyglossus maculatus Jatzow & Lenz, 1898: 520, pl. 36, fig. 16 (Zanzibar).
Halichoeres leucostigma Fowler & Bean, 1928: 299, pl. 40 (Pujada Bay, Mindanao, Philippines).
Halichoeres dianthus Smith, 1947: 802 (Inhaca Id, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean to western Pacific.

REMARKS: Bloch and Schneider (1801) based their brief description of Labrus nigrescens on Seba's plate 31, fig.2. Randall and Smith (1982) pointed out that no type specimen of L. nigrescens is extant, and accepted Julis dussumieri Valenciennes, 1839 as the valid name, adding "in contrast to most recent authors who use Halichoeres nigrescens Bloch & Schneider". They listed deficiencies in the Seba illustration of nigrescens and noted that the two black spots between the fourth, fifth and sixth dorsal-fin spines are suggestive of males of several species of the genus including H. dussumieri. Further studies of these species by J.E. Randall now indicate that the two black spots in the spinous portion of the dorsal fin as illustrated by Seba are diagnostic for H. nigrescens. Other discrepencies such as greater body depth, protruding lower jaw, and posterior origin of the dorsal fin should be regarded as artist errors. The anal-ray count of III,15 as given by Bloch & Schneider, is actually III,12 (15 represents the total count of anal spines and soft-rays), so this count is not in error as indicated by Randall and Smith. If nigrescens is not accepted as the valid name, then Halichoeres mola (Cuvier, 1829) would replace H. dussumieri. Cuvier based the name mola on the Sahnee Moia of Russel (1803: vol. 2: 15, fig. 120) which is clearly conspecific with the species we here identify as nigrescens. The holotypes of Platyglossus maculatus (AMS I.16369-001, 84 mm SL) and P. amabilis (QM I.88, 57 mm SL, from Murray Id) have been examined by the second author. Rudie H. Kuiter (pers. comm.) determined that Halichoeres kneri is a subadult of H. dussumieri. The holotype of P. roseus Day was examined by A. Gill. From meristics, body form, the presence of a median row of predorsal scales and fin form he concluded that it is H. dussumieri. The specimen lacks the distinctive pectoral-base spot of the species, but is faded, and may have lost this character after long preservation.

Pseudojulis notospilus Günther, 1864: 26 (Pacific coast of Panama).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Peru.

Julis ornatissimus Garrett, 1863: 63 (Hawaiian Ids).
Halichoeres iridescens Jenkins, 1901: 47, fig. 2 (Honolulu, Hawaiian Ids).
Halichoeres lao Jenkins, 1901: 48, fig. 3 (Honolulu).

DISTRIBUTION: central and western Pacific.

Halichoeres pallidus Kuiter & Randall, 1995: 116, figs. 13-16 (Gunung Api Id, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia and Line Ids, central Pacific.

Julis papilionaceus Val., 1839: 484 (Vanikoro Id, Santa Cruz Ids, southwestern Pacific).
Julis (Halichoeres) schwarzii Bleeker, 1847: 159 (Sumanap, eastern Madura, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) dieschismenacanthus Bleeker, 1852e: 645 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) dieschismenacanthoides Bleeker, 1853a: 121 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Platyglossus (Halichoeres) doleschalli Steindachner, 1863b: 1190, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Ambon Id, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Julis (Halichoeres) pardaleocephalus Bleeker, 1849b: 8 (Boleling, northern Bali, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Bali and Sumatra to India.

Halichoeres pelicieri Randall & Smith, 1982: 12, pl. 5, figs. C-D, pl. 6, figs. A-B (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius.

Julis pictus Poey, 1860: 214 (Havana, Cuba).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, Florida Keys, West Indies and Carribean to Brazil.

Julis (Halichoeres) podostigma Bleeker, 1854c: 332 (Larantuka, Flores Id, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Choerojulis crotaphus Poey (nec Cuvier), 1860: 109 (Cuba).
Platyglossus poeyi Steindachner, 1867c: 355 (Suriname).
Iridio kirschii Jordan & Evermann, 1898: 1598 (Bahia, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: South Florida and Bahamas to Brazil.

Julis (Halichoeres) prosopeion Bleeker, 1853h: 347 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Palau and Samoa.

Labrus radiatus Linnaeus, 1758: 288 (America).
Labrus brasiliensis Bloch, 1791: 125, pl. 280 (Brazil).
Julis crotaphus Cuvier, 1829: 258 (no locality given).
Julis cyanostigma Val., 1839: 391 (Martinique).
Julis opalina Val., 1839: 392 (Martinique, West Indies).
Julis patatus Val., 1839: 398 (Martinique, West Indies).
Julis principis Val., 1839: 402 (Bahia, Brazil).
Iridio elegans Bean, 1906: 30, fig. 6 ( Bermuda).
Halichoeres irideus Starks, 1913: 60, pl. 8 (Natal, Brazil).
Halichoeres irideus torquatus Parr, 1930: 84, fig. 20 (Rum Cay, Bahamas).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda and North Carolina to Brazil.

REMARKS: According to Luiz Alvez Rocha (pers. comm.) specimens from Brazil may represent a different species from H. radiatus in the Caribbean.

Halichoeres richmondi Fowler & Bean, 1928: 263, pl. 24 (Inamucan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies to Micronesia.

Halichoeres rubricephalus Kuiter & Randall, 1995: 113, figs. 9-12 (Flores Id, Indonesia).

Halichoeres sp. 1 Kuiter, 1992: 177.

DISTRIBUTION: Flores, Indonesia.

Julis scapularis Bennett, 1832a: 167 (Mauritius).
Halichoeres caeruleovittatus Rüppell, 1835: 14, pl. 4, fig. 1 (Jidda [Jeddah] Saudi Arabia, Red Sea; [also spelt Halichöres coeruleo-vittatus in text]).
Julis leschenaulti Val., 1839: 453 (Mauritius, Réunion).
Julis elegans Val. (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 467 (Java, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) phaiotaenia Bleeker, 1855a: 322 (Batu Ids, Indonesia).
Platyglossus alternans Cartier, 1874: 104 (Philippines).
Platyglossus (Guentheria) pagenstecheri Kossmann & Räuber, 1877: 407, pl. 3, fig. 5 (Red Sea).
Pseudojulis ziczac De Vis, 1885: 282 (Queensland).
Halichoeres cymatogrammus Jordan & Seale, 1905: 786, fig. 8 (southern Negros, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and western Pacific.

Julis semicintus Ayres, 1859: 32 (Cedros Id, Baja California, Mexico).
Pseudojulis venustus Jenkins & Evermann, 1889: 145 (Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Baja California and Gulf of California.

REMARKS: synonymy from W. Bussing (pers. comm.).

Halichoeres signifer Randall & Earle, 1994: 292, pls. 5-7 (Masirah Id, central coast of Oman, Arabian Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: central to southern Oman.

Julis (Halichoeres) solorensis Bleeker, 1853f: 86 (Lawajong, Solor Id, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) amboinensis Bleeker, 1856a: 55 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Halichoeres stigmaticus Randall & Smith, 1982: 7, pl. 3, fig. A-B (east of Muharrak Id, Bahrain, Persian Gulf).

DISTRIBUTION: Persian Gulf.

Platyglossus tenuispinis Günther, 1862: 161 (China).
Artisia festiva de Beaufort, 1939: 17, fig. 2 (Amoy, China).

DISTRIBUTION: coast of China.

REMARKS: Synonymy from Randall (1999d).

Julis (Halichoeres) timorensis Bleeker, 1852b: 171 (Timor Id, East Indies).
Julis (Halichoeres) kawarin Bleeker, 1852b: 172 (Timor).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Julis trimaculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 705, pl. 20, fig. 2 (Vanikoro Id, Santa Cruz Ids, southwestern Pacific).
Julis auritus Val., 1839: 486 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Julis (Halichoeres) spilurus Bleeker, 1851b: 252 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Platyglossus vicinus Günther, 1909: 267, pl. 142, fig. C (Gilbert Ids).
Guntheria vestalis Whitley, 1958: 37 (Lady Musgrove Id, Queensland, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: central and western Pacific.

REMARKS: Russell (1983b: 99) referred Guntheria vestalis Whitley to the synonymy of Halichoeres trimaculatus. Julis auritus was described by Valenciennes from a painting. A colour photograph of the painting was sent by Martine Desoutter of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris to the second author who was then able to identify the species as H. trimaculatus.

Halichoeres trispilus Randall & Smith, 1982: 18, pl. 8, figs. A-B (Villingili Id, North Malé Atoll, Maldives).

DISTRIBUTION: Maldives, South Africa and Mauritius.

Julis (Halichoeres) vrolikii Bleeker, 1855a: 323 (Batu Ids, Indonesia).
Platyglossus ubayensis Cartier, 1874: 104 (Philippines).
Halichoeres desmogenys Fowler & Bean, 1928: 276, pls. 28-29 (Dupon Port, Leyte Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia and Philippines to Maldives.

Julis zeylonicus Bennett, 1832b: 183 (Sri Lanka).
Halichoeres bimaculatus Rüppell, 1835: 17, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and western Indian Ocean to Indonesia.

Halichoeres ornatissimus (nec Garrett): Masuda et al., 1984: 208.

REMARKS: Known from southern Japan and Taiwan; to be described by J. E. Randall.

REMARKS: Known from Belize; tentatively placed in the genus Halichoeres, this species is under study by J. E. Randall, P. S. Lobel and L. Kaufman.

REMARKS: Known from Cocos Id, eastern Pacific; to be described by G.R. Allen and D.R. Robertson.

DISTRIBUTION: Galapágos Ids.

REMARKS: A new species to be described by C.C. Baldwin and J.E. McCosker (in press).

Hemigymnus Günther, 1861: 386 (type-species, Mullus fasciatus Thunberg, by subsequent designation).
Cheilolabrus Alleyne & Macleay, 1877: 345 (type-species, C. magnilabris Alleyne & Macleay, by monotypy).

Two species (Randall, 1986a); Indo-Pacific.

Labrus fasciatus Bloch, 1792: 6, pl. 290 (Japan).
Labrus fuliginosus Lacepède, 1801: 437, 493, pl. 22, fig. 3 (Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion).
Labrus malapteronotus Lacepède, 1801: 450, 518, pl. 31, fig. 1 (Great Equatorial Ocean [Mauritius]).
Sparus meaco Lacepède, 1802: 54, 160 (Japan).
Sparus zonephorus Lacepède, 1802: 51, 155 (unnecessary replaceent for Labrus fasciatus Bloch).
Scarus quinquefasciatus Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 23 (Sri Lanka).
Halichoeres sexfasciatus Rüppell, 1835: 18, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Tautoga mertensii Val., 1839: 308 (Caroline Ids).
Tautoga leucomos Bleeker, 1858c: 239 (Indonesia).
Thalassoma bilateralis von Bonde, 1934: 454, pl. 23, fig. 7 (Zanzibar fish market, Tanzania).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Labrus melapterus Bloch, 1791: 137, pl. 285 (Japan).
Labrus malapterus Bloch 1792: 29, pl. 296, fig. 2 (Japan).
?Labrus melanopterus Forster 1795: 15 (Indian Ocean).
Labrus melampterus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 247 (Java).
Sparus niger Lacepède, 1802: 50, 152 (Japan).
Julis boryii Lesson, 1831: 141, pl. 36 (Tahiti, Society Ids).
Tautoga dimidiatus Bleeker, 1849a: 18 (no locality).
Julis beraber Montrouzier, 1857: 474 (Woodlark Id).
Labrichthys bicolor Day, 1871: 696 (Andaman Ids).
Cheilolabrus magnilabris Alleyne & Macleay, 1877: 345, pl. 16, fig. 2 (Darnley Id, Queensland, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean to Samoa and Micronesia.

REMARKS: The name melanopterus was listed in the register of Bloch's Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, last volume of 1795 with reference to part 5 of that work page 137. The species described there was named in 1791 as Labrus melapterus (H.-J. Paepke, pers. comm.).

Hologymnosus Lacepède, 1801: 556 (type-species, Hologymnosus fasciatus Lacepède, by monotypy).

Genus revised by Randall (1982); 4 species; Indo-Pacific.

Labrus annulatus Lacepède, 1801: 455, 526, pl. 28, fig. 3 (Indo-Pacific Ocean).
Labrus semidiscus Lacepède, 1801: 429, 473, pl. 6, fig. 2 (Great Gulf of India).
Coris elongata Günther, 1862: 201 (Aneityum Id, Vanuatu).
Coris semipartita Günther, 1862: 203 (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to Pitcairn Group.

Labrus doliatus Lacepède, 1801: 429, 473, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Mauritius).
Hologymnosus fasciatus Lacepède, 1801: 556, 557, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Indo-Pacific Ocean).
Julis rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 709 (Mauritius).
Julis annulatus Val., 1839: 501, pl. 388 (Mauritius; Seychelles).
Julis laportei Liénard, 1845: 113 (Mauritius).
Julis (Julis) oxyrhynchos Bleeker, 1857a: 74 (Kajeli, Buru Ids, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: East Africa to Samoa and Line Ids.

REMARKS: Julis laportei Liénard is a new synonym.

Coris longipes Günther, 1862: 204 (Vanuatu).

DISTRIBUTION: Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Loyalty Ids and Great Barrier Reef.

Hologymnosus sp. Randall, 1982: 19.
Hologymnosus rhodonotus Randall & Yamakawa, 1988: 26, figs. 1-2 (Okinawa, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Okinawa and Philippines.

Labrichthys Bleeker, 1854c: 331 (type-species, Labrichthys cyanotaenia Bleeker, by monotypy).
Thysanocheilus Kner, 1864: 185 (type-species, Thysanocheilus ornatus Kner, by monotypy).

One species (Randall & Springer, 1973).

Cossyphus unilineatus Guichenot, 1847: 284 (Guam).
Labrichthys cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1854c: 331 (Larantuka, Flores Id, Lesser Sunda Ids, Indonesia).
Thysanocheilus ornatus Kner, 1865a: 5, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Upolu, Samoa).
Platyglossus ocellatus Kner & Steindachner, 1867: 377 [22], pl. 2, fig. 8 (Upolu, Samoa).
Chaerojulis castaneus Kner & Steindachner, 1867: 394 (Upolu, Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean to Samoa.

Labroides Bleeker, 1851: 227, 249 (type-species, Labroides paradiseus Bleeker, by monotypy). Fissilabrus Kner, 1860: 52 [14] (type-species, Cossyphus dimidiatus Valenciennes, by subsequent monotypy).
Fowlerella Smith, 1957a: 100, 104 (type-species, Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean, by original designation).

Five species (Randall, 1958b); Red Sea and Indo-Pacific.

Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean, 1928: 224, pl. 18 (Port Maricaban, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific.

Labrus latovittatus Rüppell, 1835: 7 (El Tur, Sinai coast, Egypt; preoccupied by Labrus latovittatus Lacepède, 1801 [= Malacanthus latovittatus]).

Cossyphus dimidiatus Val., 1839: 136 (replacement name for Labrus latovittatus Rüppell).
Labroides paradiseus Bleeker, 1851b: 249 (Indonesia).
Labroides bicincta Saville-Kent, 1893: 308, color pl. 16, fig.4 (Queensland, Australia).
Labroides caeruleolineatus Fowler, 1945: 65, fig. 7 (Saipan Id, West Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and Pitcairn Group.

Labroides pectoralis Randall & Springer, 1975: 6, pl. 1 (Auluptagel Id, Palau Ids, Philippine Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Micronesia and western Pacific to Christmas Id (Indian Ocean).

Labroides phthirophagus Randall, 1958b: 337, pl. 1, fig. A (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

Labroides rubrolabiatus Randall, 1958b: 342, pl. 1, fig. B (Moorea, Society Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Pitcairn Group, French Polynesia, Society Ids, and Line Ids to Samoa.

Labropsis Schmidt, 1931: 75 (type-species, Labropsis manabei Schmidt, by original designation).

Genus revised by Randall (1981a); 6 species; Indo-Pacific.

Labropsis alleni Randall, 1981a: 131, pl. 1, fig. A (Palau).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Marshall Ids.

Labropsis australis Randall, 1981a: 149, pl. 5, Figs. A-C (One Tree Id, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef).

DISTRIBUTION: Great Barrier Reef to Samoa.

Labropsis manabei Schmidt, 1931: 76, figs, 3-4 (Itoman, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to Ryukyu Ids.

Labropsis micronesica Randall, 1981a: 145, pl. 4, figs. A-C (Eniwetak Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Islands of Micronesia.

Labropsis polynesica Randall, 1981a: 134, pl. 1, figs. B-C; fig. 3 (Moorea, Society Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: French Polynesia to Cook Ids.

Labropsis sp. Shepard & Meyer, 1978b: 37.
Labropsis sp. Allen & Steene, 1979: 50.
Labropsis xanthonota Randall, 1981a: 138, pl. 2, figs A-C (Fagatele Bay, Tutuila, American Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION: Indian Ocean to western Pacific, eastward to Micronesia and Samoa.

