|
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 5, Num. 1, 2001, pp. 47-55
|
Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, Vol. 5, No.
1, June, 2001, pp. 47-55
The Effect Of Urban Runoff Water And Human Activities On Some Physico-Chemical
Parameters Of The Epie Creek In The Niger Delta
*Izonfuo, L. W.A 1 ;
Bariweni, A. P 2
1 Department of
Chemistry, Rivers State University of
Science Technology, P M B 5080, Port
Harcourt, Nigeria
2 Institute of Geosciences & Space
Technology,
Rivers State University of Science Technology, P M B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
The Epie creek was investigated for six months from five sampling stations
to determine the effects of urban runoff and human activities on some physico-chemical
parameters. Variations in the physico-chemical parameters were observed from
station to station both in the dry and rainy seasons. These variations were
attributed
to runoff water and human
activities in the Epie Creek. Although the levels of most of these physico-chemical
parameters were found to be within the safe limits for drinking water, the
mean DO levels were generally found to be lower than septic levels and thus
unsafe
for fish and other aquatic organisms. The chloride, sulphate, phosphate,
nitrate and ammonia levels were found to be higher during the rainy season
than the dry
season, suggesting that runoff water contributed to their levels in the creek.
It was also observed that the levels of TDS, alkalinity, total hardness,
calcium, potassium, sodium, conductivity, chloride, nitrates, sulphates,
ammonia and phosphates
in sections of the Epie creek traversing the Yenagoa metropolis were higher
than those from the upstream sections. These higher levels were attributed
to human
activities in the creek. The potential risk associated with the generally
low DO levels and the high nutrients have been
highlighted. @ JASEM
Urban runoff as a contributing
factor to poor river water quality of the Epie Creek has been a source of concern
to the inhabitants of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The characteristics of any water
body may indicate its level of pollution. According to Chov (1964), a great
deal of information on river water quality may be evaluated from the climatic
and geological conditions in the river basin. These two factors generally play
a role in the quality of water available for use for different purposes. In
most rivers, the normal or dry weather flow is made up primarily of water which
seeps from the ground. However, most of the flow of a river is contributed
during the high runoff or flood periods. During the period of high runoff,
most rivers exhibit their most favourable chemical water characteristics. Chov
(1964), suggests that although the river may contain extremely large amounts
of suspended matter, the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually
low, often only a fraction of that present during dry weather. However, there
are some instances where high runoff may cause deterioration in water quality.
For instance, if rain falls selectively on the watershed of a tributary which
contributes poor-quality water to a comparatively good-quality river system,
the water contributed may cause a transitory deterioration of the water quality
in the
system.
As stated by Strahler and Strahler
(1973), all rainfall, wherever it occurs carries with it a variety of ions, some
introduced into the atmosphere from the sea surface, some from land surfaces
undisturbed by man and some from man-made sources. The ions and other substances
carried into the streams or rivers via
rainfall may result to pollution.
The pollution of
water bodies from pollutant transport through surface runoff and uncontrolled
discharge of untreated and partially treated sewage has been reported severally
by Inoue et al; (1991), Inanc et al. (1998),
and Martin et al. (1998). Some of the identified effects of runoff water
on such water bodies include nutrient enrichment, deterioration of the water
qualities, destruction of spawning grounds for aquatic and marine life, general
fish kill, etc.
Bariweni et al.
(2000), have recently reported that domestic wastes are indiscriminately dumped
in the Yenagoa metropolis because of a lack of any effective and efficient
domestic waste management system. The Epie creek serves as a receiver of this
poorly managed waste inspite of the fact that it is being used for fishing,
drinking, bathing, travelling and recreating. The Epie creek is a distributary
of the Nun River in the Niger Delta and lies astride the Yenagoa metropolis
which is located between latitude 40 50'N to 50 05'N
and longitude 6015'E to 6030'E.
