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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 9, Num. 3, 2005, pp. 59-61
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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management,
Vol. 9, No. 3, 2005, pp. 59-61
Determination of
total hydrocarbons levels in some marine organisms from some towns within the Rivers State of Nigeria.
JACK, I R;
FEKARURHOBO, G K; IGWE, F U; *OKOROSAYE-ORUBITE, K
Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University
of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Email:
kaineorubite@yahoo.com
Code Number: ja05059
ABSTRACT:
The
total hydrocarbon (THC) content of three marine organisms; Periwinkles (Pachyelina
aurita), mussels (Mylitus edulis) and mangrove Oysters (Cassostrea
gasar) from polluted and unpolluted (i.e. control) sampling stations in
parts of the Niger Delta area has been assessed. Statistical results revealed
that the THC levels in periwinkles, mussels and mangrove oysters in polluted
areas vary significantly at 95% confidence level from those from the control
station. The results also show that the ability to accumulate total
hydrocarbons varies with each organism investigated. Oysters were observed to
accumulate the highest concentration of THC while periwinkles were the least. @JASEM
The
occurrence of crude oil in the Niger Delta with its concomitant petroleum industrialization
has resulted in the generation of enormous waste products most of which are not
efficiently disposed of (NAS 1985). Some of the serious environmental problems
that have arisen in the marine environment as a result of the activities of up
and down stream petroleum industries include,depletion of marine organisms,
destruction of algae and some planktons as well as the interference with
spawning areas on the sea bed. Many marine organisms act as biomonitors in
their environment (Foulkes, 1990). Some, like the periwinkles (P. aurita),
mangrove oysters (C. gasar) and mussels (M. edulis) are preferred
pollution biomonitors because apart from being sedentary or bottom feeders,
they are good accumulators of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PAH (Costlow, 1969; Goldberg, 1975; Morse et al. 1985; Rainbow and White, 1989
and Wilson et al 1992).
Among
the hydrocarbons which are components of crude oil are the PAHs (which have
been identified to be predominant in Nigerian crude oil) some of which are
known to be toxic and carcinogenic (Costlow 1969 and Grimmer, 1983) and fall
within the priority list of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. The
toxic PAHs include benzo (a) pyrene, acenaphthene, acenapathylene, fluorine,
phenanthrene, naphthalene, pyrene and fluoranthene. In addition to toxicity,
some of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause tainting of seafood.
(Connell and Miller 1981). The biosynthesis of PAHs by organisms and their
detection in the tissues of some marine fish and shell-fish from a wide variety
of different unpolluted habitats have also been reported (Constlow, 1969).
The
aim of this work is therefore to report our findings on the levels of total
hydrocarbons in three marine organism (periwinkles, oysters and mussels) in
both polluted and unpolluted areas of the Niger Delta of Nigeria with a view to
determining their suitability for human consumption.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Samples
of periwinkles, oysters and mussels were randomly collected from the creeks of
Onne and Bakana representing areas more susceptible to pollution as a result of
high industrial activities. A second set of samples of periwinkles, oysters and
mussels were also randomly collected from the creeks of Bodo representing an area
that is considered reasonably pollution-free with little or no industrial
activities. Onne is about 40km from Bodo and about 30km from Bakana. After
thorough washing with water, the samples were boiled to remove the edible
tissues from the shell. The tissues were dried in the oven to constant weight
after which they were ground to powder form and stored in sample bottles.
10ml
toluene was added to 1g each of the powdered periwinkle, oyster and mussel
tissues contained in volumetric flasks. The flasks were shaken vigorously in
turn and allowed to settle for about 15 minutes. This procedure was repeated
again and the supernatant layer from each flask was filtered into test tubes. The
absorbances of the samples were read at 420 nm wavelength using absorption
spectrophotometer against pure toluene as blank. 10 absorbance measurements
wee taken for each se of sample in polluted or unpolluted area.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table
1 indicates that the marine organisms found at Onne and Bakana have higher
total hydrocarbon content (THC) values than the corresponding ones at Bodo the
control site. This means that the organisms found at Onne and Bakana have
accumulated more hydrocarbons, indicating a higher level of pollution in these
areas.
Onne
and Bakana represent towns where there are a number of petroleum and allied
industries while Bodo represents a town with no such industries. Hydrocarbons
are not biodegradable and are therefore transported into the tissues of these
organisms via water intake. Statistical analysis reported on Table 2 confirms
that there is significance difference between the level of THC in marine
organisms found at polluted area (Onne ad Bakana) and unpolluted area (Bodo).
This supports earlier observation.
Table 1.
Total hydrocarbon content of samples from polluted and control site of the
study area.
Organism
|
Concentration,
mg/g
|
Bakana
|
Onne
range
|
Control
site Bodo
|
Range
|
Mean
x
|
Range
|
Mean
x
|
Range
|
Mean
x
|
Periwinkles
|
9.47
9.99
|
9.73
|
10.06
10.81
|
10.44
|
5.09
- 6.12
|
5.61
|
Mussels
|
15.56
-7.05
|
16.31
|
17.46
-18.41
|
17.94
|
11.01-12.11
|
11.56
|
Oysters
|
25.04-26.09
|
25.57
|
26.20
- 27.29
|
26.75
|
12.02-12.92
|
12.47
|
Recommended WHO value; 0 0.01mg/g
Table
2. Statistical evalution of variability of polluted and control sites for
sites (i) and (ii) Bakana Site (I)
Organism
|
Std.
deviation
(mg/g)
|
Std.
deviation
(mg/g
) Control
|
Degree
of freedom(n-1)
|
F-
values calculated
|
F-
values at 95%
|
Observation
|
Periwnkle
|
0.210
|
0.344
|
9
|
2.67
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Mussels
|
0.495
|
0.332
|
9
|
2.23
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Oyster
|
0.1095
|
0.098
|
9
|
1.11
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Onne
(II)
Organism
|
Std.
deviation
(mg/g)
|
Std.
deviation (mg/g) control
|
Degree
of freedom(n-1)
|
Fcal
|
Ftab
|
Observation
|
Periwinkles
|
0.253
|
0.344
|
9
|
1.36
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Mussels
|
0.345
|
0.332
|
9
|
2.28
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Oyster
|
0.328
|
0.098
|
9
|
1.11
|
3.18
|
Significant
difference
|
Examination
of the tables 1 and 2 further shows that the ability of these marine organisms
to accumulate total hydrocarbons THC varies and follows the order: Oysters >
Mussels > Periwinkles. This order is explained by the fact that Oysters are
sedentary and grow on mangrove roots, pillars of bridges and on any permanent
structure in the marine environment (Patricio, 2002). Consequently, when
spillage occurs during oil exploration or transportation, oysters get more direct
contact with the spill during their filter feeding process thus accumulating
more hydrocarbons. In contrast, mussels and periwinkles which are found on sea
bed are bottom feeders and tend to accumulate hydrocarbons less because
hydrocarbons take longer time to sink to the river bed by gravity than to
spread by tidal waves.
Significant
levels of total hydrocarbons are observed even in the marine organisms from the
control site. For instance oysters and periwinkles from Bodo accumulated 12.47mg/g
and 5.61mg/g of THC respectively and this result is consistent with the fact
that some marine organisms can biosynthesize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
(Costlow 1969).
Conclusion: It has been shown that these marine organisms found
within these selected polluted towns in the Niger Delta region accumulate
appreciable amount of total hydrocarbons at various level. The level of THC in
these marine organisms are high considering the recommended value from WHO
which is from 0 0.001mg/g for human consumption will be known.
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