|
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 10, Num. 1, 2006, pp. 43-45
|
Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management,
Vol. 10, No. 1, March, 2006, pp. 43-45
Physico-chemical
conditions and distribution of phytoplankton in the Brass River, Nigeria
*aNYANANYO,
BL; bOKEKE, CU; cMENSAH, SI
a,bDepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology,
University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P. M. B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State,
Nigeria.
cDepartment of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia
State Univeristy, Uturu
Code Number: ja06007
ABSTRACT: The
physiology, physico-chemical conditions and distribution of phytoplankton in
the Brass River, Nigeria has been assessed. The data on physico-chemical
conditions revealed a near constant water surface conditions for all the
stations sampled. The relative abundance of phytoplankton population of the Brass River system revealed the presence of the following marine phytoplankton families
Bacillariophyceae (Bidulphia auria, M. mobiliencesis, B. sinsensis,
Skeletonema costatum), Chlorophyceae(Halosphaera ividis), and
Dinophyceae (Ceeratium sectum). @JASEM
Phytoplankton are small free floating algae which,
which contribute to the total suspended plant and animal cells of both fresh
and salt water and are the basis of food chain in these environment. The Brass
River is a tributary of the Nun River in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
There is a paucity of literature on the surface waters of the Brass River
system especially on the relative abundance of phytoplankton population (Biney et
al., 1994). The Brass River is one of the important tributaries of the
River Nun (Nyananyo, 1999). Studies on water bodies in the West African sub
region points to the fact that a lot of research is needed on them (Lawson,
1960; Green, 1962 and Imevbore, 1965). The present investigation is aimed at
increasing the data on phytoplankton in the Brass River and consequently to
West African water bodies.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Description of study area: The Brass River is
one of the tributaries of the River Nun in the central cartographic Niger Delta
(Nyananyo, 1999, 2002). The cartographic Niger Delta is Africas largest delta
covering some 7,000 square kilometers. About one third of this area is made up
of wetlands, and it contains the largest mangrove forest in the world,
5,400-6,000 square kilometres (Afolabi, 1998; Nyananyo, 1999, 2002). The
mangrove swamps which are also vegetated tidal flats are sandwiched between the
outer barrier island complex and the older sands of the Benin formation
(Oyegun, 1999) The evolution of these tidal flats are primarily through the
process of repeated bifurcation of the Niger-Benue river system which breaks up
into tributaries at Ebu ito (Nyananyo, 1999, 2002). A reticulate drainage
pattern characterizes the tidal flats of the Brass River. This drainage pattern
is due mainly to the higher elevation at the edges than at the centre of the
flats (Allen, 1965). The vegetated tidal flats are composed of three elements:
- the main feeding
channels which derive from fresh water sources en route to the sea.
- smaller channels which
connect them together and
- elevated tidal flats
exposed only at low tide (Oyegun, 1999).
Sample collection and analyses: Six sampling stations were selected
within the study area along lines at right angles to the shore.
Physico-chemical parameters: At each station, water samples were taken
at the surface and at maximum depth. These were immediately stored in an ice
chest. Temperature, depth, pH, and transparency were measured in situ. Temperature
and pH were measured using field thermometers and the SISS TECHN WERKSTA model
D812 WELHEN field pH meters respectively. Transparency and depth of the water
at the various stations were measured as follows: -
Transparency: This determination was by the use of a white secci
disc to which was attached a calibrated twine. This device was dropped into the
river gradually at specified points, and the point at which the white disc was
not seen was taken as the limit of light penetrability. This distance was
recorded.
Water depth: a weight was attached to a calibrated
twine, and dropped into the river at specified points. The point on the twine
at which the attached weight made contact with the substratum was taken as the
depth of the station in question. This was recorded.
Phytoplankton identification: To assess the composition of primary
producer populations each station was sampled for phytoplanktons. Water samples
were collected 20 30 cm below the surface using a 1 litre Van Dorn water
sampler closed by means of a weight messenger dropped along the cable to trip
the closing mechanism. A sub sample of 250ml was removed and treated with 5ml
Lugols solution (60 g KI + 40g I2 crystals, d/w) to stain and
preserve the specimens for identification. This 250 ml sub sample was
concentrated by allowing the sample to stand for 24 hours. A 1ml sub sample was
pitted out at the end of the period into a Sedgenick-Rafter counting chamber.
Microscopic identification were made of all sub samples and recorded.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the study are presented in
Tables 1 5. The temperature variation (Table 1) in the area is not wide, and
this could be beneficial to the phytoplanktons within the area. The wide
variations in water depth (Table 2) is as a result of selective artisanal
fishing activities carried out by the fishermen living in this area, whereas
the pH and transparency measurements (Tables 3 and 4) show relatively turbid
and acidic levels at stations 1, 4, 5 and 6.
