African Health Sciences Makerere University Medical School ISSN: 1680-6905 EISSN: 1729-0503 Vol. 9, Num. 4, 2009, pp. 270-274

African Health Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, December, 2009, pp. 270-274

Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects

*Lamina S¹, Musa DI²

1. Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
2. Physical and Health Education Unit, Department of Education Foundation, Faculty of Education, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: Lamina Sikiru , Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria Tel: +2348025294087 E-mail: siklam_86@yahoo.co.uk

Code Number: hs09064

Abstract

Background: Caffeine one of the readily available stimulants consumed daily by more than 80% of the world's population, making it the most widely consumed drug in history. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different doses (5, 10 &15 mg.kg-¹) of caffeine per kilogram body weight on maximal aerobic power of normal young black African (Nigerian) male adults.
Method: Twenty apparently healthy young male adults volunteers, participated. A repeated measure four randomized crossover (counter balanced) double blind design was used in data collection. Subjects engaged in 20 meter shuttle run test (20 MST) one hour post caffeine (5, 10 & 15 mg.kg-¹) and placebo doses ingestion. Endurance performance index (VO₂ max, run time & number of exercise laps) were measured and recorded.
Result: Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the level of significant difference between caffeine doses and placebo dose in VO₂ max, run time and number of exercise laps. The result showed no significant effect of caffeine doses over placebo dose.
Conclusion: - It was concluded that caffeine dose of up to 15mg/kg seems not to have any ergogenic effect on maximum aerobic power of young black African male adults.

Key words: Caffeine; Ergogenic; Aerobic power.

Introduction

Caffeine (1,3,7- trimethyl-xanthine) is a methyl derivative of xanthine, one of the readily available stimulants consumed daily by more than 80% of the world's population, making it the most widely consumed drug in history. It is basically a Purina compound containing two condensed heterocyclic rings. It is a naturally occurring chemical found in over 60 different species of plant leaves, seeds and fruits. Specifically, much caffeine is found in coffee (Coffee arabica), tea, cola nuts (Cola acuminata). It is also found but in least quantity in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) ^1-4.

The ability of caffeine and other xanthines to aid sport performance is based on both the direct and indirect action on the heart or skeletal muscles, mediated through the nervous system, altered hormonal activities or shift in mobilization of substances (free fatty acid mobilization and glycogen sparing). There is also the possibility that the drug may alter the release, binding or activity of neurotransmitter in the brain, thereby affecting the perception of work intensity⁵.

The controversy surrounding the use of caffeine as food beverages by laymen or use as an ergogenic aid by local, national and international athletes has drawn the attention of many scientists to research into the effects of this wonderful drug. Some Scientists^2,6,7 view this aid as a justifiable extension of the body's natural capacities, while others^8,9,10,11 see it as a dangerous and unethical violation of the code of fair play in sports.

Due to the controversial reports of some scientists^12,13,14,15 on the ergogenic effect of caffeine on performance, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had a series of banned, un-banned and finally pegged the use of caffeine in sports competition to a tolerance limit of 12 ug,ml-¹ urine^2,16,17 Pasma, et al¹⁷ kovacs, et al¹⁸ and Bruce, et al¹⁹ reported that the doses below 6mg.kg-¹ caffeine do not exceed the IOC urinary caffeine limit. However, in 2004 and to date, the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA) again removed caffeine from the list of banned substances^20,21.

Previous studies on the ergogenic effect of caffeine has been equivocal, mostly laboratory oriented and on white or other non African black subjects. However, reports have shown interracial and interpersonal differences in caffeine pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics^6,22. Hence, the present study was therefore designed to investigate the ergogenic effect of varied doses of caffeine on black Africans (Nigerian subjects) using maximal aerobic field test (20 meter shuttle run test).