Labrus Linnaeus, 1758: 282 (type-species, Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, by subsequent designation).
Cicla Röse, 1793: 112 (type-species, ?Labrus viridis, by subsequent designation).

REMARKS: Fernholm & Wheeler (1983:253) indicate that the holotype of Labrus bimaculatus is a Cichlasoma; Case 2905 is pending before the International Commission to select neotypes so that Labrus bimaculatus would be a labrid. Bailey (1997) and Kullander (1997) proposed to designate Labrus mixtus Linnaeus, 1758 as type-species. Quignard (1966) discussed the status of the four species. Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Labrus bergylta Ascanius, 1767: 3, pl. 1 (no locality).
Labrus comber Bonnaterre, 1788: 115, pl. 99, fig. 405 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus comber Gmelin, 1789: 1297 ("Cornubiae littore"; preoccupied by Labrus comber Bonnaterre, 1788).
Labrus ballan Bonnaterre, 1788: 115, pl. 98 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus ballan Walbaum 1792: 259 (Seas of Great Britain; preoccupied by Bonnaterre, 1788).
Labrus comber Walbaum, 1792: 259 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus comber Bonnaterre, 1788 and Labrus comber Gmelin, 1789).
Labrus maculatus Bloch, 1792: 17, pl. 294 (North Sea).
Labrus aper Retzius, 1800: 335 ("Mari Occidentalis").
Labrus neustriae Lacepède, 1801: 451, 522 (près des rives de l'ancienne Neustrie).
Labrus ballanus Shaw, 1803: 498, pl. 71 (Filey Bridge near Scarborough, England).
Labrus balanus Fleming, 1828: 209 (England).
Crenilabrus multidentatus Thompson, 1837: 56 (Ireland).
Labrus variabilis Thompson, 1837: 59 (Ireland).
Labrus donovani Val., 1839: 39 (Brittany).
Labrus reticulatus Lowe, 1839: 85 ( Madeira; preoccupied by Labrus reticulatus Bonnaterre, 1788 [= Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål, 1775)] and Labrus reticulatus Walbaum, 1792 nomen dubium).
Labrus nubilus Valenciennes,1843: 62 (Canary Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Atlantic from Norway to Morocco, Azores, Madeira and Mediterranean.

REMARKS: Labrus comber Gmelin is here regarded as independently described from L. comber Bonnaterre.

?Labrus livens Linnaeus, 1758: 287 (no locality).
Labrus merula Linnaeus, 1758: 288 (Europe).
?Sparus lividus Lacepède, 1802: 50, 152 (Mediterranean).
Labrus nereus Risso, 1810: 231 (Nice, France).
Labrus psittacus Risso, 1827: 304 (Nice; preoccupied by Labrus psittacus Lacepède, 1801 [= Labrus viridis Linnaeus 1758]).
?Labrus crassus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831: 95, pl. 52 (off Brazil).
Labrus limbatus Val., 1839: 89 (Toulon, Nice, Naples).
Labrus lineolatus Val., 1839: 90 (Toulon, Nice, Naples).
Labrus saxorum Val., 1839: 91 (Mediterranean Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Portugal to Morocco, Azores, and Mediterranean.

REMARKS: Jordan (1890: 609) used Labrus livens for this species. However, as pointed out by Valenciennes (1839: 86)nothing in the concise description of Labrus livens proves it represents this species. Agassiz described Labrus crassus with D XVII,14; Günther (1862) and Jordan (1890) questioned the type locality. As no species of Labrus are known tooccur in American waters, L. crassus probably came from Europe, and the species is a synonym of L. merula.

Labrus ossifagus Linnaeus, 1758: 286 (Europe).
Labrus mixtus Linnaeus, 1758: 287 (Liburni [eastern Adriatic Sea]).
Labrus varius Linnaeus 1758: 288 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus coeruleus Ascanius, 1772: 5, pl. 12 (Norway).
Labrus carneus Ascanius, 1772: 6, pl. 13 (Norway).
Labrus trimaculatus Bonnaterre, 1788: 113, pl. 98, fig. 401 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus lineatus Bonnaterre, 1788: 113, pl. 98, fig. 402 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus trimaculatus Gmelin 1789: 1294 (Britain; preoccupied by Labrus trimaculatus Bonnaterre, 1788).
Labrus variegatus Gmelin, 1789: 1294 (Skerry).
Labrus coquus Gmelin, 1789: 1297 ("in Cornubiae littore").
?Labrus microlepidotus Bloch, 1792: 12, pl. 292 (no locality).
Labrus badius Walbaum 1792: 258 (no locality).
Labrus coquus Walbaum, 1792: 260 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus coquus Gmelin, 1789).
Labrus herbeus Walbaum 1792: 25 (no locality).
Labrus vittatus Walbaum, 1792: 256 (no locality).
Labrus vetula Bloch, 1792: 14, pl. 293 (North Sea).
Labrus cook Bloch & Schneider 1801: 268 (no locality).
Sparus claviera Lacepède, 1802: 50, 152 (Marseille et d'Antibes; unnecessary replacement for Labrus varius Linnaeus).
Sparus formosus Shaw & Nodder, 1790: pl. 31 (North Atlantic).
Labrus luvarus Rafinesque, 1810a: 38 (Sicily).
Labrus quadrimaculatus Risso, 1827: 302 (Nice, France).
Acantholabrus yarellii Val., 1839: 250 (London market).
Labrus larvatus Lowe, 1852: 249 ( Madeira).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Atlantic from Norway to Senegal and Mediterranean.

REMARKS: Labrus bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 has been used for either the present species or the common South American cichlid Cichlasoma bimaculatum. Conservation of usage and neotype designation were proposed by Ronald Fricke and Carl J. Ferraris (Case 2905) so that the name bimaculatus should be maintained for the labrid species. However, L. mixtus continues to be used for the labrid species and L. bimaculatus is very much in use for the South American cichlid. Kullander (1997) designated a neotype for L. mixtus (UUZM 193) and proposed: i) to set aside the application in Case 2905, ii) to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the names bimaculatus (specific name of the type species of Cichlasoma) and mixtus (specific name of the type species of Labrus), and iii) to place on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the name ossifagus. This application was also supported by Kottelat and Wheeler (1998). We agree that stability is best attained by accepting Kullander's proposal. Labrus vittatus Walbaum and Labrus formosus Shaw are synonyms according to Günther (1862). However, formosus was originally described as Sparus formosus Shaw and Nodder, 1790. We follow Günther (1862: 91 footnote) in regarding Acantholabrus yarellii as an abnormal specimen of L. mixtus. Labrus microlepidotus, with dorsal-fin rays XVII, 13 and more than 50 lateral-line scales, is likely a synonym of L. mixtus.

Labrus viridis Linnaeus, 1758: 286 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus luscus Linnaeus, 1758: 287 (no locality).
Labrus turdus Linnaeus, 1758: 287 (European Seas).
Labrus luteus Walbaum 1792: 236 (no locality).
Labrus saphyrinus Walbaum 1792: 236 (no locality).
Labrus psittacus Lacepède, 1801: 440 (no locality).
Labrus zittoides Rafinesque, 1810a: 38 (Sicily, Italy).
Labrus zittus Rafinesque, 1810a: 38, pl. 12, fig. 3 (Sicily).
Labrus prasostictes Pallas, 1814: 272 ("ad Ponti littora").
Labrus pincus Nardo, 1827: 30 (Adriatic Sea).
Labrus saxatilis Risso, 1827: 300 (Nice, France).
Labrus festivus Risso, 1827: 304 (Nice, France).
Labrus rufus Rathke, 1837: 337 (Black Sea; preoccupied by Labrus rufus Linnaeus, 1758 [= Bodianus rufus]).
Labrus lividus Val., 1839: 87 (Toulon; Marseille, Naples).
Labrus nardii Perugia 1866: 20 (Adriatic Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean Sea.

REMARKS: Labrus nardii was regarded as a synonym by Perugia (1881). Labrus pincus Nardo is a synonym according to Canestrini (1872) and Bini (1968).

Lachnolaimus Cuvier, 1829: 257 (type-species, L. suillus Cuvier, by subsequent designation).
Lachnolaemus Agassiz, 1846: 199 (unjustified emendation).

One species.

Labrus maximus Walbaum, 1792: 261 (no locality).
Lachnolaimus caninus Cuvier, 1829: 257 (no locality).
Lachnolaimus suillus Cuvier, 1829: 257 (no locality).
Lachnolaimus aigula Val., 1839: 277, pl. 378 (St. Barthélemy Id, Leeward Ids, Lesser Antilles).
Lachnolaimus dux Val., 1839: 285 (Martinique).
Lachnolaimus psittacus Val., 1839: 291 (Puerto Rico)

DISTRIBUTION: Carolinas to northern South America.

REMARKS: synonymy from Jordan (1885, 1890). Lachnolaimus suillus and L. caninus were redescribed as new by Valenciennes (1839: 286-290). The combination Lachnolaimus falcatus used by Günther (1862: 87), based on Labrus falcatus Linnaeus is invalid; Labrus falcatus was described by Linnaeus in the carangid genus Trachinotus.

Lappanella Jordan, 1890: 622, 689 (type-species, Ctenolabrus iris Valenciennes, by monotypy, proposed as a subgenus).
Marzapanus Facciolà, 1916: 148 (type-species, Coricus fasciatus Cocco, by monotypy).

Two species (Gomon and Forsyth, 1990). Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Coricus fasciatus Cocco, 1833: 16, fig. 3 (Messina, Sicily).
Ctenolabrus iris Val., 1839: 236, pl. 374 (Naples, Sicily; Malta).
Crenilabrus aurantiacus Facciolà, 1888: 22 (Messina, Sicily; preoccupied by Crenilabrus aurantiacus Cocco in Facciolà, 1885 [= ?Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål]).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea.

REMARKS: Quignard (1965) redescribed the species without mention of Crenilabrus aurantiacus. Facciolà (1916) recognized his C. aurantiacus as a synonym of Coricus fasciatus Cocco.

Lappanella guineensis Bauchot, 1969: 1145, fig. 1 (Gulf of Guinea, 8°28'N, 14°21'W).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Atlantic.

Larabicus Randall & Springer, 1973: 289 (type-species, Labrus quadrilineatus Rüppell, 1835 by original designation).

One species.

Labrus quadrilineatus Rüppell, 1835: 6, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).
Cossyphus taeniatus Val. (ex Ehrenberg) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 134 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).
Labrichthys cousteaui Estève in Roux-Estève and Fourmanaoir, 1955: 199 (Abu Latt, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Leptojulis Bleeker, 1862a: 412 (type-species, Julis (Halichoeres) cyanopleura Bleeker, by original designation).

Five species (Randall, 1996); Indo-West Pacific.

Leptojulis chrysotaenia Randall & Ferraris, 1981: 91, figs. 3-4 (Ka Pu Islet, Phuket, Thailand).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to Sri Lanka.

Julis finlaysoni Val., 1839: 471 (Sri Lanka).
Julis purpureolineatus Val., 1839: 471 (Sri Lanka).
Julis (Halichoeres) cyanopleura Bleeker, 1853d: 489 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) pyrrhogrammatoides Bleeker, 1853d: 490 (Batavia [Jakarta], Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Malaysia, New Guinea, and Australia to Persian Gulf.

REMARKS: Randall and Parenti (1999) have proposed that the names Julis finlaysoni and purpureolineatus be suppressed in order to conserve cyanopleura.

Leptojulis lambdastigma Randall & Ferraris, 1981: 93, fig. 5 (Samar Sea, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines and Taiwan.

Leptojulis polylepis Randall, 1996: 15, pls, 2C, 3G, 3H (Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Solomon Ids, New Guinea, and Indonesia.

Leptojulis urostigma Randall, 1996: 10, fig. 3, pls 3D-F (Batangas Prov., Luzon Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan to Indonesia.

Macropharyngodon Bleeker, 1862a: 412 (type-species, Julis geoffroy Quoy & Gaimard, by original designation).

Ten species (Randall, 1978b). Indo-Pacific.

Macropharyngodon bipartitus Smith, 1957a: 104, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. B (Pinda, Mozambique).
Macropharyngodon varialvus Smith, 1957a: 105, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. A (Pinda, Mozambique).
Macropharyngodon bipartitus marisrubri Randall, 1978: 759, figs. 5 a-b (Taba, Gulf of Aqaba).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Two subspecies: Macropharyngodon bipartitus marisrubri, Red Sea, and Macropharyngodon bipartitus bipartitus, western Indian Ocean.

Macropharyngodon choati Randall, 1978b: 761, fig. 5d (One Tree Id, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Great Barrier Reef, New South Wales, and New Caledonia.

Macropharyngodon cyanoguttatus Randall, 1978b: 749, figs. 3 c-d (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius, Réunion, and South Africa.

Julis geoffroy Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 270, pl. 56, fig. 3 (Hawaiian Ids).
Labrus margaritiferus Cuvier, 1829: 258 (no locality).
Macropharyngodon aquilolo Jenkins, 1901: 46, fig. 1 (Honolulu, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

REMARKS: Cuvier (1829: 258) published the name Labrus margaritiferus as a footnote with reference to fig. 3 on a plate in Quoy and Gaimard (1824) with the common name "Girelle Labiche". The plate number was mistakenly omitted. This common name does not appear on any Quoy and Gaimard plates. M.-L. Bauchot checked the original manuscript 506 (XIII B 62) and found the name Girelle Labiche written in pencil on a tracing of the painting of pl. 56, fig. 3 of Quoy and Gaimard. This was the first common name given to the species by Quoy. It was later changed to Girelle Geoffroy.

Macropharyngodon kuiteri Randall, 1978b: 766, figs. 5 g-h (Seal Rocks, New South Wales, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Great Barrier Reef, New South Wales, and New Caledonia.

Julis meleagris Val., 1839: 481 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Leptojulis pardalis Kner, 1867: 728 [19], pl. 3, fig. 2 (Fiji).
Platyglossus nigromaculatus Günther, 1872a: 666, pl. 65, fig. B (Savai'i [Savay] Id, Western Samoa Ids).
Halichoeres nigropunctatus Seale, 1901a: 89 (Guam).

DISTRIBUTION: western and central Pacific.

Macropharyngodon moyeri Shepard & Meyer, 1978a: 159, fig. 1 (Miyakejima, Izu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Japan.

Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre, 1932: 142 (Dumagnete, Oriental Negros, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Micronesia and Samoa.

Macropharyngodon ornatus Randall, 1978b: 753, figs. 3 g-h (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to western Indian Ocean.

Macropharyngodon vivienae Randall, 1978b: 764, fig. 6 (outer slope of barrier reef, off Tuléar, Madagascar).

DISTRIBUTION: Madagascar and South Africa.

Malapterus Val., 1839: 355 (type-species, Malapterus reticulatus Valenciennes, by monotypy).
Malacopterus Günther, 1862: (unjustified emendation, preoccupied by Audinet-Serville 1834 in Coleoptera).
Neolabrus Steindachner, 1875: 461 (type-species, Neolabrus fenestratus Steindachner, by monotypy).
Hospilabrus Whitley, 1931a: 334 (unnneeded replacement for Malapterus Valenciennes).

A valid genus (Pequeño, 1989 and M. Protti, pers. comm.). One species.

Malapterus reticulatus Val., 1839: 355, pl. 383 (Juan Fernández Ids).
Neolabrus fenestratus Steindachner, 1875: 461 [19], pl. 1, fig. 2 (Juan Fernández Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Juan Fernández Ids, Chile.

Minilabrus Randall & Dor, 1980: 155 (type-species, M. striatus Randall & Dor, by original designation).

One species.

Minilabrus striatus Randall & Dor, 1980: 155, figs. 1-3 (Um Aabak , Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Nelabrichthys Russell, 1983a: 1 (type-species, Labrus ornatus Carmichael, by original designation).

One species.

Labrus ornatus Carmichael, 1819: 502, pl. 27 (Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic).
Labrichthys isleanus Sauvage, 1875: 988 (St Paul Id, southern Indian Ocean).
Labrichthys lantzii Sauvage, 1875: 988 (St Paul Id).
Platyglossus robinsoni Gilchrist & Thompson, 1914: 86 (Natal, South Africa [specimen evidently mislabelled]).

DISTRIBUTION: Tristan da Cunha Group, Gough, and Vema Seamount in the southern Atlantic, and St Paul and Amsterdam Ids in the southern Indian Ocean.

Notolabrus Russell, 1988: 12 (type-species, Labrus fucicola Richardson, by original designation).

Seven species (Russell, 1988). Mostly in southern Australia and New Zealand.

Labrus celidotus Bloch & Schneider (ex Forster), 1801: 265 (New Zealand).
Labrus poecilopleura Val., 1839: 95 (New Zealand).
Julis notatus Richardson and Solander in Richardson, 1843c: 425 (Totaeranue, Queen Charlotte Sound and Tolaga, New Zealand).
Labrus botryocosmus Richardson, 1846a: 53, pl. 31 (South Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.

