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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 5, Num. 1, 2001, pp. 69-73
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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, Vol. 5, No.
1, June, 2001, pp. 69-73
Allelopathic Effects of Chromolaena Odorata
L. (R. M. King and Robinson (Awolowo Plant)) Toxin on Tomatoes
(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)
ONWUGBUTA ENYI, J.
Dpartment of Biology, Rivers State College of Education, P.M.B 5047,Port
Harcourt., Nigeria.
Code Number: ja01011
ABSTRACT
Allelopathic effects of Chromolaena odorata L. (R. M.
KING AND ROBINSON) aqueous leaf extract and residues incorporated in the
soil
on the growth and water status of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill were
studied. Significant growth reductions in Lycopersicon esculentum were
observed from additions of C. odorata aqueous leaf extract at concentrations
as low as 1g fresh weight in 40ml of water. Reduction in growth was accompanied
by decreases in leaf water potential. Incorporation of C. odorata leaf
material into the soil in which L esculentum Mill seedlings
were germinated and grown caused significant depression in growth over the
2-week test period with addition of 2g residue to 80g soil. Allelochemicals
released from C. odorata plants and residue are suggested as a possible
explanation for yield reductions in crops in fields where C. odorata plants
are present. One mechanism of toxic action on seedlings involved interference
with water balance. @ JASEM
Effects of leachates from plants, plant extracts and decomposing plant residues
have been the focus of several investigators concerned with the role of allelopathy
in agriculture. Plant residues often contain a variety of toxins that are
known inhibitors of seed germination or seedling growth (Chov and Patrick.
1976: An, et al 1997). Recycling crop residue to the soil has been
reported to be detrimental to future growth (Rice 1981). Leachates from plants
have been shown to suppress seed germination and vegetative propagules, and
early seedling growth (Babu and Kandasamy, 1997:Dhawan and Gupta, 1996);
and decrease radicle growth (Casado, 1995). The extent of damage to the crop
is related to the degree of contact of roots to the leachates or residues
(Patrick, 1971). Rice et al, (19l81) showed that phytotoxicity from
a crop might be from indirect effects of micro-organisms and direct toxic
actions. Aqueous extract of some plants inhibit seedling growth (Lydon, et
al 1997); root and shoot growth (Athanassova, 1996); germination (Pratley, et
al, 1996); and induce mortality of plants (Eyini, et al 1996)
.
Schon and Einhellig (1980) demonstrated that incorporation of dried sunflower
leaf material into the soil; treatment with aqueous extract, root exudates
and leaf leachates inhibited germination and growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor). Water-soluble toxic substances could leak from the plant and
decomposing residue. Allelopathic interference could be mediated through
effects on the water metabolism of a crop. Yield losses would occur if Chromoleana
odorata toxins reduced the water use efficiency of crops grown in areas
of low field moisture. This study examined the effects of aqueous-leaf extracts
and leaf residue of C. odorata on the growth and water use of Lycopersicon esculentus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Growth of seedlings: Tomato seeds were germinated in germination
trays for 4 days. Seedlings were transplanted into plastic pots (7.5 diameter
x 15 cm depth) and grown in a green house. Soil analysis indicated 92.4%sand,
3.2%silt and 4.4% clay, 0.82% organic carbon, and 1.4% organic matter with
a pHof about 5.2. Compost was added to each pot as non-inhibitory organic
matter. After 2 days of acclimatization, forty uniform tomato seedlings were
selected for each treatment group. These seedlings were treated with Chromolaena
odorata leaf extract for 6 days.
Extract Preparation and Treatment: Ten grams of C odorata leaf
was extracted in 10ml of de-ionized water by boiling for 10 minutes and grinding
in a blender (Lodhi and Nicijkel, 1973). The extract was filtered through
cheesecloth and What man No. 4 filter paper; brought to original volume and
added to nutrient media in final ratios of fresh leaf weight to total nutrient
of 1:140, 1:80 and 1:40 respectively. The PH of the solutions
was adjusted to 5.2. Respective seedlings were sprayed with different concentrations
(1:40, 1:80 and 1:40) of C. odorata leaves from the seventh day of
planting. Spraying was done with a pressure pump diaphragm sprayer once
a day.