Subjects

Twenty male subjects of Bayero University Nigeria aged between 18-23 years participated. They were non athletes, non regular users of caffeine, non smokers and apparently healthy. Subjects were fully informed about the experimental procedure, risk and protocol. They were fully assured that the University Health Center will take care of any emergency that may occur. Subjects gave their informed consent in accordance with the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines (ACSM) ²³, regarding the use of human subjects. Also, the ethical approval of the Faculty of Education, Bayero University, was given through the Ethical Committee. The subjects' physical (weight and height) characteristics were measured and recorded using standardized anthropometric protocol (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) ²⁴.

Design of the study

Repeated measure design in which each subject served as his own control (Posttest placebo controlled design) was used. It is a double blind four randomized counter balanced cross over order. The ingestion of different doses (5, 10 & 15 mg.kg-¹) of caffeine and placebo, coupled with exercise was separated by seven days' interval to avoid carry over effect^25,26.

Physiological measurement

Subjects' systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored on the right arm as recommended by the manufacturer. The semi-automated BP monitor (Omron digital BP monitor model 11 EM-403c, Tokyo Japan) was used in the assessment of cardiovascular parameters. The measurement was done in the morning between 9am and 10 am each test day.

Caffeine and placebo measurement

The quantity of coffee to give the desired amount of caffeine needed (5, 10 and 15 mg.km-¹) was measured using electronic weighing machine (Sartorous GMBH by Cottingen Germany). According to Eteng et al²⁷ every 10.68 mg coffee (Capra Nescafe coffee) commonly found in Nigeria contains 1mg caffeine. Since pure caffeine was not readily available, Capra Nescafe coffee by Capra Nestle Company Abidjan, Cote De Voire was used. It is 100% pure instant soluble coffee. 0.1ml liquid food colour (coffee colour) by Ransons Exports, Faridaba Haryana India was used as Placebo. Both coffee doses and placebo were dissolved in 200 ml warm water²² and sweetened with artificial sweetener (Sweetex-saccharin by Crooks Healthcare Nottingham) as described by Engels et al²⁸.

Test Procedure

The test was conducted between 8 am and 10 am, on arrival to the field (Bayero University Sports Complex) and following 10 minutes' rest in sitting position. Subjects SBP, DBP and HP were measured. Immediately subjects randomly ingested coffee doses (5, 10 and 15 mg kg^-1) and placebo, subjects remain in sitting position for an hour (60 minutes). According to Robertson et al^29. Caffeine peak plasma concentration are reached at approximately 60 minutes regardless of the dose. Immediately after 60 minutes of the post caffeine ingestion, subjects warmed up for about 5minutes (easy jogging and genera body stretching exercise) and got ready for the 20 meter shuttle run test (MST).

The 20 MST was conducted on a leveled 20metre marked course with chalk at each end. The test was performed in accordance with one minute protocol using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) tape. The tape gave a 5 second count down (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) and instructed subjects to "begin". The 20 MST is a valid and reliable method of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance³⁰

All the 20 participants (subjects) lined up behind the starting line. A partner was assigned to each subject to count the number of laps completed (a lag consisted of 20 meter distance). A the command "start"!, subjects ran in a straight line forth

and back between restraining lines in accordance with the pace dictated by the audio signal emitted at a set intervals from the PACER tape. Subjects continued in this manner until they were unable to catch up with the sound of the beep for two consecutive times after which the test was terminated. The number of laps and time completed by each subject was recorded as his predicted cardiorespratory fitness score using the formula of Reunsbottom, Brewer and Williams³¹ as follows:

VO₂ max = 14.4 + 3.48 (minute completed)

The total test duration was four weeks (once weekly) in a four randomized (5, 10, 15 mg.kg-¹ and placebo) crossover counterbalanced manner.

Statistical analysis

Following data collection, the variables of interest were statistically analyzed. Mean and Standard Deviation were determined for all variables. Caffeine doses (5, 10 & 15 mg.kg-¹) and placebo dose exercise performance (VO₂ max, run time and number of laps) were statistically analyzed using repeated measured one way ANOVA. All statistical analysis was performed on an IBM compatible micro computer using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) (Windows Version 16.0 Chicago IL USA). The probability level for all the above tests was set at 0.05 to indicate significance.