Labrichthys cincta Hutton, 1877: 354 (Otago, New Zealand).

DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.

Labrus fucicola Richardson, 1840: 26 (Tasmania).
Labrichthys fucicolor Hutton, 1890: 281 (misprinting or emendation).
Pseudolabrus pittensis Waite, 1910: 26 (Chatham Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Australia and New Zealand.

Labrichthys gymnogenis Günther, 1862: 117 (Australia).
Labrichthys nigromarginatus MacLeay, 1878b: 35, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Queensland to Tasmania, Lord Howe Id.

Labrus inscriptus Richardson, 1848: 134, pl. 56, figs. 1-2 (Norfolk Id).

DISTRIBUTION: New South Wales, New Zealand, Lord Howe Id, Norfolk Id, and Kermadecs.

Tautoga parila Richardson, 1850: 70 (King George Sound, Western Australia).
Labrichthys punctulata Günther, 1862: 118 (Swan river, Western Australia).
Labrichthys edelensis Castelnau, 1873: 137 (Fremantle, Western Australia).
Labrichthys bostockii Castelnau, 1873: 137 (Fremantle).
Labrichthys convexus Castelnau, 1875: 38 (Fremantle).
Labrichthys rubra Castelnau, 1875: 38 (Fremantle).
Labrichthys unicolor Castelnau, 1875: 37 (Fremantle).

DISTRIBUTION: southern and western Australia.

Labrus tetricus Richardson, 1840: 25 (Tasmania).
Labrichthys bleekeri Castelnau, 1872a: 148 (Melbourne).
Labrichthys richardsoni Castelnau, 1872a: 150 (Melbourne)
Labrichthys vestita Castelnau, 1872a: 151 (Melbourne).
Labrichthys tetrica var fuscipinnis Klunzinger, 1872: 37 (Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia).
Labrichthys tetrica var tigripinnis Klunzinger, 1872: 37 (Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia).
Labrichthys cuvieri Castelnau, 1873: 53 (Tasmania).
?Labrichthys tetrica var ocellata Klunzinger, 1880: 402 (Murray river, South Australia).
Labrichthys cyanogenys Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887b: 242 (Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia).
Labricthys ceruleus Saville-Kent, 1897: 174 (Tasmania).

DISTRIBUTION: southern New South Wales to Tasmania and South Australia.

Novaculichthys Bleeker, 1862a: 414 (type-species, Labrus taeniourus Lacepède, by original designation).
Malacocentrus Gill, 1862: 143 (type-species, Xyrichthys taeniurus Valenciennes, by original designation).
Dimalacocentrus Gill, 1863: 223 (type-species, Novacula kallosoma Bleeker, by monotypy).
Semachlorella Fowler & Bean, 1928: 367 (type-species, Julis bifer, Lay & Bennett, by original designation)
Novaculops Schultz, 1960: (122) 143 (type-species, Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins, by original designation).

This genus is under study by J.E. Randall and J.L. Earle; 7 species, including 3 undescribed species. Red Sea to eastern Pacific.

Labrus macrolepidotus Bloch, 1791: 135, pl. 284, fig. 2 (no locality).
Labrus arago Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 263, pl. 65, fig. 2 (Iles des Papous).
Julis taenianotus Cuvier in Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 271 (Waigeo, Indonesia).
Julis trimaculata Val., 1839: 386 (no locality; preoccupied by Julis trimaculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 [= Halichoeres trimaculatus]). Novacula julioides Bleeker, 1851b: 354 ( Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indian Ocean to Mariana Ids.

Xyrichtys perlas Wellington, Allen & Robertson, 1994: 49, figs. 1-3 (Isla San Jose, Perlas Ids, eastern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Perlas Ids (Gulf of Panama).

Labrus taeniourus Lacepède, 1801: 448, 518, pl. 29, fig. 1 (Great Equatorial Ocean [Mauritius]).
Sparus hemisphaerium Lacepède, 1802: 53, 160 (Madagascar).
Sparus brachion Lacepède, 1802: 54, 160 (Madagascar).
Julis vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 704, pl. 20, fig. 1 (Vanikoro Id, Santa Cruz Ids, southwestern Pacific).
Xyrichthys altipinnis Rüppell, 1835: 22, pl. 7 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Julis bifer Lay & Bennett, 1839: 64, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Novacula cephalotaenia Bleeker, 1854c: 333 (Indonesia).
Novacula hoedtii Bleeker, 1856a: 59 (Ambon, Indonesia).
Novacula kallosoma Bleeker, 1860b: 5 (Ambon and Bali).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Hawaiian Ids, and tropical eastern Pacific.

REMARKS: Valenciennes redescribed Labrus taeniourus Lacepède as Xyrichthys taeniurus nob. (Val., 1840: 54) and Julis vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard as Xyrichthys vanikolensis nob. (Val., 1840: 57).

Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins, 1901: 52, fig. 8 (Honolulu).
Novaculichthys entargyreus Jenkins, 1901: 53, fig. 9 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Novaculichthys tattoo Seale, 1901b: 5, fig. 2 (Honolulu).
Xyrichthys sciistius Jordan & Thompson 1914: 263, pl. 30, fig. 3 (Sagami Bay, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids and southern Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Lord Howe Id (Francis, 1993).

DISTRIBUTION: Papua New Guinea.

DISTRIBUTION: Easter Id.

Ophthalmolepis Bleeker, 1862a: 413 (type-species, Julis lineolatus Valenciennes, by original designation).

One species.

Julis lineolatus Val., 1839: 436 (Victoria, Australia).
Julis cyanogramma Richardson, 1850: 73 (King George Sound, Western Australia).
Pseudojulis lineata Castelnau, 1873: 138 (Fremantle, WA).
Julis adelaidensis Castelnau, 1875: 35 (Adelaide).

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Queensland to southern and western Australia.

Oxycheilinus Gill, 1863: 143 (type-species, Cheilinus arenatus Valenciennes, by original designation).

Twelve species, of which 4 are undescribed (Westneat, pers. comm.); Indo-Pacific. Synonymies are partially based on Fowler (1928) and de Beaufort (1940) and they should be considered provisional. The genus is currently under revision by M.W. Westneat, J.E. Randall and M.F. Gomon.

Cheilinus arenatus Val., 1840: 101, pl. 397 (Réunion Id).
Cheilinus notophthalmus Bleeker, 1853d: 493 (Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea, Indian Ocean to Micronesia and Samoa (in deep water).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, including Hawaiian Ids.

Cheilinus celebicus Bleeker, 1853g: 171 (Indonesia).
Cheilinus hoevenii Bleeker, 1862b: 297 (Indonesia).
Cheilinus oxyrhynchus Bleeker, 1862b: 300 (Sulawesi; Ambon and Batjan; Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Australian Archipelago and Japan.

Labrus digramma Lacepède, 1801: 448, 518, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Mauritius).
Sparus radiatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 270 (East Indies).
Cheilinus coccineus Rüppell, 1828: 23 ([Jeddah, Red Sea).
Cheilinus commersoni Bennett, 1832a: 167 (Mauritius).
Cheilinus radiatus Val., 1840: 91 (Red Sea).
Cheilinus roseus Val., 1840: 105 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Cheilinus lacrymans Val., 1840: 109 (Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to western Pacific.

REMARKS: the name has been often incorrectly spelled diagrammus (Kyushin et al., 1977; Dor, 1984; Yamakawa in Masuda et al. 1984; Randall 1986a.

Cheilinus mentalis Rüppell, 1828: 24 (Massawa, Eritrea).
Cheilinus venosus Val., 1840: 100 (Suez, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Cheilinus orientalis Günther (ex Bleeker), 1862: 132 (Batjan, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to New Caledonia.

Cheilinus rhodochrous Playfair & Günther, 1867: 90, pl. 11, fig. 3 (Zanzibar).

DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar.

REMARKS: erroneously regarded as the senior synonym of Cheilinus unifasciatus Streets by de Beaufort (1940). The citation by Masuda et al. (1984) appears to be a misidentification of C. unifasciatus. Provisionally, we consider it valid. Perhaps it is a deeper water fish not seen in normal diving depths.

Cheilinus polygramma Val., 1840: 103 (Caroline Ids).
Cheilinus unifasciatus Streets, 1877: 82 (Line Ids).
Chilinus [sic] hexagonatus Günther, 1881: 287, pl. 135, fig. B (Yap Id; Hawaiian Ids).
Cheilinus zonurus Jenkins, 1901: 56, fig. 13 (Johnson Id, central Pacific).
Cheilinus cingulatus Weber, 1913: 365, pl. 9, fig. 5 (Binongka, Siboga sta. 220; Banda, Siboga sta. 240).

DISTRIBUTION: western and central Pacific, including Pitcairn Group.

REMARKS: This species was often misidentified as Cheilinus rhodochrous. Randall and Parenti (1999) proposed the rejection of Cheilinus polygramma in order to conserve O. unifasciatus.

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: New Caledonia, southeastern Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Oxyjulis Gill, 1863: 223 (type-species, Halichoeres californicus Günther, by original designation).

One species.

Julis modestus Girard, 1854: 151 (Monterey and San Diego, California; preoccupied by Julis modestus Bleeker, 1847 [= Halichoeres chloropterus (Bloch)]).
Halichoeres californicus Günther, 1861: 386 nomen novum for Julis modestus Girard.

DISTRIBUTION: California to Baja California.

Paracheilinus Fourmanoir in Roux-Estève & Fourmanoir, 1955: 199 (type-species, Paracheilinus octotaenia Fourmanoir, by original designation).

Genus revised by Randall & Lubbock (1981); 13 species. Red Sea to Hawaiian Ids and Fiji.

Paracheilinus angulatus Randall & Lubbock, 1981: (21) 26, pl. 2, fig. D (Batangas, Luzon Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines.

Paracheilinus attenuatus Randall, 1999: 34, figs 2-6 (St François, Amirante Ids, Seychelles).

DISTRIBUTION: Seychelles and off Kenya.

Paracheilinus bellae Randall, 1988: 222, pls. 2, fig. D and 3, fig. H (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Marshall Ids.

Paracheilinus carpenteri Randall & Lubbock, 1981: 24, pl. 2, figs. A-B (Mactan Id, east of Cebu, Philippines).
Parachelinus sp. 2 Debelius & Kuiter, 1994: 232.

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan.

Paracheilinus cyaneus Kuiter & Allen, 1999: 121, figs. 1-3 (Bandang Id, Banggai Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Banggai Ids, Derawan Id, Sulawesi.

Paracheilinus filamentosus Allen, 1974: 452, fig. 2 (Kranket Id, Madang, New Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Paracheilinus flavianalis Kuiter & Allen, 1999: 123, figs. 4-7 (Scott Reef, Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia, northwestern Australia.

Paracheilinus hemitaeniatus Randall & Harmelin-Vivien, 1977: 338, fig. 4 (Tuléar, Madagascar).

DISTRIBUTION: Madagascar and South Africa (photograph by Dennis King of a specimen from KwaZulu-Natal, P.C. Heemstra, pers. comm.).

Paracheilinus lineopunctatus Randall & Lubbock, 1981: 21, pl. 1, fig. B (Mactan Id, east of Cebu, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines.

Paracheilinus mccoskeri Randall & Harmelin-Vivien, 1977: 332, fig. 2 (Grande Comore, Comoro Ids).
Parachelinus sp. 1 Debelius & Kuiter, 1994: 232.

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean, Comores, Persian Gulf, Maldives to Fiji.

Paracheilinus octotaenia Fourmanoir in Roux-Estève & Fourmanoir, 1955: 199, fig. 1 (Abu Latt, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Cirrhilabrus piscilineatus Cornic, 1987: 141 (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius.

Paracheilinus togeanensis Kuiter & Allen, 1999: 127, fig. 8 (Batudaka Id, Togean Islands, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.

Parajulis Bleeker, 1865: 251 (type-species, Julis poecilepterus Temminck & Schlegel, by original designation).

One species.

Julis poecilepterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 169, pl. 86 bis, fig. 1 (Bay of Sinabara, Japan).
Julis poecilopterus Richardson, 1846b: 260 (China).
Julis thirsites Richardson, 1846b: 260 (Canton, China).
Julìs pyrrhogramma Schlegel in Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 170, pl. 86bis, fig. 2 (Nagasaki, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, northern Japan at Hakodate to Taiwan and Hong Kong (but not Ryukyu Ids).

REMARKS: In a revision of Leptojulis, Randall & Ferraris (1981), wrote "According to Nguyen Tri Truc (pers. comm.), who wrote his Ph D dissertation on the osteology of Japanese labrid fishes, Julis poecilepterus should be placed in the monotypic genus Parajulis." Parajulis is distinguishable from Halichoeres by the following combination of characters: vertebral number 9-10+17-18; second anal pterygiophore lies before first haemal spine; juncture of dentaries sutured; two pairs of enlarged anterior canines on each jaw; teeth on side of jaws small; epiotic-parietal-frontal crest meet ridge of median groove far from the junction of frontal; D IX, 14; A III, 14. In the literature the specific name is often spelled as poecilopterus (Masuda et al., 1984: 209; Shen, 1993: 459; Kuiter and Randall, 1995: 113).

Pictilabrus Gill, 1891: 403 (type-species, Labrus laticlavius Richardson, by monotypy).

Revised by Russell (1988); 3 species. Southern Australia.

Pictilabrus brauni Hutchins & Morrison, 1996: 39, figs. 1, 4, 7 (Cheyne Beach, Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: south coast of Western Australia.

Labrus laticlavius Richardson, 1840: 26 (Tasmania).
Hemigymnus bleasdalei Castelnau, 1875: 38 (Adelaide).
Labrichthys labiosa Macleay, 1881: 88, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).
Eupetrichthys gloveri Scott in Scott, Glover & Southcott, 1974: 303 (Thistle Id, South Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: New South Wales to western Australia.

Pictilabrus viridis Russell, 1988: 38, figs. 8,12-13, 15-18, 23; pl. 4e-f (Lucky Bay, Cape La Grande, W.A.).

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Australia.

Polylepion Gomon, 1977: 622 (type-species, Bodianus russelli Gomon & Randall, by original designation).

Two species. Eastern to western Pacific.

Polylepion cruentum Gomon, 1977: 624, figs. 1, 2 left, 3 (eastern Pacific off Quepos, Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Costa Rica.

Bodianus russelli Gomon & Randall, 1975: 444 (off Moku Manu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids, Society Ids, Marianas, and Okinawa (at depths over 100 m).

Pseudocheilinops Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960: 128 (type-species, P. ataenia Schultz, by original designation).

One species.

Pseudocheilinops ataenia Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960: 129, fig. 94 (Talisse Id, Sulawesi, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia, Philippines, and Micronesia.

Pseudocheilinus Bleeker, 1862a: 409 (type-species, Cheilinus hexataenia Bleeker, by original designation).

Genus revised by Randall (1999a); 7 species; Indo-Pacific.

Pseudocheilinus citrinus Randall, 1999: 5, pl. 1A (Pitcairn Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Cook, Austral and Pitcairn Ids.

Pseudocheilinus dispilus Randall, 1999a: 10, pl. 1B,C (Réunion).

DISTRIBUTION: Réunion and Mauritius.

Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 192 (Hawaii, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia, Hawaiian and Marquesas Ids.

Cheilinus hexataenia Bleeker, 1857c: 84 (Indonesia).
Pseudocheilinus psittaculus, Kner & Steindachner 1867: 376 [21], pl. 3, fig. 7 (Phoenix Ids, Pacific).
Cossyphus echis Guichenot, 1869: 197, pl. 12, fig. 5 (Madagascar).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Ryukyus, Johnston Id, Australia, Lord Howe and Tuamotu Ids, but not at the Hawaiian Ids.

Pseudocheilinus ocellatus Randall: 1999a: 21, fig. 3, pls 1H, 2A (Laura Id, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: western-central Pacific, Japan and Pitcairn.

Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901: 64, fig. 22 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Pseudocheilinus margaretae Smith, 1956a: 929, fig.1 (Aldabra Id, Seychelles).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaiian Ids and Pitcairn Group.

Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960: 167, fig. 98 (Reer Id, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Islands of Oceania, including Hawaiian Ids and Pitcairn Ids.

Pseudocoris Bleeker, 1862a: 411 (type-species, Julis (Halichoeres) heteropterus Bleeker, by original designation).

Five species (Chen & Shao, 1995). Indo-Pacific.

Pseudocoris aurantiofasciatus Fourmanoir, 1971: 130, fig. 2 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu Archipelago).

DISTRIBUTION: central and western Pacific.

Coris bleekeri Hubrecht, 1876: 214 (Moluccas, Indonesia).
Coris philippina Fowler & Bean, 1928: 309, pl. 42 (Sulade Id, Philippines).
Julis albolumbata Schmidt, 1931: 87, fig. 8 (Okinawa Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Ids to Indonesia.

Julis (Halichoeres) heteropterus Bleeker, 1857c: 78 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Seychelles to western Pacific.

Pseudocoris ocellatus Chen & Shao, 1995: 690, fig. 1 (Wanlitung, southern Taiwan).

DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan.

Julis yamashiroi Schmidt, 1931: 85, fig. 5 (Okinawa).
Julis awayae Schmidt, 1931: 86, figs. 6-7 (Okinawa).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Maldives to Japan and Samoa.

Pseudodax Bleeker, 1861b: 229 (type-species, Odax moluccanus Valenciennes, by original designation).

One species.

Odax moluccanus Val., 1840: 305, pl. 408, fig. 2 (Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Odax borbonicus Val., 1840: 306 (Réunion Id).
Odax varius Val., 1840: 307 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Pseudodax moluccensis Günther, 1862: 208 (emendation).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to South Africa, southern Japan, Society Ids, Marquesas and Tuamotu Ids.

REMARKS: Synonymy from Randall and Parenti (1999).

Pseudojuloides Fowler, 1949: 119 (type-species, Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder, by original designation).

Genus revised by Randall and Randall (1981); 11 species Red Sea to South Africa and Eastern Pacific.

Pseudojulis argyreogaster Playfair & Günther, 1867: 95, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Zanzibar).

DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar, Seychelles.

Leptojulis sp. Randall, 1973: 198.
Pseudojuloides atavai Randall & Randall, 1981: 58, figs. 4-5 (Pitcairn Id).

DISTRIBUTION: French Polynesia, Pitcairn Group, Guam.

Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder, 1904: 528 (Honolulu)

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Hawaiian Ids, and eastern Pacific.

Pseudojuloides elongatus Ayling & Russell, 1977: 174, figs. 4-6, 8-10 (Poor Knights Ids, New Zealand).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, New Zealand, Australia.

Pseudojuloides erythrops Randall & Randall, 1981: 71, figs. 13-14 (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius and Seychelles.

Pseudojulis inornatus Gilbert, 1890: 67 (off Baja California, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Baja California.

REMARKS: David G. Smith examined the holotype and only known specimen of this species at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History and confirmed that the dentition is that of the genus Pseudojuloides. The description of the colour of the specimen in preservative by Gilbert does not match of any species of the genus.

Pseudojuloides kaleidos Kuiter & Randall, 1995: 107, figs. 1-4 (Maldives).

DISTRIBUTION: Maldives and Indonesia.

Pseudojuloides mesostigma Randall & Randall, 1981: 68, figs. 11-12 (Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies and Philippines.

Pseudojuloides pyrius Randall & Randall, 1981: 62, figs. 6-7 (Tahuata, Marquesas Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Marquesas Ids.

Pseudojuloides sp. 1: Masuda & Kobayashi (1994)
Pseudojuloides severnsi Bellwood & Randall, 2000: 1, figs 1-5 (Alor, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Ids and Alor, Indonesia.

Pseudojuloides xanthomos Randall & Randall, 1981: 67, fig. 10 (Gunner's Quoin, Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius.

Pseudolabrus Bleeker, 1862a: 413 (type-species, Labrus rubiginosus Temminck & Schlegel, by original designation).
Lunolabrus Whitley, 1933: 86 (type-species, Labrus miles Bloch & Schneider, by original designation, proposed as a subgenus).

Genus revised by Russell (1988) and Mabuchi and Nakabo (1997); 11 species. South Pacific, except two species from Japan, Korea, Taiwan and coast of China.

Labrichthys biserialis Klunzinger, 1880: 402 (King George Sound, Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Australia.

Labrus eoethinus Richardson, 1846b: 255 (Canton, China).
Labrus rubiginosus, in part, Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 165, pl. 86, fig. 1 (Japan; preoccupied by Labrus rubiginosus Risso, 1827 [= Symphodus sp.]).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Ogasawara Archipelago, and Korea to Hong Kong.

Labrichthys fuentesi Regan, 1913: 371, pl. 58, fig. 2 (Easter Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Easter Id to Austral Ids.

Labrus gayi Val., 1839: 97 (Juan Fernández Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Juan Fernandez Id and San Felix Id.

Pseudolabrus guentheri Bleeker, 1862: 131 (Australia).
Labrichthys australis Steindachner, 1866a: 476 (South Pacific).
Pseudolabrus richardsonii Steindachner, 1867b: 332 (Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).
Labrichthys dorsalis Macleay, 1881: 87 (Sydney).
Labrichthys melanura Macleay, 1881: 89 (Sydney).
Labrichthys dux De Vis, 1883: 287 (Queensland).
Labrichthys cruentatus De Vis, 1885: 879 (Queensland).
Labrichthys maculatus De Vis, 1885: 881 (Moreton Bay, Queensland; preoccupied by Labrichthys maculata Macleay 1881 [= Austrolabrus maculatus]).
Labrichthys rex De Vis, 1885: 880 (Queensland).
Labrichthys sexlineatus De Vis, 1885: 880 (Queensland).

DISTRIBUTION: east coast of Australia.

REMARKS: Günther (1862: 507) included the description of Labrichthys guentheri Bleeker from Bleeker's manuscript proofsheet.

Labrus luculentus Richardson, 1848: 130 (Norfolk Id).

DISTRIBUTION: New South Wales, Lord Howe Id, Kermadec Ids, Norfolk Id, and New Zealand.

Labrus miles Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 264 (New Zealand).
Julis ?rubecula Richardson (ex Solander), 1843c: 423 (Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand).
Julis ?rubiginosus Richardson (ex Solander and Parkinson), 1843c: 425 (New Zealand).
Labrichthys roseipunctata Hutton, 1880: 455 (Dunedin, New Zealand).
Pseudolabrus cossyphoides Steindachner, 1900: 176 (New Zealand).

DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.

Labrus psittaculus Richardson 1840: 26 (Port Arthur, Tasmania; preoccupied by Labrus psittaculus Lacepède, 1801 [= Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch)]).
Labrichthys rubicunda Macleay, 1881: 89 (King George Sound, Western Australia).
Labrichthys mortonii Johnston, 1885b: lxxxiv, xciv, 256 (mouth of Derwent River, Tasmania).

DISTRIBUTION: southeastern Australia.

Labrichthys semifasciatus Rendahl, 1921: 65 (Easter Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Easter Id.

Labrus rubiginosus Richardson, 1846: 255 (Japan; preoccupied by Labrus rubiginosus Risso, 1827 [= Symphodus sp.] and secondarily preoccupied by Julis ?rubiginosus Richardson, 1843 [= Pseudolabrus miles (Fortser)]) .
Labrus rubiginosus (in part) Temminck & Schlegel, 1846: 165 (Japan; preoccupied by Labrus rubiginosus Risso, 1827 and Labrus rubiginosus Richardson, 1846).
Pseudolabrus sieboldi Mabuchi & Nakabo, 1997: 323 (Morode Beach, Ehime Pref., Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Japan and Taiwan.

REMARKS: Mabuchi and Nakabo (1997) regarded Labrus japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 as a nomen dubium and proposed the new name P. sieboldi for the Japanese species most authors have identified as P. japonicus (Houttuyn).

Pseudolabrus torotai Russell & Randall, 1981: 437, fig. 4 (Rapa Id, South Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Rapa.

Pteragogus Peters, 1855: 451 (type-species, Cossyphus opercularis Peters, by monotypy).
Duymaeria Bleeker, 1856a: 52 (type-species, Duymaeria amboinensis Bleeker, by subsequent designation).
Labrastrum Guichenot, 1860: 153 (type-species, Ctenolabrus flagellifer Valenciennes, by original designation).

Eight species (one undescribed). Indo-West Pacific.

Ctenolabrus aurigarius Richardson, 1845: 90, pl. 45, figs. 1-2 (China seas near Canton).
Ctenolabrus rubellio Richardson, 1845: 93, pl. 45, fig. 3 (China seas near Canton).
Crenilabrus spilogaster Bleeker, 1854d: 416 (Nagasaki).
Duymaeria japonica Bleeker, 1856a: 53 (Nagasaki).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan and Taiwan.

Pteragogus cryptus Randall, 1981b: 83 ( Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to Samoa.

Crenilabrus enneacanthus Bleeker, 1853a: 120 (Ambon).
Duymaeria amboinensis Bleeker, 1856a: 54 (Ambon Id).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies.

Labrus ramentosus Forsskål, 1775: 34 (Yemen, Red Sea).
Ctenolabrus flagellifer Val., 1839: 240 (no locality).
Crenilabrus nematopterus Bleeker, 1851b: 250 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Cossyphus filamentosus Peters, 1855: 435 (Mozambique).
Duymaeria caeruleomaculata Günther, 1862: 122 (Aneityum [Aneiteum] Id, Vanuatu [New Hebrides]).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa and western Pacific.

REMARKS: synonymy from Smith (1957a). Parenti & Randall (1998) proposed that the little-used name Labrus ramentosus Forsskål be suppressed .

Duymaeria guttata Fowler & Bean, 1928: 218 (Samar Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines, Indonesia and Palau.

Cossyphus opercularis Peters, 1855: 451 (Mozambique; preoccupied by Cossyphus opercularis Guichenot, 1847 [= Bodianus opercularis (Guichenot)]).
Pteragogus pelycus Randall, 1981b: 82, pl. 1, figs. 1-2 nomen novum for Cossyphus opercularis Peters.

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea to South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles; also eastern Mediterranean from Israel (Golani & Sonin) to Rhodes Id, Greece (Corsini & Economidis, 1999).

Cossyphus taeniops Peters, 1855: 453 (Mozambique).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Mozambique to Zanzibar.

DISTRIBUTION: presently known only from Ogasawara Ids (Randall et al., 1997).

Semicossyphus Günther, 1861: 384 (type-species, Cossyphus reticulatus Valenciennes, by subsequent designation).
Pimelometopon Gill, 1864: 58 (type-species, Labrus pulcher Ayres, by original designation).

Three species; Japan and eastern Pacific. Gomon (1997) considered Pimelometopon as a synonym, but according to Maurizio Protti (who is currently reviewing the labroids of Chile) it is a valid genus.

Semicossyphus darwini (Jenyns)

Cossyphus darwini Jenyns, 1842: 100, pl. 20 (Galápagos).
Labrus aper Valenciennes, 1846: pl. 8, fig. 1 (Galápagos Ids; preoccupied by Labrus aper Retzius, 1800 [= Labrus bergylta Ascanius]; description published later [Valenciennes, 1855: 338]).
Trochocopus canis Philippi, 1887: 570 [38], pl. 7, fig. 3 (Iquique, Valparaíso, Chile).
Dentex maculatus Perez Canto, 1886: 12 (Valparaiso).

DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador to Chile, including Galápagos Ids.

REMARKS: synonymy from M. Protti (pers. comm.).

Labrus pulcher Ayres, 1854: 174 (San Diego, California).

DISTRIBUTION: California to Gulf of California.

Cossyphus reticulatus Val., 1839: 139 (Japan).
Semicossyphus robecchii Steindachner & Bellotti in Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887: 271 (Yokohama).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea and China.

Genus Stethojulis Günther

Stethojulis Günther, 1862: 386 (type-species, Julis strigiventer Bennett, by subsequent designation).
Hinalea Jordan & Jordan, 1922: 69 (type-species Julis axillaris Quoy & Gaimard, by original designation).
Rhytejulis Fowler & Bean, 1928: 232, 241 (type-species, Labrus trilineatus Bloch & Schneider, by original designation).

Genus revision by Randall (2000); 10 species. Red Sea to eastern Pacific.

Labrus albovittatus Bonnaterre, 1788: 108, pl. 98 (no locality).
Labrus koelreuteri Walbaum, 1792: 262 (no locality).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and western Indian Ocean.

Julis balteatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 267, pl. 56, fig.1 (Maui, Hawaiian Ids).
Julis axillaris Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 272 (Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

Julis (Halichoeres) bandanensis Bleeker, 1851b: 254 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
?Julis sukl Montrouzier, 1857: 473 (Woodlark Id)
Stethojulis fulvoventris Seale, 1901a: 92 (Guam).
Stethojulis rubromacula Scott, 1959: 87, fig. 7 (Shark Bay, Western Australia).
Stethojulis linearis Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960: 214, pl. 107, fig. E (Enyu Id, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to islands of the tropical eastern Pacific.

Labrus chlorocephalus Bloch & Schneider 1801: 254 (India).
Julis (Halichoeres) interruptus Bleeker, 1851b: 252 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) kalosoma Bleeker, 1852c: 289 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Stethojulis kallosoma Bleeker, 1862b: 290 (unjustified emendation of Julis (Halichoeres) kalosoma Bleeker).
Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale, 1905: 788, fig. 9 (Negros, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific from South Africa to the Philippines, Indonesia and eastern Australia.

REMARKS: the holotype of Labrus chlorocephalus (ZMB 2619, 54 mm SL) was examined by H.-J. Paepke with a key to species of Stethojulis by Randall and Kay (1974), and he concluded that it is Stethojulis interrupta. Randall and Parenti (1999) proposed the rejection of the name Labrus chlorocephalus in order to conserve the well known Stethojulis interrupta.

Stethojulis maculatus Schmidt, 1931: 81, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Kominato, Amami-Oshimo Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: anti-equatorial; Ryukyu Ids, Fiji, Norfolk Id.

Stethojulis marquesensis Randall, 2000: 20, fig. 5, pls III C, D (Uaa Huka, Marquesas Ids).

Distribution: Marquesas Islands.

Stethojulis notialis Randall, 2000: 22, fig. 7, pls IC, D (Nukulau Id, Fiji Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk Id.

Julis strigiventer Bennett, 1832c: 184 (Mauritius).
Julis (Halichoeres) renardi Bleeker, 1851b: 253 (Banda Neira, Banda Ids, Indonesia).
Stethojulis psacas Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 629, fig. 5 (Naha, Okinawa Id, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: South Africa to western Pacific and Samoa.

Stethojulis terina Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 631, fig. 6 (Misaki, Kanagawa Pref., Sagami Sea, Japan).
Stethojulis trossula Jordan & Snyder, 1902: 633, fig. 7 (Misaki, Kanagawa Pref., Sagami Sea, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Honshu, Japan to Taiwan and Hainan

Labrus trilineatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 253 (India).
Julis sebanus Val., 1839: 474 (no locality).
Julis (Halichoeres) phekadopleura Bleeker, 1849b: 8 (Boleling, northern Bali, Indonesia).
Julis (Halichoeres) casturi Bleeker, 1852g: 768 (Ujung Pandang, Celebes, Indonesia).
Julis sukl Montrouzier, 1857: 473 (Woodlark Id).
Halichoeres sebae Kner, 1860: 12, pl. 1, fig. 9 (no locality).
Stethojulis casturi Günther, 1881: 255 (Oceania: Palau, Yap, and Futuna).
Stethojulis phecadopleura Martens, 1876: 397 (Ambon, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Stethojulis filholi Sauvage, 1880: 225 (Fiji Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Maldives, to western Pacific and Samoa.

Suezia Smith, 1957a: 100, 106 (type-species, Labrichthys caudovittatus Steindachner, by original designation, preoccupied in Crustacea).

Suezichthys Smith, 1958: 319 (replacement name for Suezia Smith, 1957).

Genus revised by Russell (1985); 10 species, and one undescribed species. Indo-Pacific.

Suezichthys arquatus Russell, 1985: 15, pl. 3, figs A-B); Figs. 1, 6c, 7b (Poor Knights Id, New Zealand).

DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand, New Caledonia, eastern Australia, Lord Howe Id, and Norfolk Id; also recorded from Honshu, Japan (Araga et al., 1988) and Ogasawara Ids (Randall et al. (1997).

Suezichthys aylingi Russell, 1985: 5, pl. 1, figs A-B (Poor Knights Id, New Zealand).

DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand and southeastern Australia.

Suezichthys bifurcatus Russell, 1986: 59, figs. 1-2 (Great Australian Bight, 34°20'-34°21'S, 123°42-123°43'E).

DISTRIBUTION: western Australia.

Labrichthys caudavittatus Steindachner, 1898a: 199 (Suez, Red Sea).
Labrichthys caudovittatus Steindachner, 1898b: 783, pl. 1 (further description and illustration).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea, Somalia, and Persian Gulf.

REMARKS: Spelt caudovittatus by Dor (1984: 208) and Russell (1985: 10).

Suezichthys cyanolaemus Russell, 1985: 13, pl. 2, figs. C-D; fig. 7a (Rottnest Id, Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Australia.

Guntheria devisi Whitley, 1941: 36, fig. 24 (Queensland).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Australia.

REMARKS: Russell (1985) regarded this species as a synonym of S. gracilis, but it is now considered valid (R.H. Kuiter, 1993 and B.C. Russell, pers. comm.).

Labrichthys gracilis Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887: 273 (Tokyo, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Persian Gulf, Viet Nam, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.

Pseudolabrus notatus Kamohara, 1958: 8, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Okinoshima, Kochi Pref., Japan).
Suezichthys tripunctatus, in part, Randall & Kotthaus, 1977: 34 (Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Australia, Hawaiian Ids.

Suezichthys russelli Randall, 1981: 90, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Ras Abu-Galum, Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).
Suezichthys tripunctatus, in part, Randall & Kotthaus, 1977: 34 (Indian Ocean paratypes).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to Kenya.