Table 1. Water
Temperature (oC) at the various stations
Stations |
Range |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
1 |
28-30 |
30 |
29 |
2 |
29-35 |
30 |
29 |
3 |
28-30 |
29 |
28 |
4 |
29-30 |
30 |
30 |
5 |
27-28 |
30 |
30 |
6 |
29-30 |
35 |
30 |
|
|
|
|
Table 2: Water
depth at the various stations (CM)
Stations |
Range |
Mean |
Standard deviation |
1 |
312-320 |
190 |
75 |
2 |
190-191 |
190 |
75 |
3 |
75-78 |
190 |
75 |
4 |
500-510 |
190 |
75 |
5 |
40-42 |
190 |
75 |
6 |
35-38 |
191 |
75 |
These areas coincidentally are within the vicinity of
the AGIP oil company export terminal in Twon-Brass and SHELL oil company
NEMBE CREEK flow station. It is submitted therefore that effluents from these
oil industrial installations could have contributed to the relatively turbid
and acidic levels of the water at stations 1, 4 whereas 5 and 6 is not so
(Tables 3 and 4). The record of twelve species of phytoplankton distributed
amongst three families (Table 5) is note worthy. Phytoplanktons are small free
floating algae which contribute to the total suspended plant and animal cells
of both fresh and salt water and are the basis of the food chain in these
environments (Hill, Popp and Grove, 1980).
Table 3: Water
pH at the various stations
Months/year |
STN 1 |
STN 2 |
STN 3 |
STN 4 |
STN 5 |
STN 6 |
April 1997 |
6.93 |
6.95 |
7.60 |
6.40 |
6.88 |
5.60 |
May 1997 |
6.96 |
7.02 |
7.70 |
6.42 |
6.88 |
5.60 |
June 1997 |
6.97 |
7.03 |
7.86 |
6.40 |
6.90 |
5.58 |
July 1997 |
6.68 |
7.61 |
6.42 |
6.36 |
6.91 |
5.58 |
August 1997 |
6.84 |
6.79 |
6.62 |
6.40 |
6.86 |
5.58 |
September 1997 |
6.85 |
6.95 |
6.88 |
6.40 |
6.86 |
5.60 |
Conclusions: The results of this study shows that further
investigations will be beneficial and the effluent from the oil installations
should be properly treated before they are emptied into the Brass River system
to ensure that the food chain which eventually lead up to the Homo sapiens is not disrupted as this will be catastrophic to the very existence of Homo
sapiens.
Table 4. Transparency
of the water at the various stations (CM)
Months/year |
STN 1 |
STN 2 |
STN 3 |
STN 4 |
STN 5 |
STN 6 |
April 1997 |
17
22 |
42
63 |
42
56 |
45
54 |
63
72 |
49
59 |
May 1997 |
17
24 |
41
62 |
43
55 |
44
53 |
62
70 |
49
57 |
June 1997 |
18
23 |
43
63 |
42
50 |
44
54 |
60
71 |
46
58 |
July 1997 |
19
23 |
42
63 |
40
52 |
45
53 |
60
71 |
48
59 |
August 1997 |
19
22 |
42
62 |
40
51 |
45
54 |
61
72 |
48
57 |
September 1997 |
19
24 |
43
61 |
40
52 |
46
54 |
61
71 |
48
59 |
Table 5: Marine
Phytoplanktons recorded in the study
1. Family Bacillariophyceae
Biddulphia aurita
B. mobiliensis
B. sinensis
Coscinodiscus excentricus
Melosira granulate
M. islandica
M. lestans
Paralia sulcate
Skeletonema costatum
Fragiliaria oceanica
2. Family
Chlorophyceae
Halosphaera vividis
3. Family
Dinophyceae
Ceratium setacum
|
Acknowledgement: Grant from the University of Port Harcourt
Senate-NUC to the first author for this research is acknowledged.
REFERENCES
- Afolabi, D (1998), The
Nigeria mangrove ecosystem. Third regional workshop of the Gulf of Guinea Large
Marine Ecosystem (GOGLME), Lagos. p1
- Biney, C; Amuzu, AT;
Calamari, D; Kaba, N; Mbome, LI; Naeve, H; Ochumba, PBO; Osibanjo, O;
Radegonde, V; Saad, MAH (1994), Review of Heavy Metals in the African Aquatic
Environment. Ecotoxicol Environ. Safety 28, 134-159.
- Green, J (1962), Zooplankton
on the River Sokoto. The Rotifera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 135, 491-523.
- Hill, JB; Popp, HW and Grove,
AR (1980), Botany. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York. p350.
- Imevbore, AMA (1965), A
preliminary checklist of the planktonic organisms of Eleyele Reservoir, Ibadan,
Nigeria. Nigerian J. of West African Science Ass. 10, 56-60
- Lawson, GW (1960), A
preliminary checklist of Ghanaian fresh and brackish water algae. J. of West
African Science Ass. 6, 122-137.
- Nyananyo, BL (1999),
Vegetation. In: Alagoa, EJ (ed.) The Land and people of Bayelsa State: Central
Niger Delta. Onyoma Research Publications, Nembe. p44.
- Nyananyo, BL (2002), Forest
Resources. In: Alagoa EJ. and Derefaka, AA (eds.) The Land and people of Rivers
State: Eastern Niger Delta. Onyoma Research Publications. Yenagoa. p63.
- Oyegun CU (1999), Climate,
relief and drainage. In: Alagoa, EJ (ed.) The Land and people of Bayelsa State:
Central Niger Delta. Onyoma Research Publications, Nembe. p31
Copyright 2006 - Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management
|