Given the present
poor status of the domestic waste management in the metropolis, and given the
chemical composition of domestic wastes and the microbial activities in wastes,
at periods of high runoff from such littered waste dumps, or through the direct
dumping of wastes into the creek, the quality of water in the (Epie) creek
may be altered. Presently, no study has been conducted on this river to establish
to what extent the runoff
water and other human activities from the metropolis affect the water quality
of the creek. This paper therefore reports the results of studies conducted
on the Epie Creek to establish the effects if any of urban runoff and other
activities on the water quality of the Epie creek, an important water body
lying astride the capital city Yenagoa, of
Bayelsa State, in the Niger Delta.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Epie creek was sampled once
monthly for six months (December, January, February, April, May, June) from
five sampling stations (A-E) (fig 1.). Sites A and E represent stations for
the downstream and upstream samples respectively. Stations B and D were used
to assess the contribution of urban storm runoff and other human activities
from the municipality into the Epie creek. Station C was used to determine
the influence if any of the Taylor creek, another distributary, which empties
into the Epie creek at station C on the Epie creek. Sampling was done thrice
at base flow and thrice after storm runoff events. Plastic containers were
used for the collection of water samples for the physico-chemical analyses,
while dark, glass-stoppered BOD bottles were used for the collection of DO
and BOD samples. Creek water sampling was done from the main flow near the
centre of the creek. Rainwater samples were also collected in the open air
according to standard methods for analysis to assess the influence (if any)
of direct precipitation into the creek on the physico-chemical parameters being
investigated. DO samples were fixed in the field with wrinkler I and II reagents,
while BOD samples were fixed after five days.
The following physico-chemical
parameters were assessed using standard methods (APHA et al., 1976): pH, conductivity,
total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness, five day
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved oxygen (DO), magnesium,
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphates, sulphates, ammonia, nitrate, chloride
and temperature. pH was measured with the OORNING pH meter Model 7. The conductivity
and total dissolved solids were determined with the Lovibond conductivity meter
(Type cm-21). Turbidity was assessed with the Horiba water checker. Total hardness
and calcium levels of samples were determined by complexometric titration with
standard EDTA as titrant and Erichrome Black T as indicator (APHA, 1976). The
Azide modification
method (APHA, 1976) was used to assess the DO and BOD5 levels in the
Epie creek. Magnesium was determined by calculation from the EDTA calcium and
total hardness titration (APHA, 1976). Sodium and potassium were measured using
the flame photometer method (APHA, 1976). Using a spectronic 21D photometer,
phosphate was measured by the stannous chloride method; sulphate by the turbidimeter
method; ammonia by the phenol-hypochlorate method and nitrate by the Brucine
method. The chloride content of the water samples was determined by the Argentometric
method. Water temperature was measured with a mercury thermometer.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average results obtained for
the five sampling stations during the dry (December, Jaunary, February) and
rainy seasons (April, May, June) for the 18 physico-chemical parameters are
shown in table 1. The range, mean and standard deviations of the results are
shown in table 2.
Results from table
2 show that the mean pH, conductivity, TDS, BOD5 Alkalinity, Total
hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and temperature levels of the
creek were generally higher in the dry season than in the rainy (wet) season.
The lower values of these parameters suggest that the runoff water only contributes
to dilution of the parameters in the rainy season. Results also show that the
pattern of dominance of the major cations based on the mean
values was Ca++>Na+>Mg++>K+ during
the dry season and Ca++>K+>Na+>Mg++ in
the wet season. This was found to be consistent with the dominance pattern of
some African Rivers where Ca++ was found to be the dominant cation
(Imevbore, 1970). The results also indicated that relatively more K+ was
released from land sources during the rainy season in preference for the retention
of Na+ and Mg++. Decomposing vegetable matter have been
reported to rapidly release potassium (K+) (Tesarova, 1976; Ezeala,
1984). Although, the generally low cation concentrations are consistent with
the findings of Ajayi and Osibanjo (1981) in freshwaters of the coastal regions
of Nigeria, the values for pH, turbidity, BOD5, alkalinity, total
hardness, calcium, potassium and sodium of the Epie creek show some variations
from some other Nigerian Rivers in the Niger Delta as
shown in table 3.