Suezichthys soelae Russell, 1985: 9, pl. 2, figs, A-B (Northwest Shelf [20°29.4'S, 116°10.0'E], Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: northwestern Australia, Okinawa and Ogasawara Ids (Randall et al., 1997) .

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Australia.

REMARKS: species currently under study by J.B. Hutchins.

Symphodus Rafinesque, 1810a: 41 (type-species, S. fulvescens Rafinesque, by subsequent designation).
Corycus Cuvier, 1814: 89 (type-species, Lutjanus rostratus Bloch, by subsequent designation; spelt Coricus in Cuvier, 1816: 263)
Crenilabrus Oken (ex Cuvier), 1817: 1182a (type-species, Labrus lapina Forsskål, by subsequent designation).

Ten species (Bauchot & Quignard, 1973; Gomon & Forsyth, 1990). Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea.

?Labrus pirca Walbaum 1792: 265 (no locality [Adriatic Sea]).
Crenilabrus donovani Val., 1839: 39 (Brittany).
Crenilabrus bailloni Val., 1839: 191 ( La Manche, France).

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic from North Sea to Mauritania, and western Mediterranean.

REMARKS: Labrus pirca Walbaum was based on a fish described but not named by Brünnich (1768: 97). Bloch & Schneider (1801: 256) reported Labrus pirca from the Adriatic Sea. Tortonese (1970) suggested that Labrus pirca may represent an older name for Symphodus bailloni (Valenciennes); the combination Symphodus pirca was also used by Jordan (1890).

DISTRIBUTION: eastern Atlantic from bassin d'Arcachon to Gibraltar; Mediterranean; the subspecies S. cinereus staitii is found also in the Black Sea.

REMARKS: Labrus griseus Gmelin and Labrus rubellio Walbaum are based on Labrus n. 75 of Brünnich (1768: 58). Bonaparte's (1846) listing of Labrus simus as a synonym was questioned by Günther (1862). Labrus donzella Nardo (described independently of Rafinesque) is a probable synonym of Symphodus cinereus. Lutianus core is a replacement name listed afterward as Crenilabrus core Nardo (1860).

Crenilabrus tinca Val., 1837: 199 (Mediterranean Sea; based on Labrus tinca (non Linnaeus): Brünnich, 1768: 55; secondarily preoccupied in Symphodus by Labrus tinca Linnaeus.
Symphodus doderleini Jordan, 1890: 618 (probably near Marseille, France).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean, Bosphorus, Marmara Sea.

Perca mediterranea Linnaeus, 1758: 291 [Mediterranean].
Labrus coeruleovittatus Bonnaterre, 1788: 117 (Mediterranean).
Labrus serpentinus Bonnaterre, 1788: 117 (Mediterranean).
Labrus fuscus Gmelin 1789: 1295 (Mediterranean).
Labrus unimaculatus Gmelin, 1789: 1295 (Mediterranean).
Lutjanus bidens Bloch, 1790: 123, pl. 251, fig. 1 (no locality).
Labrus erithrophthalmus Walbaum 1792: 263 (no locality; based on Labrus no. 73 Brünnich (1768: 57) and Labrus unimaculatus Gmelin).
Labrus fuscus Walbaum 1792: 263 (no locality; based on Labrus no. 72 Brünnich (1768: 56); preoccupied by Labrus fuscus Gmelin, 1789).
Labrus mediterraneus Bloch & Schneider (ex Brunnich) 1801: 255 (Mediterranean Sea).
Lutjanus brunnichii Lacepède, 1802: 184, 222 (Mediterranean Sea).
Lutjanus massiliensis Lacepède, 1802: 184, 222 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus pittima Rafinesque, 1810a: 36 (Sicily, Italy).
Lutjanus chlorosochrus Risso, 1810: 275, pl. 8, fig. 27 (Nice, France).
Labrus bidens Nardo, 1824b: 253 (Adriatic Sea).
Crenilabrus nigrescens Risso, 1827: 263 (Nice, France).
Crenilabrus boryanus Risso, 1827: 320 (Nice, France).
Crenilabrus pictus Lowe, 1838: 186 (Madeira).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean and Marmara Sea; eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Morocco, Madeira, and Azores.

REMARKS: The holotype of Lutjanus chlorosochrus is lost (Bauchot, 1963); based on Risso's original description, the first author concluded that it is Symphodus mediterraneus. Nardo (1824) added "nobis" to the name Labrus bidens and doubted that his species was the same as Lutjanus bidens Bloch.

Lutjanus melanocercus Risso, 1810: 283 (Saint Hospice , near Villefranche, France, Mediterranean).
Crenilabrus caeruleus Risso, 1827: 316, pl. 10, fig. 25 (probably Mediterranean).
Crenilabrus cyanospilatus Cocco, 1840: 242 (Sicily, Italy).
Crenilabrus melanoxanthurus Cocco, 1840: 243 (Sicily).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean and Marmara Sea.

REMARKS: Facciolà (1916) synonymized Crenilabrus cyanospilatus and C. melanoxanthurus with S. melanocercus.

Labrus melops Linnaeus, 1758: 286 (southern Europe).
Labrus rone Ascanius, 1772: 6, pl. 14 (Norway).
Labrus gibbosus Bonnaterre, 1788: 112, pl. 99, fig. 403 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus goldsinny Bonnaterre, 1788: 112, pl. 99, fig. 404 (Seas of Great Britain).
Labrus gibbus Gmelin, 1789: 1295 (Great Britain).
?Labrus cornubius Gmelin, 1789: 1297 (England).
Lutjanus norwegicus Bloch, 1791: 11, pl. 256 (Norway).
Labrus tesselatus Bloch, 1792: 8, pl. 291, fig. 1 (Norway).
Perca maculosa Retzius, 1800: 337 (Sweden).
Labrus ascanii Shaw, 1803: 512 (Northern Seas; nomen novum for Labrus rone Ascanius 1771).
Crenilabrus couchii Val., 1839: 178 (no locality).
Crenilabrus pennantii Val., 1839: 178 (no locality).
Crenilabrus locaninus Gulia, 1861: 16 (Malta).

DISTRIBUTION: western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea, northeastern Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.

REMARKS: The text for Lutjanus norwegicus Bloch, 1791 refers to pl. 256 in which the name Lutianus norve is used. This species was spelled norvegicus in Bloch's Ichthyologie (1797: 9) and Lacepède (1802: 233). Günther (1862) listed Perca maculosa as a synonym. Crenilabrus locaninus Gulia is a new synonym.

?Labrus ocellaris Linnaeus 1758: 285 (no locality).
Labrus ocellatus Forsskål, 1775: 37 (Smyrne, Turkey).
Labrus olivaceus Bonnaterre, 1788: 117 (Mediterranean).
Labrus reticulatus Bonnaterre, 1788: 117 (Mediterranean).
Labrus guttatus Bonnaterre 1788: 118 (Mediterranean).
Labrus guttatus Gmelin, 1789: 1296 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus guttatus Bonnaterre 1788).
Labrus venosus Gmelin, 1789: 1296 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus olivaceus Walbaum 1792: 263 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus olivaceus Bonnaterre, 1788).
Labrus venosus Walbaum, 1792: 264 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus venosus Gmelin, 1789).
Labrus guttatus Walbaum 1792: 265 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus guttatus Bonnaterre 1788, Labrus guttatus Gmelin 1789 and Labrus guttatus Bloch 1791 [=Halichoeres argus (Bloch & Schneider)].
Labrus rubens Bloch & Schneider (ex Brunnich) 1801: 256 (Mediterranean Sea).
Labrus mendovella Rafinesque 1810b: 23, 54 (Sicily).
?Lutianus ruber Rafinesque,1810b: 63 (Sicily).
?Lutianus flavus Rafinesque, 1814: 18 (Mediterranean)
Labrus perspicillatus Pallas, 1814: 267 ("Mari Tauricam Chersonesum circumfluente" [Crimea, Ukraine]).
Labrus dubbius Nardo, 1824a: 255 (Adriatic Sea).
Lutianus eques Nardo, 1827: 30 (Adriatic Sea; nomen novum for Labrus dubbius Nardo).
Crenilabrus littoralis Risso, 1827: 322 (Nice).
Crenilabrus rissoi Val., 1839: 197 (Naples, Palermo, Sicily, Italy).
Crenilabrus morelli Nordmann, 1840: 459, pl. 18, fig. 5 (Sevastopol and Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine).
Crenilabrus argenteostriatus Nordmann, 1840: 461, pl. 18, fig. 4 (Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine).
?Scarus maculatus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 63 (no locality).
Crenilabrus dubius Gulia, 1861: 13 (Malta).
Crenilabrus schemberianus Gulia, 1861: 13 (Malta).
Crenilabrus zeraphinus Gulia, 1861: 13 (Malta).
?Crenilabrus aurantiacus Cocco in Facciolà, 1885: 231 (Messina, Sicily, Italy).
Crenilabrus bertini Pras, 1961: 12 (southwest of Les Salins d'Hyères, Mediterraneas coast of France).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean, Black Sea and Sea of Azov.

REMARKS: Labrus ocellaris Linnaeus probably represents the current Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål); as reported by Valenciennes (1839), the status remains doubtful due to the inadequate description. Crenilabrus aurantiacus Cocco was reported as a synonym by Facciolà (1916) but it is regarded as unidentifiable by di Caporiacco (1921). Labrus reticulatus Bonnaterre, Labrus venosus Gmelin, and Labrus venosus Walbaum are all based on Labrus n. 74 (Brünnich, 1768: 58). Labrus rubens Bloch & Schneider is based on Labrus n. 71 (Brünnich, 1768: 56) already described by Bonnaterre as Labrus olivaceus. Labrus olivaceus Walbaum and Labrus guttatus Walbaum are based on Labrus n. 71 and n. 76 (Brünnich, 1768: 56 & 59), respectively. Labrus mendovella Rafinesque is a synonym as proposed by Cocco (Facciolà, 1885). Lutianus flavus Rafinesque is a probable synonym. Scarus maculatus Gronow is based in part on Labrus ocellaris Linnaeus; Ninni (1912) placed the species Labrus dubbius Nardo (spelled dubius in Nardo 1824b) into synonymy with Symphodus rostratus. However, Nardo (1824a) includes in his description typical features of ocellatus, such as the presence of a large red-ringed blue spot on the opercle and another small dark spot at the caudal fin base. Lutianus eques, a new name for Labrus dubbius, was thereafter spelled Coricus aeques (Nardo, 1860). Crenilabrus dubius, Crenilabrus schemberianus andCrenilabrus zeraphinus are new synonyms.

Lutjanus roissali Risso, 1810: 276, pl. 8, fig. 28 (Nice).
Lutjanus alberti Risso, 1810: 277 (Nice).
Labrus oculusperdix Rafinesque 1810a: 239 (Sicily).
Labrus aeruginosus Pallas, 1814: 264 ("Meridionali Tauriae" [Crimea, Ukraine]).
Labrus capistratus Pallas, 1814: 269 ("Sinu Theodosiano" [Crimea, Ukraine]).
Crenilabrus tigrinus Risso, 1827: 317, pl. 10, fig. 26 (Nice).
Crenilabrus quinquemaculatus Risso, 1827: 324, pl. 10, fig. 23 (Nice).
Crenilabrus arcuatus Risso, 1827: 328, pl. 16 (Nice).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean, Black Sea, Atlantic coast of Spain.

?Labrus scina Forsskål, 1775: 36 (Istanbul, Turkey).
Lutjanus rostratus Bloch, 1791: 7, pl. 254, fig. 2 (no locality).
Lutjanus virescens Bloch, 1791: 5, pl. 254, fig. 1 (no locality).
Symphodus fulvescens Rafinesque, 1810a: 41 (Sicily).
?Labrus macrostomus Rafinesque 1810a: 36 (Sicily).
?Labrus pitimoides Rafinesque 1810a: 36 (Sicily).
?Labrus verdolidus Rafinesque, 1810a: 36 (Sicily).
Lutjanus rubescens Risso, 1810: 271 (Nice).
Lutjanus lamarckii Risso, 1810: 281, pl. 9, fig. 29 (Nice).
Labrus acatirostreus Nardo, 1824a: 254 (Adriatic Sea).
Coricus brama Nordmann, 1840: 464, pl. 20, fig. 1 (Ukraine).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean and Black Sea.

REMARKS: Jordan (1890: 623) used Symphodus scina as the valid name for this species. This decision was followed by some authors (Dieuzeide & Novella, 1955: 95; Svetovidov, 1964: 331) and used in popular guides (e.g. Costa, 1991: 340). Tortonese (1970) wrote "...the name applied by Forsskål cannot be maintained because the author indicated the lateral line as interrupted...". Labrus macrostomus, Labrus pitimoides and Labrus verdolidus are synonyms according to Bonaparte (1846) and Cocco (Facciolà, 1885). Labrus acatirostreus is perhaps a mispelling for "acutirostreus"; however, Nardo (1824a) spelt acatirostreus three times in Latinized form and again in a later publication (Nardo, 1824b). The name was later changed to Lutianus acutirostreus (Nardo, 1827: 30), and it is here recognized as a new synonym of rostratus.

Labrus tinca Linnaeus, 1758: 285 (British Seas)
Labrus lapina Forsskål, 1775: 36 (Istanbul, Turkey).
Lutjanus linkii Bloch, 1790: 127, pl. 252 (no locality; spelt linckii on plate).
Labrus violaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 248 (nomen novum for Lutjanus linkii Bloch, 1790).
?Labrus flavescens Bloch & Schneider 1801: 260 (no locality).
Labrus tancoides Lacepède, 1801: 439 (British rivers).
Lutjanus geofroyius Risso, 1810: 261, pl. 8, fig. 25 (Nice).
?Labrus caliophthalmus Rafinesque 1810a: 37 (Sicily).
?Labrus chrysostoma Rafinesque 1810a: 37 (Sicily).
?Labrus lappanoides Rafinesque 1810a: 39 (Sicily).
?Labrus lappanus Rafinesque 1810a: 39 (Sicily).
?Labrus chlorophthalmus Rafinesque 1810a: 40 (Sicily).
?Labrus marmoratus Rafinesque 1810a: 41 (Sicily; preoccupied by Labrus marmoratus Lacepède, 1801 in Cirrhitidae).
Labrus polychrous Pallas, 1814: 262 ("Ponto").
Labrus niger Nardo 1824b: 253 (Adriatic Sea).
Labrus sanguineus Nardo 1824b: 254 (Adriatic Sea).
Crenilabrus geoffroi Risso, 1827: 314 (Nice).
Crenilabrus propinquus Gulia, 1861: 17 (Malta).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean, northeastern Atlantic from Spain to Morocco.

REMARKS: Labrus chlorophthalmus, Labrus chrysostoma and Labrus lappanoides are probable synonyms (Cocco in Facciolà, 1885). Most of the labrid species descriptions by Rafinesque are inadequate, consequently they were not included in the checklist of north-eastern and Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Bauchot, pers. comm.). In the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de Cuvier et Valenciennes, Valenciennes (1839) cites Rafinesque only two times. At page 188 he wrote: "...Je ne fais mention de cet auteur (Rafinesque) que pour avertir le lecteur qu'il m'a été impossible de reconnaître la plupart des espèces mentionnées dans son ouvrage". Crenilabrus propinquus Gulia is a variant of Lutjanus geofroyius Risso. Nardo (1827) placed sanguineus and niger as synonyms of Labrus pavo Brünnich (nec Linneaus), 1768. The name Labrus pavo was often used in the literature for the fish known as Labrus tinca; Valenciennes (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839: 149) in redescribing this species as Crenilabrus pavo nob. commented (page 154) "Il me semble donc que l'on pourrait regarder le labrus tinca comme étant en quelque sorte, par la pensée d'Artedi, le nom qui doit Ãtre attribué à l'espèce décrite dans ce chapitre". Bonaparte (1846) emended Crenilabrus geoffroi to Crenilabrus geoffroyi.

Tautoga Mitchill, 1814: 23 (type-species, Tautoga niger Mitchill, by subsequent designation).
Hiatula Lacepède, 1800:522 (type-species, Hiatula gardeniana Lacepède, by monotypy, preoccupied by Hiatula Modeer 1792 in Mollusca, not replaced).

One species (Jordan et al., 1930).

Labrus onitis Linnaeus, 1758: 286 (no locality).
Labrus hiatula Linnaeus, 1766: 475 (Carolina, U.S.A.).
Labrus carolinus Bonnaterre, 1788: 113 (Carolina).
Labrus subfuscus Walbaum, 1792: 254 (North America).
Hiatula gardeniana Lacepède, 1800: 522, 523 (Carolina).
Labrus americanus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 261 (New York).
Tautoga niger Mitchill, 1814: 23 (New York).
Tautoga niger var. alius Mitchill, 1814: 24 (New York).
Tautoga niger var. fuscus Mitchill, 1814: 24 (New York).
Tautoga niger var. rubens Mitchill, 1814: 24 (New York).
Labrus tautoga Mitchill, 1815: 399, pl. 1, fig. 1 (unneeded replacement for Tautoga niger Mitchill 1814).

DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic coast of North America from Nova Scotia to North Carolina.

Tautogolabrus Günther, 1862: 89, 90 (type-species, Ctenolabrus burgall Günther, by monotypy, proposed as a subgenus).

Two species; Atlantic. The genus needs revision.

Labrus burgall Schöpf, 1788: 155 (New York).
Labrus adspersus Walbaum, 1792: 254 (New York).
Tautoga caerulea Mitchill, 1814: 24 (New York).
Labrus chogset Mitchill, 1815: 402, pl. 3, fig. 2 (New York).
Labrus chogset var. fulva Mitchill, 1815: 403 (New York).
Ctenolabrus uninotatus Val., 1839: 239 (New York).

DISTRIBUTION: northwestern Atlantic from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay.

REMARKS: Labrus burgall is an available name (Eschmeyer, 1997) that has not been used since Günther (1862: 90). In Jordan's (1890) revision of the European and American Labridae the name adspersus was used.

Ctenolabrus (Tautogolabrus) brandaonis Steindachner, 1867a: 64 (Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: Brazil.

Terelabrus Randall & Fourmanoir, 1998:248 (type-species, Terelabrus rubrovittatus Randall & Fourmanoir, by original designation).

One species.

Terelabrus rubrovittatus Randall & Fourmanoir, 1998: 249, fig. 1 (Bulari Pass, New Caledonia).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific: New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Bali and Palau.

Thalassoma Swainson, 1839: 172, 224 (type-species, Scarus purpureus Forsskål, by monotypy, proposed as a subgenus).
Chloricthys Swainson, 1839: 173, 232 (type-species, Labrus bifasciatus Bloch, by subsequent designation, proposed as a subgenus).
Bermudichthys Nichols, 1920: 62 (type-species, Bermudichthys subfurcatus Nichols, by original designation).
Pseudojulops Fowler, 1941: 271 (type-species, Pseudojulis trifasciatus Weber, by original designation).

Twenty-six species (Gomon & Forsyth, 1990; Allen, 1995b; A. Brito pers. comm.). Indo-Pacific (17 species), Atlantic (5 species) and eastern Pacific (4 species). The genus was revised by Heiser (1981) in his unpublished dissertation.

Julis (Julis) amblycephalus Bleeker, 1856d: 83 (Java).
Julis (Julis) melanochir Bleeker, 1857c: 77 (Indonesia).
Thalassoma melanochir Fowler, 1904: 537, pl. 20, middle fig. (Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia).
Pseudojulis trifasciatus Weber, 1913: 380, fig. 76 (Tiur, Nusa Laut, Karkaralong Ids, Indonesia).
Thalassoma marnae Schultz, 1943: 203, fig.17 (Hull Id, Phoenix Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, South Africa to Japan, Australia and central Pacific.

Julis ascensionis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 706, pl. 20, fig. 5 (Ascension Id).
?Julis newtoni Osorio, 1891: 127 (São Tomé Id, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa).

DISTRIBUTION: Ascension Id and Canary Ids.

REMARKS: Julis newtoni Osorio may represent a valid species of Thalassoma (A. Brito, pers. comm.).

Julis ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875: 284 (Hawaiian Ids).
Julis obscura Günther, 1880: 61, pl. 26, figs. A-B (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Julis verticalis Smith & Swain, 1882: 135 (Johnston Id, central Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids and Johnston Id.

Labrus bifasciatus Bloch, 1791: 131, pl. 283 ("East Indies" [actually West Indies]).
Labrus torquatus Walbaum, 1792: 245 (Antilles).
Labrus bifasciatus var torquatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 243 (Antilles).
Julis detersor Val., 1839: 408 (Santo Domingo and Martinique Id, West Indies).
Labrus ornatus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 83 (Antilles and American Ocean; preoccupied by Labrus ornatus Carmichael, 1819 [= Nelabrichthys ornatus]).
Julis gillianus Poey, 1860: 214 (Cuba).
Julis nitida Günther, 1862: 190 (Jamaica).
Julis nitidissima Goode, 1877: 293 (Bermuda).
Bermudichthys subfurcatus Nichols, 1920: 62 (Bermuda).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, North Carolina, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, West Indies and Caribbean to Venezuela.

REMARKS: Labrus torquatus Walbaum is a new synonym.

Julis cupido Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 170, pl. 86 bis, fig. 3 (Nagasaki, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

Julis duperrey Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 268, pl. 56, fig. 2 (Hawaiian Ids).
Julis caeruleocephalus Cuvier, 1829: 259 (no locality).
Julis clepsydralis Smith & Swain, 1882: 136 (Johnston Id).
Thalassoma pyrrhovinctum Jenkins, 1901: 51, fig. 7 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids and Johnston Id.

Julis genivittatus Val., 1839: 416 (Mauritius, Madagascar).
Julis commersoni Val., 1839: 418 (Mauritius, Madagascar)
Julis matthoei Val., 1839: 419 (Mauritius).
Julis bicolor Günther, 1862: 184 (no locality [Mauritius]).
Thalassoma mascarenum Fricke, 1999: 437, figs 6A, 7A (Réunion).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius and South Africa.

REMARKS: Bauchot (1963: 61) stated that Smith (1957a) was in error to identify Julis matthoei as Xiphocheilus gymnogenys Günther. We follow Heiser (1981) in regarding J. matthoei as an aberrant T. genivittatum. T. mascarenum is a synonym according to Randall and Smith (ms. in preparation).

Thalassoma grammaticum Gilbert, 1890: 68 (Socorro and Clarion Ids, Revillagigedo Ids, off western Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Panama and Galápagos Ids.

REMARKS: Randall (1995b) showed that Thalassoma grammaticum is the correct name for the eastern Pacific labrid fish misidentified as Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett) by recent authors.

Labrus quindecimaculeatus Lacepède, 1801: 432, 480, pl. 25, fig. 1 (Gulf of India, nomen dubium).
Sparus hardwicke Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 12 (Sri Lanka).
Julis dorsalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 713, pl. 15, fig. 5 (Mauritius).
Julis semifasciatus Val., 1839: 448 (Mauritius).
Julis prostigma Kuhl & van Hasselt in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1839: 451 (Java, Indonesia).
Labrus pulcherrimus Forster in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1839: 451 (Tahiti, Society Ids).
?Julis erythropterus Val., 1839: 464 (no locality).
Julis (Julis) urostigma Bleeker, 1853c: 287 (Cauer, Sumatra, Indonesia).
Julis (Julis) schwanenfeldii Bleeker, 1853c: 288 later spelled schwanefeldii by Bleeker (Cauer, Sumatra).
Halichoeres iris Seale, 1910: 522 (Jolo Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, South Africa to Tahiti.

REMARKS: Sparus hardwickii Bennett, 1841 and Thalassoma hardwickii of later authors are incorrect spellings (Eschmeyer & Pethiyagoda, 1996). See Bauchot (1963: 89) for discussion of Labrus quindecimaculeatus Lacepède.

Labrus hebraicus Lacepède, 1801: 454, 526, pl. 29, fig. 3 (Mauritius).
Julis cingulata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: 711, pl. 15, fig. 3 (Mauritius).
Julis blochii Val., 1839: 422 (no locality).

DISTRIBUTION: western Indian Ocean.

REMARKS: Julis blochii is based on Labrus lunaris Bloch (1791: pl. 281) and the specimen labeled by Cuvier and Valenciennes at the MNHN is Thalassoma hebraicum Lacepède (Bauchot, 1963: 76).

Thalassoma heiseri Randall & Edwards, 1984: 15, fig. 1B, 3 (Pitcairn Id, southern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Pitcairn Group and Tuamotu Archipelago.

Julis (Julis) jansenii Bleeker, 1856b: 56 (Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Maldives to Micronesia and Fiji.

Thalassoma loxum Randall & Mee, 1994: 303, pls. 1-5 (South coast, Hoone's Bay, Oman, Arabian Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: southern Oman to Gulf of Oman.

Julis lucasanus Gill, 1862: 142 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico).
Thalassoma steindachneri Jordan, 1890: 654 (Acapulco, Mexico).
Thalassoma caeruleomarginata Fowler, 1944a: 265, fig. 233 (Perlas Ids, Panama, eastern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Baja California to Panama and Galápagos.

Labrus lunaris Linnaeus, 1758: 283 (India).
Scarus gallus Forsskål, 1775: 26 (Yemen, Red Sea).
Labrus zeylanicus Forster, 1781: 24 (Sri Lanka).
Labrus viridis Bloch 1791: 129, pl. 282 (Japan; preoccupied by Labrus viridis Linnaeus, 1758).
?Labrus polyodon Walbaum 1792: 250 (no locality).
?Labrus polyodon Bloch & Schneider 1801: 263 (no locality; preoccupied by Labrus polyodon Walbaum).
Trichopus arabicus Shaw, 1803: 390 (Arabian Sea).
Julis maculata Lesson, 1828: 402 (Caroline Ids).
Julis porphyrocephala Bennett, 1832b: 183 (Sri Lanka).
Julim [sic] lutescentem Bennett, 1832b: 184 (Sri Lanka).
Julis hardwickii Gray, 1832: pl. 92, fig. 1 (no locality).
Julis trimaculatus Rüppell, 1835: 13 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea; preoccupied by Julis trimaculatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 [=Halichoeres trimaculatus]).
?Chlorichthys grayii Swainson, 1839: 232 (no locality).
Julis meniscus Val., 1839: 415 (Seychelles, India, Macao).
?Julis mertensii Val., 1839: 421 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Julis (Julis) celebicus Bleeker, 1855e: 313 ( Indonesia).
Julis rapan Montrouzier, 1857: 473 (Woodlark Id).
Julis gracilis Steindachner, 1863b: 1190 (Java, Indonesia).
Julis truncatus Cartier, 1874: 105 (Cebu, Philippines).
Julis ventralis De Vis, 1885: 884 (Queensland, Australia).
?Julis cyanoventor Saville-Kent, 1893: 296, pl. 16, fig.14 (Rocky Id, Cape Flattery, Queensland, Australia).
Thalassoma cupido bipunctatum Vasiliu, 1931: 349, pl. 10, fig. 11 (Galle, Sri Lanka).
Thalassoma herrei Seale, 1935: 369, pl. 23, fig. 2 (Tulagi, Florida Id, Solomon Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Persian Gulf, Japan, Australia and central Pacific.

REMARKS: Labrus polyodon Walbaum and Labrus polyodon Bloch are based on Seba (Thes. III n. 3 and n. 4, tab. 31) and might represent this species. Bleeker (1862f) listed Julis hardwickii Gray as a synonym. The first author and Jeff Johnson of the Queensland Museum determined that Julis ventralis De Vis is a synonym. Thalassoma cupido bipunctatum Vasiliu is a subadult of T. lunare. Julis cyanoventor Saville-Kent is a probable synonym (R.H. Kuiter, pers. comm.). Chlorichthys grayii Swainson appears to be a new name for Julis hardwickii Gray.

?Labrus semilunatus Lacepede 1804: 205, 211 (Australia).
Julis lutescens Lay & Bennett (ex Solander), 1839: 65, pl. 19, fig. 2 (Mauritius; Tahiti; Ryukyu Ids, Japan).
Julis aneitensis Günther, 1862: 183 (northeastern coast of Australia; Norfolk Id; Vanuatu [New Hebrides]).
Julis melanoptera Günther, 1862: 183 ([Sri Lanka]).
Thalassoma neanis Jordan & Evermann in Jordan & Snyder, 1907: 214, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Honolulu, Oahu Id).
Thalassoma cranei Herre, 1935: 412 (Tenibuli, Ysabel Id, Solomon Ids).
Julis whitmii Günther, 1909: 291, pl. 148, fig. A (Raiatea, Society Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: central and eastern Pacific to Oman.

REMARKS: Information of the type of Julis melanoptera was provided by A.C. Gill (pers. comm.).

Julis noronhana Boulenger, 1890: 483 (Fernando de Noronha, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil, and coast of Brazil.

Labrus pavo Linnaeus, 1758: 283 (Mediterranean, Syria).
Labrus syriacus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 244 (Syria).
?Labrus donzella Rafinesque 1810a: 39 (Sicily, Italy).
?Labrus imperialis Rafinesque 1810a: 40 (Sicily).
Labrus leo Rafinesque, 1810a: 37 (Sicily, Itlay).
Julis squamismarginatus Bowdich, 1825: 234, fig. 53 (Gambia river, West Africa).
Julis turcica Risso, 1827: 312, pl. 9, fig. 21 (Nice, France).
Julis unimaculata Lowe, 1840: 37 (Madeira).
Julis unimaculata var. lineolata Lowe, 1840: 37 (Madeira).
Julis unimaculata var. taeniata Lowe, 1840: 37 (Madeira).
Julis turcica var. lemniscata Lowe, 1843: 1 (Madeira).
Julis turcica var. torquata Lowe, 1843: 1, pl. 1 ( Madeira).
Julis vulgaris Valenciennes, 1843: 65 (Canary Ids; preoccupied by Julis vulgaris Fleming 1828 [= Coris julis Linnaeus)] and Julis vulgaris Valenciennes, 1839 [= Coris julis Linnaeus]).

DISTRIBUTION: Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Cape Lopez, Gabon, including Azores, Madeira, and Canary Ids.

REMARKS: synonymy from Gomon and Forsyth (1990). Cocco (Facciolà,1885) recognized Labrus donzella Rafinesque as a synonym.

Scarus purpureus Forsskål, 1775: 27 (Jeddah, Red Sea).
Scarus purpuratus Shaw, 1803: 397 (Arabian Seas; unjustified emendation for Scarus purpureus Forsskål).
Julis quadricolor Lesson, 1828: 400 (Tahiti, Matavai and Borabora).
Scarus georgii Bennett J.W., 1830: pl. 24 (Sri Lanka).
Scarus georgiiquarti Bennett [J.W.], 1841: pl. 24 (Sri Lanka).
Julis semicoeruleus Rüppell, 1835: 10, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Julis umbrostygma Rüppell, 1835: 11, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Mohila and Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Julis aeruginosus Val., 1839: 441 (Mauritius).
Julis cyanogaster Val. (ex Solander) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 444 (Tahiti, Society Ids).
Julis erythrogaster Val. (ex Solander) in Cuv. & Val., 1839: 447 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Thalassoma immanis Fowler, 1900: 488, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Caroline (Thornton) Id, [Line Ids, not Caroline Ids]).
Thalassoma berendti Seale, 1901b: 15, fig. 7 (Honolulu, Hawaiian Ids).
Julis punctatus Seale, 1901a: 91 (Guam, Mariana Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to South Africa, Sri Lanka, Japan, Australia, Hawaiian Ids and Easter Id.

DISTRIBUTION: South Africa and Western Indian Ocean to central Pacific including Hawaiian Ids.

REMARKS: Julis coris Lesson is an earlier name for Thalassoma quinquevittatum. Although there is no type specimen, Lesson's description is sufficient to identify it as the species long known as T. quinquevittatum. Valenciennes (1839) used Julis coris for Coris aygula Lacepède. Randall and Parenti (1999) included J. coris Lesson among the old labrid names that should be suppressed in order to conserve names long accepted as valid.

Thalassoma sp. Allen & Robertson, 1994: 207.
Thalassoma robertsoni Allen, 1995b: 75, figs. 1-2 (Clipperton Id, 10°18'N, 109°13'W).

DISTRIBUTION: Clipperton Id (eastern Pacific).

Julis purpureus (nec Forsskål) Rüppell, 1828: 25 ( Red Sea, misidentification).
Julis rueppellii Klunzinger, 1871: 536 ( Egypt, Red Sea).
Thalassoma klunzingeri Fowler & Steinitz, 1956: 278, fig. 24 (Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Julis sanctaehelenae Val., 1839: 382 (St. Helena Id).
Julis lessonii Val., 1839: 384 (St. Helena Id).

DISTRIBUTION: St. Helena Id, South Atlantic.

Thalassoma septemfaciata Scott, 1959: 84, fig. 4 (Shark Bay, Western Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: western Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, South Africa to central Pacific, including Hawaiian Ids and Pitcairn Group.

REMARKS: Sparus hemisphaericus Shaw and Sparus brachiatus Shaw were reported as synonyms of Labrus fuscus Lacepède by Swain (1883: 305).

Thalassoma virens Gilbert, 1890: 68 (Socorro Id, Revilla Gigedo [Revillagigedo] Ids, off western Mexico).
Thalassoma socorroense Gilbert, 1890: 69 (Socorro Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Revillagigedo Ids and Clipperton Id.

Wetmorella Fowler & Bean, 1928: 211 (type-species, Wetmorella philippina Fowler & Bean, by original designation).

Two species (Randall, 1983a). Indo-Pacific.

Wetmorella albofasciata Schultz & Marshall, 1954: 446, pl. 12 (Mabul Id, Philippines).
Wetmorella philippina, in part, Fowler & Bean, 1928: 211, pl. 17 (Little Santa Cruz, Zamboanga, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, including Hawaiian Ids.