Parameters: The parameters studied in this study were water potential
(Y), pressure potential (Yp),
osmotic potential (Yp),dry weight of plants and
transpiration rate. Osmotic potential (Yp)
was measured with vapour pressure osmometer (5500x, Wescor, Logan, U T, USA)
calibrated daily with a graded series of NaCl solution. Four seedlings were
used per treatment group to determine the Yp. Youngest
leaf of each seedling was punched in two places with a 7mm borer to obtain
7 leaf discs. Leaf Yp was
determined with the freeze rupture technique of Auge, et al (1995). Petri-dishes
lined with filter paper on which leaf discs had been arranged were placed
on dry ice for 5 minutes. These were allowed to thaw for 10 minutes and
then crushed on a filter paper disc. After equilibration in a sample chamber,
the Yp was then determined.
Water potential (Y) was measured in a pressure
chamber, according to the method of Soldatini, et al (1990). Leaf
discs were equilibrated for 2 hours in a pressure chamber before water
potentials were determined. Leaf pressure potential (Yp)
was calculated as the difference between Y and Yp.
shoot and root dry weights were determined using 20 plants from each group
after 6 days of treatment. Differences among the dry weights were determined
by analysis of variance with Duncans multiple range test. Data from water
parameters were analysed with a t-test. A 6 day average was also calculated
for Y, Yp and Yp
respectively.
Chromalaena odorata plants were harvested with their leaves and flowers,
air-dried and ground using a waring blender. The residue was added to an
air-dried, silty-clay soil which was sifted mechanically with a sifter of
2mm pore size. The leaf residue was mixed with the soil at rates of 0.5,
1, and 2g per 80g soil, compost manure was added to the control soil. Five
tomato seeds were germinated in 80g of soil each pot in the green house. Each
pot was watered daily to field capacity. Shoot and root dry weights were
obtained from 20 plants per group 14 days after planting. Total water use
per plant during the growth period after emergence was computed using the
method of Soldatini et al (190) and the transpiration ratio (wt:wt)
for each test group was determined as the ratio of the average water use
(g) per plant to average dry weight (g) per plant. Each series of experiment
was duplicated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effects of the aqueous extract of C. odorata and residue on the growth
of L. esculentum Mill.
Aquesous leaf extracts of C. odorata reduced the dry weight of tomatoes,
the degree of reduction being directly related to the extract concentration
(Table 1). Further dilution of the original extract may have effects on
the growth of tomatoes since the plants treated with 1:40 extract concentration
weighed less than the controls.
Table 1: Effects of Chromolaena odorata aqueous
leaf extracts on the growth of Lycopersicon esculentum L.C. odorata DRY
WEIGHT (mg+ S.E.)
Extract
|
Shoot
|
Root
|
Plant
|
Control
|
80.1 ± 3.2a
|
33.3 ± 1.5a
|
113.4 ± 4.7a
|
1:140
|
50.2 ± 2.0a
|
15.0 ± 1.4a
|
65.2 ± 6.4b
|
1:80
|
38.5 ±1.2a
|
14.5 ± 2.0a
|
63 ± 3.2b
|
1:40
|
20.1 ±1.9b
|
11.7 ± 1.4a
|
31.8 ± 3.1a
|
Values are the means and SE of 20 seedlings, 6 days after
treatment.
All values in a column followed by the same letter are not
significantly
Different. P< 0.05 according to Duccans multiple tests.
Table 2: Effects of dried C. odorata leave
residue in soil on the growth and transpiration rate (TR) of Lycopersicon
esculentum C. odorata DRY WEIGHT (mg ± S. E.)