The spatial mean DO levels in sections of the
Epie creek were
generally found to be below septic
levels. Although the seasonal mean values are within the safe limits of 3-7mg/l
for drinking water (WHO, 1993 - table 3), the values are lower than the level
of 5mg/l required for the survival of fish and other aquatic life (Hodges,
1973). The average DO level of 4.45mg/L recorded in the wet season is higher
than the
value of 3.35mg/L obtained in the dry season. This is inspite of any dilution
effects in the wet season. The observed seasonal fluctuation may be due to
the effect of temperature on the solubility of oxygen in water. At high temperature,
the solubility of oxygen decreases while at lower temperatures, it increases
(Plimmer, 1978).
Table 2 also shows that, the spatial
mean BOD5 levels ranged between 1.53-6.77mg/L in the dry season
and 0.31-4.29mg /l in the rainy season. The seasonal means were 4.28mg/L in
the dry season and 2.25mg/L in the wet season. The average value in the wet
season is lower than the safe limit of 4mg /l for drinking water (Tom, 1975).
BOD5 was found to be higher in the dry season than the rainy season.
This is perhaps due to the lower volume of water in the Epie creek during the
dry season. Moore and Moore (1976) reported that
BOD5 has been a fair measure of cleanliness of any water on the basis
that values less than 1-2 mg/L are considered clean, 3mg/L fairly clean, 5mg/L
doubtful and 10mg/L definitely bad and polluted. The results therefore show that
the Epie creek is cleaner in the rainy season than the dry season.
Table
2: Seasonal range, mean and standard
deviation of some physico-chemical parameters of
the Epie creek (1999-2000)
S/No.
|
Parameter
|
Dry Season
|
|
|
Wet Season
|
|
|
|
|
Range
|
Mean
|
STD
|
Range
|
Mean
|
STD
|
1
|
pH
|
7.4-7.57
|
7.46
|
0.08
|
6.9-7.33
|
7.05
|
0.2
|
2
|
Conductivity (µs/cm)
|
78.33-89.33
|
84.78
|
4.69
|
47.73-54
|
50.35
|
2.66
|
3
|
TDS (mg/L)
|
55-62
|
59.33
|
3.09
|
33-37.83
|
35.11
|
2.02
|
4
|
Turbidity (NTU)
|
11.67-19.67
|
14.89
|
3.45
|
16.67-28
|
23.89
|
5.12
|
5
|
DO (mg/L)
|
1.76-5.68
|
3.35
|
1.68
|
1.38-9.06
|
4.45
|
3.32
|
6
|
BOD5 (mg/L)
|
1.53-6.77
|
4.28
|
2.15
|
0.31-4.29
|
2.25
|
1.63
|
7
|
Chloride (mg/L)
|
1.65-4.62
|
2.75
|
1.33
|
3.62-4.28
|
3.95
|
0.27
|
8
|
Alkalinity (mg/L)
|
30-37.33
|
33.55
|
3.0
|
15.33-22
|
18.67
|
2.72
|
9
|
Total Hardness (mg/L)
|
3.27-5.27
|
4.14
|
0.84
|
2.27-3.36
|
2.68
|
0.48
|
10
|
Calcium (mg/L)
|
5.47-7.53
|
6.51
|
0.84
|
3.20-4.84
|
4.25
|
0.75
|
11
|
Magnessium (mg/L)
|
2.29-3.6
|
3.11
|
0.59
|
1.77-2.98
|
2.52
|
0.54
|
12
|
Potassium (mg/L)
|
2.55-3.33
|
2.92
|
0.32
|
2.55-3.35
|
2.86
|
0.35
|
13
|
Sodium (mg/L)
|
3.27-5.27
|
4.14
|
0.84
|
2.27-3.36
|
2.68
|
0.48
|
14
|
Phosphate (mg/L)
|
0.10-0.23
|
0.19
|
0.07
|
0.09-0.47
|
0.33
|
0.17
|
15
|
Sulphate (mg/L)
|
1.98-2.66
|
2.25
|
0.30
|
2.22-6.27
|
4.44
|
1.68
|
16
|
Nitrate (mg/L)
|
0.02-0.27
|
0.16
|
0.10
|
0.14-0.28
|
0.20
|
0.06
|
17
|
Ammonia (mg/L)
|
0.003-0.1
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.15-0.21
|
0.18
|
0.03
|
18
|
Temperature (0C)
|
28.7-305
|
29.73
|
0.76
|
27.3-29.3
|
28.27
|
0.82
|
S/No.