Cheilinus nigropinnatus Seale, 1901a: 86 (Guam).
Wetmorella philippina (in part) Fowler & Bean, 1928: 211 (Little Santa Cruz, Zamboanga, Philippines).
Wetmorella philippina bifasciata Schultz & Marshall, 1954: 441, pl. 12, figs. A-B; fig. 53 (Suakin, Sudan).
Wetmorella ocellata Schultz & Marshall, 1954: 444, pl. 12, figs. D-E (Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Ids).
Wetmorella triocellata Schultz & Marshall, 1954: 447, fig. 54 (Rapurapu Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, including Red Sea.

Xenojulis de Beaufort, 1939: 415 (type-species Xenojulis montillai de Beaufort, by original designation).

One species.

Platyglossus margaritaceus Macleay, 1883b: 274 (Hood Bay, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea).
Halichoeres macleayi Jordan & Seale, 1906:303 (unneeded replacement for Platyglossus margaritaceus Macleay, thought to be preoccupied by Julis margaritaceus Valenciennes when both in Halichoeres).
Xenojulis montillai de Beaufort, 1939: 417, fig. 3 (Balawan, La Union Province, Luzon Id, Philippines).
Halichoeres sexmaculatus Fowler, 1946: 166, fig. 34 (Aguni Shima, Ryukyu Ids, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Ids, Philippines, New Guinea, and western Australia.

Xiphocheilus Bleeker, 1856e: 223 (type-species, Xiphocheilus typus Bleeker, by monotypy)
Xiphochilus Günther, 1862:98 (unjustified emendation).

One species (Gomon, 1997).

Xiphochilus quadrimaculatus Günther, 1880: 45, pl. 20, fig. C (Arafura Sea).
Xiphocheilos typus Bleeker, 1856e: 224 (Nias, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: India, Indonesia, northwestern Australia, South China Sea, New Caledonia.

Xyrichtys Cuvier, 1814: 87 (type-species, Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus, by subsequent designation).
Novacula Cuvier, 1815a: 324 (type-species, Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus, by monotypy and by absolute tautonymy).
Xirichthys Cuvier, 1829: 262 (Xyrichthys of later authors)
Amorphocephalus Bowdich, 1825: xii, 238 (type-species, Amorphocephalus granulatus Bowdich, by monotypy).
Iniistius Gill, 1862: 143 (type-species, Xyrichthys pavo Valenciennes, by original designation).
Xyrula Jordan, 1890: 656 (type-species, Xyrichthys jessiae Jordan, by original designation).
Duohemipteronotus Fowler, 1956: 281 (type-species, Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & Richardson, by original designation, proposed as a subgenus).

REMARKS: Randall and Bauchot (1993) showed that the use of Hemipteronotus Lacepède for species of Xyrichtys is incorrect, as Lacepède's name was intended for the pilotfish (Naucrates ductor). They proposed that Hemipteronotus be suppressed, and it was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology (Opinion, 1799). The genus is in need of revision to determine the identity of some Indo-Pacific species; Randall (1965a) reviewed the Western Atlantic species; 28 species are provisionally listed here (including 1 undescribed species). Some 22 species (including 4 species endemic to the Eastern Pacific) are Indo-Pacific; 6 species are known from the Atlantic.

Novacula aneitensis Günther, 1862: 176 (Aneityum [Aneiteum] Id, Vanuatu [New Hebrides]).
Hemipteronotus liogenys Fowler, 1904: 539, pl. 20, lower fig. (Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Maldives to Samoa.

Hemipteronotus baldwini Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 192 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder, 1904: 530, pl 10, fig. 19 (Puako Bay, Hawaii Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & Richardson, 1909: 196, pl. 72 (Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan).
Hemipteronotus maculosus Fourmanoir, 1967: 268, fig. 2 (Vietnam).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids and Viet Nam.

REMARKS: Hemipteronotus maculosus is a new synonym.

Xyrichtys bimaculatus Rüppell

Xyrichthys bimaculatus Rüppell, 1829: 43, pl. 10 (Bay of Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).
Novacula punctulata Val., 1840: 73 (Bombay, India).
Hemipteronotus hypospilus Schultz in Schultz et al., 1960: 150, fig. 97 (Makasser, Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea, India, and Indonesia.

REMARKS: synonymy from Randall (1981b).

Novaculichthys blanchardi Cadenat & Marchal, 1963: 1293, fig. 42 (Ascension Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Ascension and St. Helena, South Atlantic.

REMARKS: Reported from St. Helena by Edwards and Glass (1987).

Novacula celebica Bleeker, 1856b: 61 ( Indonesia).
Xyrichtys sp. 2 Shen & Yeh, 1987: 65, figs. 13-14 (Taiwan).

DISTRIBUTION: East Indies, Taiwan, to Marshall Ids.

Xyrichthys cyanifrons Val., 1840: 46 (Pondicherry, India).
Novacula rufa Day, 1873: 238 (Madras, India).

DISTRIBUTION: Pondichéry, southern India.

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, China, Viet Nam, Indonesia and Australia.

Hemipteronotus sp. 2 Masuda et al., 1975: 306, pl. 111 I.
Xyrichtys geisha Araga & Yoshino, 1986: 75, fig. 1 (outer margin of Okinawa Trough, Japan, depth ca. 100 m).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan.

Xyrichtys incandescens Edwards & Lubbock, 1981: 233, fig. 1 (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil.

Novacula jacksonensis Ramsay, 1881: 198 (Manly Beach, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Australia and Lord Howe Id..

Novacula javanica Bleeker, 1862b: 305 (Java, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and Indonesia.

Xyrichthys martinicensis Val., 1840: 49 (Martinique Id).
Xyrichthys lineatus Val., 1840: 50 (Martinique Id).
Xyrichthys modestus Poey, 1867: 238 (Havana, Cuba).
Xyrichthys venustus Poey, 1876: 152 (Martinique Id).
Xyrichthys infirmus Bean, 1891: 199, pl. 29, fig. 2 (Cozumel, Yucatán, Mexico).
Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 194 (Cozumel, Yucatán, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, Florida, West Indies, Carribean, Yucatan to Venezuela.

REMARKS: synonymy from Randall (1965a).

Novacula melanopus Bleeker, 1857c: 82 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Novacula spilonotus Bleeker, 1857c: 83 (Ambon Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and western Pacific.

Xyrichthys mundiceps Gill, 1862: 143 (Baja California).

DISTRIBUTION: Baja California, Mexico.

Novacula (Iniistius) nigra Steindachner, 1900: 176 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Iniistius verater Jenkins, 1901: 55, fig. 12 (Honolulu).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea and Hawaiian Ids.

REMARKS: a probable synonym of Xyrichtys pavo Valenciennes (Randall & Earle, MS).

Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus, 1758: 262 (Mediterranean).
Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus, 1766: 448 (Carolina, U.S.A.).
Coryphaena lineata Gmelin, 1789: 1195 (Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A.).
Coryphaena lineolata Rafinesque, 1810a: 33 (Sicily, Italy).
Novacula coryphaenoides Schinz in Cuvier, 1822: 430 nomen novum for Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus.
Amorphocephalus granulatus Bowdich, 1825: 238, fig. 36 (Bona Vista, Madeira).
Novacula coryphena Risso, 1827: 334 (Mediterranean; substitute name for Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus).
Xyrichthys uniocellatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 97, pl. 55 (Brazil).
Xyrichthys cultratus Val., 1840: 37, pl. 391 (Martigues, Montpelier, Ivica, Seide).
Xyrichthys vitta Val., 1840: 51 (no locality).
Xyrichthys vermiculatus Poey, 1860: 215 (Havana, Cuba).
Xyrichthys argentimaculata Steindachner, 1861: 134 (Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; [locality dubious]).
Xyrichthys rosipes Jordan & Gilbert, 1884: 27 (Key West, Florida, U.S.A.).
Xyrichthys jessiae Jordan, 1888: 698 (off Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.A.).
Hemipteronotus copei Fowler, 1901: 508, pl. 20, fig. 1 ("Oahu, Hawaiian Ids" [locality questionable]).
Xyrichthys binghami Mowbray, 1925: 1, fig. 1 (Double-headed Shot Cat, Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic: Bermuda, North Carolina to Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico, West Indies and Caribbean. Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic from Spain to Gulf of Guinea, including Madeira and Canary Ids.

REMARKS: synonymy from Randall (1965a) and Gomon and Forsyth (1990). The status of Novacula coryphaenoides is discussed by Daget (1968).

Xyrichthys pavo Val., 1840: 61, pl. 394 (Mauritius).
Xyrichthys pavoninus Val., 1840: 63 (Hawaiian Ids).
Novacula tessellata Val., 1840: 74 (Mauritius).
Novacula immaculata Val., 1840: 75 (Mauritius).
Xyrichthys puniceus Richardson, 1846b: 261 (China).
Novacula tetrazona Bleeker, 1859a: 169 (Bali, Indonesia).
Iniistius mundicorpus Gill, 1862: 145 (Baja California).
Novacula (Xirichthys) carneoflava Peters, 1877: 843 (Dana Id).
Iniistius cacatua Waite, 1901: 41, pl. 7 (Lord Howe Id).
Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins, 1901: 54, fig. 11 (Honolulu).
Novacula temporalis Regan, 1905: 392, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Réunion).
Xyrichthys panamensis Fowler, 1944a: 267, fig. 234 (Perlas Ids, Panama, Eastern Pacific).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to eastern Pacific.

REMARKS: Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins is a new synonym.

Coryphaena pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758: 261 (India).
Xirichthys cyanirostris Guerin-Meneville 1829-38: 27, pl. 43, fig. 3 (Pondicherry, India).
Novacula sexmaculata Val., 1840: 72 (Bombay, India).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to western Pacific.

REMARKS: Coryphaena pentadactyla was redescribed by Valenciennes (1840: 69) as Novacula pentadactyla. Xirichthys cyanirostris Guerin-Meneville and Novacula sexmaculata Valenciennes are synonyms according to Bleeker (1862f) and Bauchot (1963), respectively.

Xyrichtys rajagopalani Venkataramanujam, Venkataramani & Ramanathan, 1987: 47, fig. 1 (Tamil Nadu, India).

DISTRIBUTION: southern India.

Novacula sanctaehelenae Günther, 1868: 228 (St. Helena).

DISTRIBUTION: St. Helena and Ascension Id.

Xyrichthys splendens Castelnau, 1855: 28, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Bahia, Brazil).
Xyrichthys ventralis Bean, 1891: 198, pl. 29, fig. 1 (Cozumel, Yucatán, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, Florida, Yucatán, Caribbean and West Indies to Brazil.

Xyrichtys sp. 1 Shen & Yeh, 1987: 64, fig. 12 (Taiwan).
Xyrichtys pavo (nec Valenciennes): Shen, 1997: 469, pl. 156, fig. 5 (same photo used by Shen & Yeh (1987).
Xyrichtys trivittatus Randall & Cornish, 2000: 19, fig. 1 (Hong Kong).

DISTRIBUTION: Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Novacula twistii Bleeker, 1856c: 381 (Indonesia).
?Novacula stockumii Reuvens, 1895: 131 (Indonesia).
Hemipteronotus nigromaculatus Herre, 1933: 20 (Jolo, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines).
Hemipteronotus sp. 1 Masuda et al., 1975: 305, pl.111 C.

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Indonesia.

Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins, 1901: 53, fig. 10 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

Hemipteronotus verrens Jordan & Evermann, 1902: 354, fig. 22 (Keerun, Taiwan).
Hemipteronotus caeruleopunctatus Yu, 1968: 129, fig. 54 (Koahsiung, Taiwan).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Taiwan.

REMARKS: Synonymy from Shen and Yeh (1987).

Xyrichtys victori Wellington, 1992: 1054, figs. 1-2 (Punta Espejo, Marchena Id, Galápagos Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Galápagos Ids.

Xyrichtys wellingtoni Allen & Robertson, 1995: 80, fig. 1 (Clipperton Id, 10°18'N, 109°13'W).

DISTRIBUTION: Clipperton Id, Central Pacific.

DISTRIBUTION: Galápagos Ids.

REMARKS: This species is under study by B.C. Victor and G.M. Wellington.

The Family Scaridae (also known as the Callyodontidae) is represented in all shallow tropical seas. Most scarids (75%) occur in the Indo-Pacific Region. Some widely distributed tropical species (e.g. Scarus ghobban) may be found in subtropical waters, and one species (Sparisoma cretense) enters the temperate waters of the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

Characters that define the Scaridae are as follows:

Body oblong to moderately elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth rather small, terminal, not protractile; teeth fused to form a pair of sharp-edged plates, resembling a parrot's beak, covered to a varying degree by lips; one or two small laterally projecting canine teeth may be present posteriorly on dental plates in adults. Pharyngeal dentition unique, the interlocking upper pharyngeal bone with 1-3 rows of molariform teeth on a convex surface which bears against the molar-studded concave surface of the single lower pharyngeal bone. Dorsal fin continuous, with 9 spines and 10 soft rays, anal fin with 3 spines and 9 soft rays, caudal fin with 11 branched rays, and pelvic fin with one spine and 5 rays. Scales large, cycloid, with 22-24 in longitudinal series; those of lateral line with arborescent tubes; lateral line continuous or interrupted below rear of dorsal fin, usually with 18 scales in upper section and 6 scales in lower portion. Head naked, except for scales on cheek. Parrotfishes have a very long intestine and no true stomach, characters related to their herbivorous diet.

Generally found on coral reefs and rocky substrata with heavy algal cover, or seagrass beds. Parrotfishes feed mainly on seagrasses and algae (especially on dead coral substrates), but a few of the larger species feed in part on live coral. Sex reversal is associated with colour changes, as in the Labridae, and colour patterns of many species change greatly from juvenile to adult. Nevertheless, colour patterns of live fish are very important in classification.

Usually two subfamilies, Sparinae and Sparisomatinae, have been recognized. However, according to recent phylogenetic analysis, this distinction appears no longer justified (Bellwood, 1994). Ten genera and 90 species, 2 of which are undescribed are recognized here. Bellwood (1994) revised the generic classification; Randall & Bruce (1983) reviewed western Indian Ocean species (Hoover, 1995 added another species from Oman); and Choat and Randall (1986) reviewed the parrotfishes of the Great Barrier Reef. Although we believe the oldest available names are correct for the species of Scaridae, there are many later names not yet confidently placed with the correct senior synonym. Some of these were imperfectly described, thus requiring examination of the holotypes. Even when holotypes are available, the loss of colour pattern in preserved specimens makes identification difficult. A revision of all Indo-Pacific species will still be a difficult task.

Bolbometopon Smith, 1956b: 8 (type-species, Scarus muricatus Valenciennes, by original designation).

One species.

Scarus muricatus Val., 1840: 208 (Java, Indonesia).
Callyodon shimoniensis Smith, 1953: 622, pl. 15-16 (Shimoni, Kenya).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to Mozambique, Maldives, Samoa and Line Ids.

Calotomus Gilbert, 1890: 70 (type-species, Calotomus xenodon Gilbert, by original designation).
Scaridea Jenkins, 1903: 468 (type-species, Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, by original designation).

Genus revised by Bruce & Randall (1985); 4-5 species (see remarks under C. viridescens). Red Sea to South Africa, Japan, Australia and eastern Pacific.

Callyodon carolinus Val., 1840: 291 (Caroline Ids).
Callyodon genistriatus Val., 1840: 293 (no locality).
Callyodon sandwicensis Val., 1840: 295 (Hawaiian Ids).
Callyodon brachysoma Bleeker, 1861b: 244 (Indonesia).
Calotomus xenodon Gilbert, 1890: 70 (Socorro Id, Revillagigedo Ids, off western Mexico).
Calotomus irradians Jenkins, 1901: 58, fig. 15 (Honolulu).
Calotomus snyderi Jenkins, 1903: 467, fig. 25 (Honolulu).
Scarichthys rarotongae Seale, 1906: 59, fig. 8 (Cook Ids).
Cryptotomus albimarginatus Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1961: 19, fig. 6 (Réunion Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, South Africa to Oman, Hawaiian Ids, and eastern tropical Pacific.

REMARKS: Calatomus carolinus may be a synonym of C. viridescens (Rüppell) (Randall & Anderson, 1993).

Callyodon japonicus Val., 1840: 294, pl. 406 (Japan).
Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins, 1903: 465, fig. 24 ("Hawaiian Islands"; error for Japan (Bruce & Randall, 1985)).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea and Hawaiian Ids.

Scarus spinidens Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 289 (Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia).
Callyodon waigiensis Val., 1840: 296 (unneeded replacement for Scarus spinidens Quoy & Gaimard).
Callyodon hypselosoma Bleeker, 1855c: 425 (Ambon Id, Moluccas Ids, Indonesia).
Callyodon moluccensis Bleeker, 1861b: 243 (Sulawesi [Celebes], Ternate, Batjan, Timor, Ambon, Ceram and Banda, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, South Africa, Chagos, Maldives, to Marshall Ids and Tonga.