Results

Twenty males participated in this study. Subjects mean (SD) age, resting SBP, DBP and HR and were 20.9 (1.37) years, 127.85(1.42) mmHg, 79(1.17) mmHg and 70.4(1.88) beats/minute respectively. Detailed physical characteristics are depicted in table 1.

Table 2 shows the mean amount of coffee and equivalent quantity of caffeine ingested. Five, 10 and 15mg/kg doses of coffee (caffeine) equivalent to 3,198.66mg (299.5mg), 6,397.32 (599mg) and 9595.98mg (898.5) respectively; while placebo was coffee and caffeine free.

The result of the present study indicated no ergogenic effect of caffeine on short maximum endurance performance. Table 3 shows no significant effect of caffeine doses (5,10 & 15g/kg) over placebo on the number of exercise laps (F[3,19]=3.13, p=0.735); run time(F[3,19]=3.13, p=0.873) and VO₂ max (F[3,19]=3.13, p=0.873).

Discussion

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of varied doses of caffeine on maximal aerobic power of normal young male African (Nigerian) adults. The study result showed no significant effect of caffeine doses over placebo dose on maximal aerobic power (VO₂ max), run time and number of exercise laps.

The non ergogenic effect of caffeine as reposted in the present study is in agreement with several studies^32,33,34. However, other studies^24,35 reported a contrary notion, that caffeine has ergogenic effect on endurance performance.

between approximately 3199(300)mg to 9,596 (899)mg, which is equivalent to between 5 and 15 mg kg-¹ body weight, constitute no ergogenic effect on subjects of black African (Nigerian) origin.