|
Parameter
|
Source
|
April
|
May
|
June
|
Mean
|
1.
|
pH
|
River
|
6.93
|
7.33
|
6.90
|
7.05
|
|
|
Rain
|
6.60
|
6.80
|
6.60
|
6.67
|
2.
|
Conductivity (
|
River
|
61.33
|
56.33
|
43.04
|
50.35
|
|
|
Rain
|
9.20
|
10.00
|
10.00
|
9.73
|
3.
|
TDS (mg/l)
|
River
|
49.00
|
32.00
|
30.33
|
37.11
|
|
|
Rain
|
6.40
|
7.00
|
7.50
|
6.97
|
4.
|
Turbidity (NTU)
|
River
|
17.33
|
31.00
|
23.33
|
23.89
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
5.
|
Chloride (mg/l)
|
River
|
5.27
|
3.61
|
2.96
|
3.95
|
|
|
Rain
|
3.95
|
2.96
|
2.96
|
2.29
|
6.
|
Alkalinity (mg/l)
|
River
|
24.67
|
14.00
|
17.33
|
18.67
|
|
|
Rain
|
8.00
|
6.00
|
6.00
|
6.67
|
7.
|
Total hardness (mg/l)
|
River
|
19.20
|
8.58
|
16.00
|
14.59
|
|
|
Rain
|
1.92
|
1.92
|
7.70
|
3.85
|
8.
|
Calcium (mg/l)
|
River
|
5.82
|
3.33
|
3.6
|
4.25
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.83
|
0.83
|
0.80
|
0.82
|
9.
|
Magnesium (mg/l)
|
River
|
3.26
|
1.28
|
3.03
|
2.52
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.27
|
0.27
|
1.70
|
0.75
|
10.
|
Potassium (mg/l)
|
River
|
3.00
|
3.18
|
2.40
|
2.86
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.10
|
0.50
|
0.00
|
0.20
|
11.
|
Sodium (mg/l)
|
River
|
3.6
|
2.38
|
2.07
|
2.68
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.40
|
0.25
|
0.00
|
0.22
|
12.
|
Phosphates (mg/l)
|
River
|
0.39
|
0.34
|
0.29
|
0.33
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.00
|
0.04
|
13.
|
Sulphates (mg/l)
|
River
|
10.87
|
2.46
|
0.00
|
4.44
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.24
|
1.19
|
0.24
|
0.56
|
14.
|
Nitrates (mg/l)
|
River
|
0.23
|
0.10
|
0.24
|
0.19
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.52
|
0.03
|
0.13
|
0.23
|
15.