Extract
|
Shoot
|
Root
|
Plant TR
|
Control
|
21.0 ± 1.5a
|
11.3 ± 0.8a
|
32.3 ± 2.1a 176
|
1:140
|
18.4 ±1.29a
|
09.7 ± 1.4bc
|
28.1 ±6.4b 176
|
1:80
|
16.6 ± 1.3a
|
08.8 ±0.6b
|
25.4 ± 1.9b 188
|
1:40
|
12.2 ± 0.9
|
06.4 ± 0.9c
|
18.6 ± 1.6 193
|
Values are the means and SE of 20 seedlings, 14 days after
planting. All values in a column followed by the same letter
are not significantly different. P < 0.05 according to Duccans multiple
tests.
Many of the tomato
leaves treated with 1:40 extract dilution were folded, wilted and showed
necrotic spots and scorched leaf tips by the end of the experiment. Some
tomato plants of the 1:80 treatment group developed leaves with marginal
burning. Seedlings in all the three treatments showed chlorosis of the youngest
leaves and differences in root morphology. Treated tomatoes had shorter,
thicker secondary roots than the controls.
Addition of 2g of C.
odorata leave residue to 80g of soil significantly reduced the dry
weight of tomatoes (Table 2). Effects observed on plant weight were probably
from inhibition of both root and shoot growth. Roots were visibly shorter,
and some of the shoots had scorched leave tips. Additions of both 0.5g
and 1.0g of C. odorata suppressed the weight of tomato plants. C.
odorata extracts and residues incorporated in the soil inhibited the
growth and reduced the dry weight of tomato plants.
Compost was added
to the control soil as a non-inhibitory organic matter to maintain organic
matter consistency. It is likely that, the suppression of tomato growth
in the treatment groups may not be the result of an increase in organic matter
but was caused specifically by the presence of C. odorata residue. Allelopathic
phytotoxins in the residue are a logical explanation for the growth reductions. The
concentration dependent effects observed in growth suppression are characteristic
of allelopathic inhibition (Lydon, et al, 1997).
Effects of aqueous extracts and residue on the water status of L. esculentum: Although
most of the dilute treatment did not affect the water potential (Y)
of tomato plants, it was significantly reduced in the 1:40 treatment (Table
3). Effects on the Y became more severe with
time, with a correspondent decrease in both osmotic potential and pressure
potential of the plants.
Table 3: Effects of dried C. odorata aqueous leaf
extract on the water status of Lycopersicon esculentum
DAYS OF
TREATMENT
|
C. odorata Leaf Weight
|
Control
|
1:40
|
1:80
|
1:40
|
Water Potential (Y)
|
|
|
|
|
(bars ± SE)
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
-6.4 ± 3
|
6.6 ± 1.0
|
-6.3 ± 7
|
09.2 ± 1.8
|
2
|
-6.1± 9
|
-4.6 ± 1.4
|
6.9 ± 4
|
-8.1 ± 1.6*
|
3
|
-6.2 ± 8
|
6.0 ± 1.3
|
-8.3 ± 2.8
|
09.9 ± 3***
|
4
|
-4.5 ± 10
|
-6.2 ± 1.0
|
-8.1 ± 0.6
|
-9.9 ± 1.2**
|
5
|
-4.1 ± 6
|
-4.7 ± 9
|
-6.5 ± 1.2
|
-10.2 ± 1.5***
|
6
|
-4.0 ± 7
|
-4.3 ± 9
|
-8.6 ± 1.5
|
-10.0 ± 1.8***
|
6-day mean
|
05.2 ± 3
|
-5.4 ± 3
|
-7.5 ± 7*
|
-9.6 ± 1.2***
|
|
Osmotic Potential (Yp)(bar ± SE)
|
1
|
-9.3 ± 7
|
-8.3 ± 1.3
|
-9.3 ± 7
|
-10.0 ± 89
|
2
|
-8.5 ± 1.2
|
08.6 ± 4
|
-12.0 ± 1.0
|
-10.2 ± 3*
|
3
|
-8.2 ± 4
|
-8.3 ± 1.1
|
-10.2 ± 2
|
-10.2 ± 7*
|
4
|
-8.9 ± 1.1
|
-10.2 ± 8
|
-8.8 ± 5
|
-12.8 ± 5*
|
5
|