Scarus (Calliodon) viridescens Rüppell, 1835: 23, pl. 7, fig. 2 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea, Chagos, Maldives; might be Indo-Pacific (see Remarks under C. carolinus).

Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, 1903: 468, fig. 26 (Honolulu).
Scaridea balia Jenkins, 1903: 469, fig. 27 (Honolulu).
Scaridea aerosa Jordan & Snyder, 1907: 215, fig. 4 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Scaridea farrandi Jordan [E.K.], 1925: 28, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

Cetoscarus Smith, 1956b: 16 (type-species, Scarus pulchellus Rüppell, by original designation).

One species.

Scarus bicolor Rüppell, 1829: 82, pl. 21, fig. 3 (Jeddah).
Scarus pulchellus Rüppell, 1835: 25, pl. 8, fig. 3 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Scarus ocellatus Val., 1840: 278 (Caroline Ids).
Scarus roseiceps Val., 1840: 279 (Ulea, Caroline Ids).
Callyodon scriptus Gronow in Gray, 1854: 85 (Indian Ocean).
Pseudoscarus nigripinnis Playfair & Günther, 1867: 105, pl. 15, fig. 2 (Zanzibar).
Scarus ophthalmistius Herre, 1933: 21 (Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to Chagos, Maldives, and Caroline Ids.

Chlorurus Swainson, 1839: (173) 227 (type-species, Scarus gibbus Rüppell, by monotypy, proposed as a subgenus).
Pseudoscarus Bleeker, 1861b: 230 (type-species, Scarus microrhinos Bleeker, by subsequent designation).
Xanothon Smith, 1956b: 4 (type-species, Callyodon bipallidus Smith, by original designation).
Ypsiscarus Schultz, 1958: 33, 47 (type-species, Callyodon oedema Snyder, by original designation; proposed as a subgenus).

A valid genus (Bellwood, 1994); 17 species; Indo-Pacific.

Scarus atrilunula Randall & Bruce, 1983: 9, pl. 4, figs. A-B (Shimoni, Kenya).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Kenya to South Africa.

Scarus quoyi (nec Valenciennes) Bleeker, 1853e: 607 (Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia).
?Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1854b: 197 (Jakarta).
Callyodon bleekeri de Beaufort, 1940: 318 (nomen novum for Scarus quoyi Bleeker).

DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern Australia to Fiji.

REMARKS: Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1854b is an initial phase of Chlorurus, most likely C. bleekeri.

Callyodon bowersi Snyder, 1909: 602 (Okinawa, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyus, Philippines, Java and Palau.

Scarus capistratoides Bleeker, 1847: 162 (Jakarta).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to Maldives and Chagos Ids.

REMARKS: regarded as Scarus japanensis by Randall and Nelson (1979); corrected by Randall (1992b).

Scarus cyanescens Val., 1840: 254 (Mauritius).
Pseudoscarus chloromelas Playfair & Günther, 1867: 109, pl. 15, fig. 1 (Zanzibar).

DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar to South Africa., Madagascar and Mauritius.

Scarus enneacanthus Lacepède, 1802: 2, 6 (Mauritius).
Scarus capitaneus Cuvier, 1829: 265 (Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mozambique, Mauritius, Chagos, Maldives.

Scarus frontalis Val., 1840: 280 (Strong Id, Caroline Ids).
Pseudoscarus jonesi Street, 1877: 80 (Palmyra Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus lupus Fowler, 1900: 491, pl. 18, fig. 1 ("Caroline Id" [Thornton] Id [Line Ids.], South Pacific).
Scarus brighami Bryan & Herre, 1903: 131 (Marcus Id, west Pacific).
Callyodon latax Jordan & Seale, 1906: 329, pl. 49 (Apia, Upolu Id, Western Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION: Great Barrier Reef and islands of Oceania.

REMARKS: synonymy from Wass (1984), Choat and Randall (1986) and Randall in Böhlke (1984).

Scarus genazonatus Randall & Bruce, 1983: 19, pl. 6, figs. E-F (Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Scarus gibbus Rüppell, 1829: 81, pl. 20, fig. 2 (Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Scarus japanensis Bloch, 1789: 244 (Japan or Java).
Scarus viridis Bloch, 1790: 29 (Japan or Java, Indonesia; preoccupied by Scarus viridis Bonnaterre 1788 [= Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788)]).
Scarus blochii Val., 1840: 219 (nomen novum for Scarus viridis Bloch 1790).
Callyodon pyrrhurus Jordan & Seale, 1906: 314, fig. 55 (Pago Pago, American Samoa).
Callyodon abacurus Jordan & Seale, 1906: 324, pl. 33 (Pago Pago, American Samoa).
Callyodon philippinus Fowler, 1918: 66, fig. 26 (Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to Samoa.

REMARKS: synonymy from Randall and Nelson (1979); they erred however in listing Scarus capistratoides Bleeker as a junior synonym of japanensis.

Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker)
Scarus microrhinos Bleeker, 1854b: 200 (Indonesia).
Callyodon ultramarinus Jordan & Seale in Seale, 1906: 63, fig. 16 (Mangareva Id, Tuamotu Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: western and central Pacific.

REMARKS: Synonymized with Scarus gibbus by Choat and Randall (1986); corrected by Randall (1992b).

Callyodon oedema Snyder, 1909: 603 (Okinawa, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan to Indonesia.

Scarus perspicillatus Steindachner, 1879: 32 (Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus ahula Jenkins, 1901: 61, fig. 19 (Honolulu).
Scarus miniatus Jenkins, 1901: 62, fig. 20 (Honolulu).
Scarus barborus Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 197 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Callyodon borborus Jordan & Evermann, 1905: 349, fig. 150 (unjustified emendation of Scarus barborus).
Scarus kraussi Jordan [E.K.], 1925: 30, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus leucostigma Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, 1927: 676, pl. 24, fig. 2 (Honolulu, Oahu Id, Hawaiian Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands.

Chlorurus sp. Anderson, 1996: 60.
Chlorurus rhakoura Randall & Anderson, 1997: 157 (off Trincomalee, Sri Lanka).

DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa, Maldives, Oman, Hawaiian Ids and Pitcairn Group.

REMARKS: Scarus sumbawensis Bleeker is an initial phase of Chlorurus, possibly C. sordidus.

Scarus strongylocephalus Bleeker, 1854f: 439 (Jakarta).
Pseudoscarus microcheilos Bleeker, 1861b: 231 (Jakarta).

DISTRIBUTION: Kenya, Mozambique, Madagascar, Chagos, Seychelles, Maldives, Oman, and Indonesia.

REMARKS: Synonymized with S. gibbus by Randall & Bruce (1983), Choat & Randall (1986); corrected by Randall (1992b). Not known from Red Sea.

Scarus troschelii Bleeker, 1853d: 498 (Jakarta, Indonesia).
?Psudoscarus rhoduropterus Bleeker, 1861b: 233 (Makasar Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to Thailand.

REMARKS: Psudoscarus rhoduropterus Bleeker is an initial phase of Chlorurus, possibly C. troschelii.

Cryptotomus Cope, 1871: 462 (type-species, Cryptotomus roseus Cope, by monotypy).

One species.

Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871: 462, figs. 1, 1a (St. Martin Id, West Indies).
Cryptotomus crassiceps Bean, 1906: 32 (Bermuda).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, South Carolina to Florida, West Indies and Caribbean to southern Brazil.

REMARKS: synonymy from Schultz (1958).

Hipposcarus Smith, 1956b: 17 (type-species, Scarus harid Forsskål, by original designation).

Two species; Indo-Pacific.

Scarus harid Forsskål, 1775: 30 (Red Sea).
Scarus mastax Rüppell, 1829: 80, pl. 21, fig. 2 (Red Sea).
Petronason longicauda Swainson, 1839:226 (based on Scarus mastax Rüppell).
Scarus latus Val. (ex Ehrenberg) in Cuv. & Val., 1840: 245 (Red Sea).
Scarus ruppelii Val., 1840: 259 (Red Sea).
Scarus cyanurus Val., 1840: 261 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia).
Hipposcarus harid vexillus Smith, 1959: 277, fig. 9 (Shimoni, Kenya).

DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea to Mozambique, Seychelles, Maldives, Mauritius, Chagos.

REMARKS: synonymy from Smith (1956a) and Dor (1984).

Scarus longiceps Val., 1840: 241 (Waigiou, Indonesia).
Scarus pinguirostratus Fowler, 1904: 541, pl. 21, upper fig. (Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia).
Scarus macrocheilos Bleeker, 1854a: 60 (Indonesia).
Hipposcarus schultzi Smith, 1959: 277, fig. 8 (Murcielagos Bay, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: western Pacific to French Polynesia.

Leptoscarus Swainson, 1839: 172, 226 (type-species, Scarus vaigiensis Quoy & Gaimard, by monotypy; proposed as a subgenus).
Scarichthys Bleeker, 1859c: xvii, 106 (type-species, Scarus naevius Valenciennes, by subsequent designation).

Genus revised by Bruce & Randall (1985). One species.

Scarus vaigiensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824: 288 (Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia).
Scarus (Calliodon) coeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1835: 24, pl. 7, fig. 3 (Jidda [Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea).
Scarus rubronotatus Val. (ex Ehrenberg) in Cuv. & Val., 1840: 212 (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).
Scarus auritus Val., 1840: 218 (Java, Indonesia).
Scarus naevius Val., 1840: 253 (Seychelles).
Scarus bottae Val., 1840: 262 (Jeddah, Red Sea).
Calliodon chlorolepis Richardson, 1845: 137, pl. 64, figs. 4-7 (Hong Kong, China).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, Red Sea to South Africa and Easter Id.

Nicholsina Fowler, 1915a: 3 (type-species, Cryptotomus beryllinus Jordan & Swain, by original designation; proposed as a subgenus).
Xenoscarus Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917: 129 (type-species, Xenoscarus denticulatus Evermann & Radcliffe, by original designation).

Two species (Schultz, 1958). Atlantic and eastern Pacific.

Callyodon ustus Val., 1840: 286, pl. 405 (Brazil).
Callyodon auropunctatus Val., 1840: 290 (Santo Domingo).
Scarus dentiens Poey, 1861: 422 (Cuba).
Calliodon retractus Poey, 1868: 345 (Cuba).
Cryptotomus beryllinus Jordan & Swain, 1884: 101 (Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida, U.S.A.).
Nicholsina usta collettei Schultz, 1968: 2, pl. 1 (off Guinea, west Africa, 9°53'N ,15°56'W).

DISTRIBUTION: two subspecies, N. usta usta Valenciennes, from Bermuda, New Jersey to northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; and N. usta collettei from Senegal to at least Annobón Id off Gabon (Randall, 1990).

Xenoscarus denticulatus Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917: 129, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Lobos de Afuera Id, Peru).
Xenoscarus hubbsi Harry, 1950: 147, figs. 2-3 (Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Baja California to Peru and Galápagos Ids.

Scarus Forsskål, 1775: x, 25 (type-species, Scarus psittacus Forsskål, by subsequent designation).
Callyodon Scopoli (ex Gronow), 1777: 449 (type-species Scarus croicensis Bloch, by subsequent designation).
Petronason Swainson, 1839: 172, 226 (type-species, Scarus psittacus of Rüppell, by subsequent designation).
Erychthys Swainson, 1839: 172, 226 (type-species, Scarus croicensis Bloch, by subsequent designation; proposed as a subgenus).
Hemistoma Swainson, 1839: 172, 226 (type-species, Hemistoma reticulata Swainson, by monotypy, proposed as a subgenus).
Loro Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 418 (type-species, Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, by original designation).
Margaritodon Smith, 1956b: 15 (type-species, Callyodon verweyi de Beaufort [= Scarus festivus], by original designation).
Scarops Schultz, 1958: 17, 18 (type-species, Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, by original designation).
Xenoscarops Schultz, 1958: 16, 23 (type-species, Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert, by original designation; proposed as a subgenus).

Fifty-one species, 2 of which are undescribed; circumtropical.

Pseudoscarus altipinnis Steindachner, 1879: 18 (type localities, Gilbert [Kingsmill] Ids and Hawaiian Ids).
Callyodon waitei Seale, 1906: 60, fig. 15 (Tahiti).
Pseudoscarus brevifilis Günther, 1909: 327 (Tahiti and Apamana [Abemana], Gilbert Ids).

DISTRIBUTION: central and western Pacific.

Pseudoscarus arabicus Steindachner, 1902: 318 (Al Mukallä, Yemen, Gulf of Aden).

DISTRIBUTION: Arabian Sea; Gulf of Aden to Pakistan.

Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus Günther, 1862: 238 (Mauritius).
Callyodon rubrofasciatus Smith, 1956b: 10, pl. 43, fig. 1 (Shimoni, Kenya).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to South Africa and western Indian Ocean.

Scarus lunula (non Snyder): Choat & Robertson, 1975: 264.
Scarus chameleon Choat & Randall, 1986: 199, pl. 3, figs. C-D; pl. 9, figs. D-H (Sumilon Id, Cebu, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: western Australia to Philippines and Fiji.

Scarus chinensis (Steindachner)

Pseudoscarus chinensis Steindachner, 1867b: 585 (Ningbo [Ningpo], Zhejiang province, China).

DISTRIBUTION: coasts of China.

REMARKS: This species was recognized by Bleeker (1873), Reeves (1927), Chu (1931), and Fowler (1956); known only from the holotype. The colour description is unlike that of any known species of Scarus; therefore we regard the species as probably valid.

Scarus coelestinus Val., 1840: 180 (St. Thomas, Virgin Ids, West Indies).
Scarus rostratus Poey, 1860: 221 (Cuba; preoccupied by Scarus rostratus Shaw, 1803).
Pseudoscarus simplex Poey, 1865: 185 (Cuba).
Pseudoscarus plumbeus Bean, 1912: 125 (Bermuda).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, South Florida, Caribbean, West Indies to Brazil.

Coryphaena coerulea Bloch, 1786: 148, pl. 176 (Bahamas and Antilles).
Calliodon gibbosus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 313 (Carolina, U.S.A.).
Scarus loro Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 288 (South America).
Scarus trilobatus Lacepède, 1802: 5, 21 (Martinique).
Sparus holocyaneos Lacepède, 1802: 45, 141 (Martinique)
Scarus obtusus Poey, 1860: 217 (Cuba).
Scarus nuchalis Poey, 1860: 220 (Cuba).

DISTRIBUTION: Bermuda, Maryland to Florida, Caribbean, West Indies to Brazil; absent from Gulf of Mexico.

Scarus collana Rüppell, 1835: 25, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea).
Scarus collaris Val., 1840: 265 (error for collana).
Pseudoscarus ismailius Kossmann & R¬uber, 1877: 410 (Red Sea).
Scarus ghardaqensis Bebars, 1978: 78, fig. 2 (Al-Ghardaqa, Egypt, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.

Callyodon compressus Osburn & Nichols, 1916: 171, fig. 13 (Concepción Bay, Baja California, Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Gulf of California to Ecuador including Galápagos Ids.

Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859b: 17 (Doreh, New Guinea).
Callyodon zonularis Jordan & Seale, 1906: 321, fig. 60 (Pago Pago, American Samoa).
Callyodon fumifrons Jordan & Seale, 1906: 326, pl. 34 (Pago Pago, American Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia to Ryukyus, and Samoa.

Scarus dubius Bennett, 1828b: 37 (Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus formosus Val., 1840: 283 (Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus bennetti Val., 1840: 270 (Hawaiian Ids).
Scarus lauia Jordan & Evermann, 1903: 196 (Hawaii Id).

DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Ids.

Pseudoscarus falcipinnis Playfair, 1868: 865, fig. 3 (Seychelles).
Callyodon pindae Smith, 1956b: 11, pl. 45, fig. 1 (Pinda, Mozambique).
Callyodon improvisus Smith, 1956b: 12, pl. 41, fig. E (Mahé, Seychelles).

DISTRIBUTION: Seychelles, Oman, Mozambique, Mauritius. The juvenile Scarus falcipinnis from Chagos (Winterbottom et al., 1989) may be S. prasiognathos.

Scarus ferrugineus Forsskål, 1775: 29 (Dahab, northwest coast of Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea).
Scarus coerulescens Val., 1840: 230 (Red Sea).
Scarus aeruginosus Val., 1840: 257 (Red Sea).
Pseudoscarus augustinus Kossmann & Räuber, 1877: 409 (Red Sea).
Scarus marshalli Schultz, 1958: 88 (Mersa Sheikh Sa'ad, Red Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea to Persian Gulf.

Scarus festivus Val., 1840: 282 (no locality).
Callyodon lunula Snyder, 1908: 99 (Okinawa, Japan).
Callyodon verweyi de Beaufort in Weber & de Beaufort, 1940: 298 (Jakarta [Batavia], Java, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Maldives to Tuamotu Ids.

Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958: 52, pl. 9 (Pagapas Bay, Luzon Id, Philippines).

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines to Great Barrier Reef, Caroline and Marshall Ids.