|
Ammonia (mg/l)
|
River
|
0.18
|
0.05
|
0.31
|
0.18
|
|
|
Rain
|
0.34
|
0.00
|
0.18
|
0.173
|
N.B. Parameters are measured
in triplicates
|
The mean turbidity, DO, chlorides,
sulphates, phosphates, nitrates and ammonia levels of the Epie creek were lower
in the dry season than in the wet season. This means that runoff water contributes
a significant proportion of these constituents into the Epie creek. The mean
levels for chloride, phosphates, sulphates, nitrates and ammonia were found
to be significantly lower than the safe limits for drinking water of 200-600mg/l
for chlorides; 0.5mg/l for phosphates; 200-400mg/l for sulphates; 45mg/l for
nitrates; and 0.5mg/l for ammonia both in the dry and wet seasons. (WHO, 1963;
WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991 -
table 3). Although the levels of phosphates present in the Epie creek were found
to be lower than the safe limits for drinking water, they were found to be higher
than the range of 0.01-0.03mg/ l for phosphorus normally found in uncontaminated
streams (USDASCS, 1975). The ammonia levels were also found to be high when compared
to the value of 0.10mg /l classification for high free ammonia usually present
in streams (USDASCS, 1975). The mean nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and chloride
levels in sections of the Epie creek traversing the Yenagoa metropolis were generally
found to be higher than the levels of the upstream section (table 1). This suggests
that human activities in the metropolis greatly influence the quality of the
Epie creek. Phosphates and nitrates are important ingredients to plant blooms
and the eutrophication of lakes and streams. Their increased levels in addition
to the relative abundance of potassium when compared to other Nigerian rivers
may therefore be responsible for the high rate of plant growth observed in the
Epie creek (Plate 1). It is worthy of note that the increased turbidity in the
Epie creek during the wet season is in agreement with the observation of Chov
(1964), who observed that turbidity was usually higher during periods of high
runoff. Turbidity of the water affects the fish and other aquatic organisms mostly
due to light obstruction. Welch (1952) stated that many organisms smother in
prolonged conditions of very high turbidity by a clogging of their respiratory
mechanisms.
Results from table
4 show that rainwater also contributed to the amount of nitrates present in
the Epie creek. This is because the mean level of nitrate present in rainwater
(0.23mg/l) was found to be higher than those found in the river water (0.20mg/l).
High nitrates in rainwater may be due to gas flaring which is a predominant
feature in the Niger delta area, in which the Epie creek is
located.
The Taylor creek which empties
into the Epie creek at station C appears to have no significant effect on most
of the physico-chemical parameters investigated. However the DO values of 6.83
and 5.22mg/L recorded for the dry and wet seasons respectively at station C
are much higher than the mean values of 3.35 and 4.45mg/L for the Epie creek.
This effect is no doubt of apparent advantage to fish and other aquatic organisms
downstream.
The turbidity at
station C is higher than the mean turbidity in the wet season. The turbidity
at station C is however lower than the mean turbidity during the dry season.
The turbidity recorded at station C can be attributed to the Taylor
creek.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the results
of this study that water quality in the Epie creek is presently to a large
extent safe from a physico-chemical point of view for human consumption. However,
the low DO levels indicated that the creek cannot support the lives of fish
and other aquatic organisms. This is no doubt not good for the economic life
of the local fisherman and the inhabitants who may rely on fish and other aquatic
organisms for their source of protein. Also, increased nutrients especially
nitrates and phosphates have the implication of increasing plant bloom, a situation
which may lead to eutrophication in future. This is in addition to the health
risk (methemoglobinemia, asphyxiation etc.) associated with high levels of
nitrate in drinking water. There is therefore a dire need to properly manage
wastes in the metropolis and control as well as monitor other human activities
in general in order to ensure that runoff water will have a minimal effect
on the Epie creek.
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Geobor. Phytotax, Praha, II: 63-74.
-
Tom, R.G. (1975): Management of River Water Quality River Ecology (Studies in
Ecology Vol.2). Edited by Whitton, B.A. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Osney
Mead, Oxford, London.
-
United States Department of Agricultural Soil Conservation Service (USDASCS)
(1975): Agricultural waste management. Field Manual, U.S. printing office.
Vol.1. No.1.
-
Welch, P.S. (1952): Limnology. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill book company,
New York. 538 pp.
-
World Health Organisation (WHO) (1963): International Standards for
Drinking Water. World Health Organisation Publ.,
3rd Edition Geneva.