-8.8 ± 6
|
-8.6 ± 8
|
-8.8 ± 5
|
-12. 8 ± 8 **
|
6
|
-9.9 ± 5
|
-10.1 ± 1.0
|
-4.6 ± 2
|
-13.2 ± 1.5*
|
6- day meanpressure potential (yp)(bar + SE
)
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
-2.9+ 9
|
-1.7+1.2
|
-3.0 + 1.1
|
-0.8 + 2.0
|
2
|
2.4 + 6
|
2.0+1.0
|
5.1 + 1.2
|
2.1 + 1.9
|
3
|
2.0 + 1.2
|
2.3+1.0
|
1.9 + 2.6
|
-0.3 + 1.7
|
4
|
4.4 + 1.1
|
4.0+1.0
|
2.5 + 0.6
|
-1.0 + 0.9*
|
5
|
4.7 + 5
|
3.9+0.5
|
2.3 + 1.0
|
-2.6 + 1.4**
|
6
|
5.4 + 7
|
5.8+1.3
|
4.0 + 2.1
|
-3.2 + 1.6
|
6-day mean
|
2.9 + 5
|
3.7 + 0.5
|
2.1 + 0.7
|
-8.6 + 0.8**
|
Values are means and SE of 8 seedlings.
* Values significantly different at P < 0.05
** P < 0.01
*** P < 0.01
Table 4: Effects of dried C. odorata in
soil on the water potential (y bars) of Lycopersicon esculentum
Days of
treatment
|
Addition of residue to 80g soil
|
Control
|
0.5
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
9
|
-3.9 + 1.3
|
-3.6 + 1.7
|
-4.3 + 0.9
|
-5.9 + 1.3
|
12
|
-3.2 + 1.0
|
-4.0 + 1.0
|
-4.4 + 1.1
|
-4.8 + 15
|
14
|
-4.5 + 2.2
|
-4.4 + 1.3
|
-4.3 + 1.0
|
-5.9 + 2.1
|
Values are the means and SE of 8 seedlings
Total water use was reduced in all treatment groups although transpiration
ratio was consistently affected (Table 3). Tomato plants grown in 2g amendments
had y values 1.5 to 4.8 bars lower than control
plants (Table 3). However, they were not statistically different from t he
controls. The data shows that inhibition of the growth of tomato plants was
generally related to changes in the plants water status. Tomato plans inhibited
by the 2g of C. odorata residue in the soil showed a trend toward
lower leaf y, but it was not as marked as in the
extract experiments. It is not certain whether interference with water balance
and water metabolism is the only, or even the primary mode of action of phytotoxic
substances from C. ododrata. However, it is reasonable that any effect
on water utilization would interfer with growth. Cotton and Einhellig (1980)
reported that soyabean seedlings inhibited by aqueous velvet leaf (Abuliton
theophrasli Medic.) extracts had decreased y,
and reduced water content. Such effects on water balance may result from
the action of known allelochemical that are coumarin or phenolic acid derivatives.
Patterson (1981) had reported that t-cinnamic, p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic,
and gallic acids respectively severely reduced photosynthetic rate in soyabeans
(Glycine max L.). Soyabeans treated with caffeic, and gallic acids
had a significant depression of leaf. It is possible that the allelochemicals
effects of C. odorata noted in this experiment are caused by phenolic
acids and related allelochemicals. Our data indicate that the mechanisms
of toxic action involve interference with water balance in the seedlings.
These effects may be magnified when water availability is a critical factor
in a field situation.
Presence of C. odorata in a field may result in the accumulation
of leachates and residues that are toxic to crops, resulting in yield losses.
It is therefore important that C. odorata be removed as early as they
germinate in a farmland where tomato plants are grown.
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