References

1. James JE. Understanding Caffeine: A Biobehavioral Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.1987: 221-228.
2. Wilcox AR. Caffeine and endurance performance. Sports Nutrition. 1990; 3(26):1-5.
3. VanHandel P. Caffeine .In: M.H Williams, ed. Ergogenic aids in sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers. 1983: 128-163.
4. Essig D, Costill DL & Vanhandel PJ. Effect of caffeine ingestion on utilization of muscle glycogen and lipid during leg ergometer cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1980; 1: 86-90.
5. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance of the humoral and homodynamic effects of caffeine in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1981; 64:1111-1117.
6. Graham TE, Rush JW, Vansoeren MH. Caffeine and exercise performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 1994; 19(2):111-138.
7. Clark W. Caffeine a user's guide. The Physician and Sports Medicine. 1997; 25(11):50-65.
8. Jacobson BH, Kulling FA. Health and erogenic effects of caffeine. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989; 23(1): 34-40.
9. Engs RC. Resurgence of a new "clean living" movement in the United States Journal of School Health. 1991; 61: 155-159.
10. Spriet LL. Caffeine and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition. 1995; 5 (suppl.): S 84-99
11. Anhrendt DM. Erogenic aid. Counseling the athlete. American Family Physician.2001; 63 (5): 913-22.
12. Perkins R, William MH. Effect of Caffeine upon maximal muscular endurance of female. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1975; 7:221-224.
13. Costill FL. Performance secrets. Runner' World. 1978; 13: 50-55.
14. Costill DL, Dalski GP, Fink WJ. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolic and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.1978; 10: 155-158.
15. Ivy JL, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Lower W. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.1979; 11:6-11.
16. Devries HD, Housh TT. Physiology of exercise for physical education, athletics and exercise science (15^th ed) Madison WCB Brown and Benchmark Publishers.1994:
17. Pasman WJ, Vanbaak MA, Jeukendrup AE, DehaanA. The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. Int J Sports Med.1995; 16(4): 225-230.
18. Kovacs EM, Stegen JH, Brouns F. Effect of caffeine drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion and performance. Journal of Applied physiology.1998; 85(2): 708-715.
19. Bruce CR. Enhancement of 2000-M rowing performance after caffeine ingestion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000; 32 (11): 1958-63.
20. World Antidoping Agency. The 2004 prohibited list[on line] [cited 27^th November ,2007]; Available from URL:http:www2triathlon.org/itu-doping-rules/2004/banned-list-13sep04.pdf
21. World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2008 prohibited list [On line].2007 Sept [Cited 2007 Nov 31]; Available fromURL:http:www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/ 2008_list_En.pdf
22. Gamba AA. Effect of caffeine ingestion on the P.P and R.R intervals of adult males. Journal of Health Physical Education Sports and Leisure Studies. 2001; 2 (2): 17-24.
23. American College of Sports Medicine. Policy statement regarding the use of human subjects and informed consent. Medicine and Science in Sports and Excurse.1991; 16:467.
24. International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa: Author:2001;
25. Graham TE. Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. The Journal of Physiology. 2000; 529(3):837-847.
26. Herman JA, Young JC. Effect of caffeine on high intensity intermittent exercise to exhaustion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.1998; 37 (suppls.): 5243.
27. Eteng MR, Eyong EU, Eka OU, Umoh IB, Ebong PE, Ettarh RR. Nigeria Nescafe coffee. Plant Food for Human Nutrition. 1999; 54(4):337-344.
28. Engel HJ, Wirth JC, Celik S, Dorsey JL. Influence of caffeine on metabolic and cardiovascular function during sustained light intensity cycling and at rest. International Journal of Sports Nutrition. 1999; 9 (4): 361-70.
29. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance of humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1981, 64:1111-1117.
30. Ledger L, Gadoury C. Validity of the 20 meter shuttle run test with one minute stages to predict VO₂ max in adults. Canadian Journal of Sports Science. 1989; 14(1): 21-26.
31. Reunsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998; 22(4), 141-144
32. Engels HJ, Haymes EM. Effect of caffeine ingestion on metabolic responses to prolonged waking in sedentary males. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 1992; 2: 386-396.
33. Anderson DE, Hickey MS. Effect of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5^oc and 28^oc. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1994; 26(4): 453-456.
34. Tunagol HH, Guner R, Bayer C, Cetemen M, Acikada C. The influence of coffee on incremental exercise recovery and post exercise urine caffeine, metabolites concentrations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998; 30 (suppl. 5):234-238.
35. French C, Mcnaughton L, Devries P, Tristram S. Caffeine ingestion during exercise to exhaustion in elite distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20000; 30: 1958-64.
36. Mercola J. Exercise endurance 1, 3 &6 hour after ingestion of caffeine in users and non users. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002; 93 (4): 12-14.
37. Graham TE, Spriet LL. Metabolic, catecholamine and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Journal of Physiology. 1995; 78(3): 867-874.
38. Graham TE, Spriet LL. Performance and metabolic responses to high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991; 71 (6): 2292-8.
39. Anderson MC, Bruce, CR, Fraser SF, Stepto NK, Klein R, Hopkins WG, Hawley, JA. Improved 200meter rowing performance in competitive oarswoman after caffeine ingestion. International Journal of Sports Nutrition. 2000; 10(4): 646-675.
40. Stuart GR, Hopkins WG, Cook C, Cairs SP. Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high intensity team- sport performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2005; 37 (11):1998 2005.
41. Schneiker KT, Bishop D, Dawson B, Hacket LP. Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent sprint ability in team sport athletes. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2006; 38(3): 578 85.
42. Bridge CA, Jones MA. The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8km run performance in a field setting. J Sports Sci. 2006; (24):433 9.
43. Wiles JD, Coleman D, Tegerdine M, Swaine IL. The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory based 1km cycling time trial. J Sports Sc 2006; 249(11):1165 71.
44. Marquis T. Effect of caffeine on performance. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Florida.1979.
45. Burke V, Biejen LJ. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure. Cardiovascular Rounds and Review 2000; 4:187-197.

Copyright © 2009 - Makerere Medical School, Uganda

The following images related to this document are available:

Photo images