-
WHO (1971): Op.cit.
-
WHO (1993): Op.cit.
Station
Season
|
pH
|
|
Conductivity
(ms/cm)
|
|
TDS
(mg/l)
|
|
Turbidity
(NTU)
|
|
DO
(mg/l)
|
|
BOD5
(mg/l)
|
|
Chloride
(mg/l)
|
|
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
|
|
Total hardness
(mg/l)
|
|
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
A
|
7.57
|
7.33
|
78.33
|
54
|
55
|
37.83
|
11.67
|
16.6
|
5.68
|
9.06
|
4.53
|
4.29
|
1.65
|
4.28
|
33.33
|
22
|
3.27
|
3.36
|
B
|
7.4
|
6.9
|
86.67
|
47.73
|
61
|
33
|
13.33
|
28
|
2.61
|
2.91
|
1.53
|
2.15
|
1.99
|
3.62
|
37.33
|
18.67
|
3.87
|
2.42
|
C
|
7.6
|
6.8
|
87.33
|
40
|
61.33
|
28.33
|
11.33
|
41.3
|
6.83
|
5.22
|
4.37
|
3.38
|
1.66
|
3.29
|
27.33
|
12.67
|
4.0
|
2.53
|
D
|
7.4
|
6.93
|
89.33
|
49.33
|
62
|
34.5
|
19.67
|
27
|
1.76
|
1.38
|
6.77
|
0.31
|
4.62
|
3.95
|
30
|
15.33
|
5.27
|
2.27
|
E
|
7.36
|
6.67
|
48
|
25.33
|
33.6
|
17.83
|
17.33
|
38.8
|
5.07
|
2.15
|
2.77
|
1.69
|
1.98
|
2.96
|
26.67
|
10
|
2.32
|
1.76
|
Mean
|
7.46
|
7.05
|
84.78
|
50.35
|
59.33
|
35.11
|
14.89
|
23.8
|
3.35
|
4.45
|
4.28
|
2.25
|
2.75
|
3.95
|
33.55
|
18.67
|
4.14
|
2.68
|
Station
Season
|
Calcium
(mg/l)
|
|
Magnesium
(mg/l)
|
|
Potassium
(mg/l)
|
|
Sodium
(mg/l)
|
|
Phosphate
(mg/l)
|
|
Sulphate
(mg/l)
|
|
Nitrate
(mg/l)
|
|
Ammonia
(mg/l)
|
|
Temperature
0C
|
|
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
A
|
6.52
|
4.72
|
2.29
|
2.98
|
2.55
|
2.68
|
3.27
|
3.36
|
0.10
|
0.09
|
2.10
|
2.22
|
0.02
|
0.17
|
0.04
|
0.15
|
30.5
|
29.3
|
B
|
5.47
|
4.84
|
3.45
|
1.77
|
2.87
|
3.35
|
3.87
|
2.42
|
0.25
|
0.47
|
1.98
|
4.84
|
0.19
|
0.14
|
0.003
|
0.21
|
30
|
28.2
|
C
|
6.37
|
3.06
|
3.92
|
2.7
|
2.33
|
1.9
|
4.0
|
2.53
|
0.17
|
0.28
|
0.99
|
3.53
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.02
|
0.14
|
29.7
|
28.7
|
D
|
7.53
|
3.20
|
3.6
|
2.82
|
3.33
|
2.55
|
5.27
|
2.27
|
0.23
|
0.44
|
2.66
|
6.27
|
0.27
|
0.28
|
0.1
|
0.18
|
28.7
|
27.3
|
E
|
3.31
|
3.34
|
9.07
|
2.15
|
2.27
|
1.89
|
2.32
|
1.76
|
0.15
|
0.24
|
2.06
|
6.82
|
0.12
|
0.14
|
0
|
0.16
|
27.7
|
27.3
|
Mean
|
6.51
|
4.25
|
3.11
|
2.52
|
2.92
|
2.86
|
4.14
|
2.68
|
0.19
|
0.33
|
2.25
|
4.44
|
0.16
|
0.20
|
0.05
|
0.18
|
29.73
|
28.27
|
.N.B: MEAN - mean value for stations
A, B, and D
|
|
|
|
|
|
S/No
|
Parameter
|
Epie
Creek
|
|
Imo
River
|
Streams
around
Port
Harcourt
|
Zambezi
River
|
New
Calabar
River
|
Upper
Ogun
River
|
International
Permissible
Standards
|
|
|
Dry
season
|
Wet
season
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
pH
|
7.46
|
7.05
|
6.0
|
5.6-6.0
|
7.8
|
|
6.9-7.9
|
70-8.5 (WHO, 1971; FEPA,
1991)
|
2
|
Conductivity
(µs/cm)
|
84.78
|
50.33
|
|
|
121.57
|
|
31-131
|
400-1250 (Mento..., 1986)
|
3
|
TDS (mg/L)
|
59.33
|
35.11
|
2.7
|
|
|
4.32-4013.9
|
|
500 (WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991)
|
4
|
Turbidity
(NTU)
|
14.89
|
23.89
|
2.1
|
<1.0
|
|
|
|
NS
|
5
|
DO (mg/L)
|
3.35
|
4.45
|
|
|
7.9
|
3.4-9.1
|
4.94-7.62
|
3-7 (WHO, 1993)
|
6
|
BOD5 (mg/L)
|
4.28
|
2.25
|
0.25
|
0.15-0.92
|
|
0.15-4.95
|
|
4 (TOM, 1975)
|
7
|
Chloride
(mg/L)
|
2.75
|
3.95
|
|
|
5.2
|
|
|
200-600 (WHO, 1971; FEPA
1991)
|
8
|
Alkalinity
(mg/L)
|
33.55
|
18.67
|
|
|
55
|
|
65.6-77.9
|
100 (EEC)
|
9
|
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
|
26.46
|
14.59
|
0.25
|
0.01-0.25
|
47.43
|
|
|
100-500 (WHO, 1963)
|
10
|
Calcium
(mg/L)
|
6.51
|
4.25
|
0.30
|
0.37
|
10.77
|
0.38
|
|
75-200 (WHO, 1971; FEPA,
1991)
|
11
|
Magnesium
(mg/L)
|
3.11
|
2.92
|
0.19
|
0.40
|
4.24
|
0.89
|
|
50-150 (WHO, 1971; FEPA,
1991)
|
12
|
Potassium
(mg/L)
|
2.92
|
2.86
|
0.60
|
0.84
|
2.0
|
1.43
|
|
10 (EEC)
|
13
|
Sodium
(mg/L)
|
4.14
|
2.68
|
0.59
|
0.78
|
5.63
|
1.20
|
|
120-400 (MORGAN, 1990)
|
14
|
Phosphate
(mg/L)
|
0.19
|
0.33
|
0.16
|
<1.0
|
0.23
|
|
|
0.5 (WHO, 1963)
|
15
|
Sulphate
(mg/L)
|
2.25
|
4.44
|
0.16
|
0.13-0.16
|
4.81
|
|
|
200-400 (WHO, 1971; FEPA,
1991)
|
16
|
Nitrate
(mg/L)
|
0.16
|
0.20
|
0.10
|
0.054
|
0.13
|
|
|
45 (WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991)
|
17
|
Ammonia
(mg/L)
|
0.05
|
0.18
|
0.22
|
0.156-0.23
|
0.09
|
|
|
0.5 (WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991)
|
18
|
Temperature
(0C)
|
29.73
|
28.27
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
NS
|
Source: Imo
River and Streams around Port Harcourt (Ogan, 1988); Zambezi (Hall et
al., 1977); New Calabar River (Odokuma and Okpakwasihi, 1996); Ogun
River (Adebisi, 1981).
NS - No specification
|
Copyright 2001 - Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management
|