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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 10, Num. 1, 2006, pp. 55-61
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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management,
Vol. 10, No. 1, March, 2006, pp. 55-61
Evaluation
of Processed Sweet Potato-Crayfish Soya Bean and Sweet
Potato-Crayfish-Bambara Groundnut Weaning Mixtures
*AKANINWOR,
J O; OKECHUKWU, P N
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Code Number: ja06009
ABSTRACT: Feeding
studies with 21 day albino rats (Wistar strain) fed ad libitum for twenty eight days with Nutrend (a commercial weaning food used as
reference diet) and processed sweet potato-crayfish-soyabean/bambara groundnut
mixtures were carried out to assess the suitability of the mixtures as
substitutes for Nutrend. Result showed feed consumption of rats on Nutrend to
be highest (244.92±45.56g) followed by rats on Diet 3; sweet potato + bambara
groundnut mixtures (236.59±34.70g). The same trend was observed for weight
gain. The organ weight measurements showed liver weight range of 1.33 4.80g,
kidney 0.41-1.80g, pancreas 0.16-0.49g, and heart 0.17-0.42g. The result also
showed that the PER of diets ranged between 0.64 1.90, NPU 86.60 91.40%
BV87.92 92.86%, NPR 1.17 1.82, FCR 0.05 0.32 and T.D 98.51 99.49%. The
results obtained with diet 3 (sweat potato bambara groundnut mixture) and
diet 5 (sweat potato soya bean mixture) compared favourably with the
reference diet (Nutrend) in all the parameters examined except for corn starch
(diet 7), which recorded lowest values although it contained higher
carbohydrate and energy values. Diets 3 and 5 are therefore recommended as
substitute diets to the expensive commercial weaning food. @JASEM
The need to provide infants weaning food rich in
protein and adequate calories, which are affordable, has become increasingly
necessary especially in rural communities of developing countries. (Abbey and
Nkanga, 1988). Consequently during the last 20 years, great efforts have been
made to develop, produce and distribute protein rich foods that are able to
alleviate the problem of protein energy malnutrition in these developing
countries (Gopaldas et al 1988 and Gosh 1986). The energy and nutrient needs of
infants and young children are relatively high. This is because they are
undergoing rapid growth. FAO/WHO Expert Groups have recommended what are
considered adequate energy and nutrient in take, (Table 1) for infants, which
are intended to serve as guide for planning diets or assessing the adequacy of
what is being consumed (FAO/WHO Report 1973). These recommendations though are
for healthy children and may not be adequate for children exposed to repeated
infections (FAO/WHO Report 1979). Make a new pattern with a quality much better
than that of either food alone (Edman, 1986). Although most proteins of animal
origin have a satisfactory amino acid pattern than vegetable proteins and
therefore, have a higher biological value, in recent years, animal sources have
become scarce and very expensive. This scarcity is most common in developing
countries where population growth is very high (Graham et al).
Vegetable sources are however abundantly available and if properly utilizes can
contribute remarkably in solving the problem of protein malnutrition which is
common in the tropics. Furthermore vegetable proteins have economic advantage
over animal protein since the cost of raw materials needed to make vegetable
protein mixtures are lower.
Most cereals and legumes often used for weaning food
preparation are limited in essential amino acids (e.g lysine and methionine)
and this makes their protein poorer compared with animal proteins (Graham et al 1986). However, the low levels of methionone and cytosine are
usually corrected by complementation with cereals, tubers of roots (Rachie,
1973). Also heat treatment effectively eliminates the undesiarable
antinutritional factors and excessive heat treatment does little or no damage
to legume protein (Elias et al, 1979 and Kon et al,
1981 and Kon and Sanhuk 1981). Worldwide, legumes as green vegetables are
readily accepted and in Africa, the most important leguminous crops in terms of
production and consumption are groundnut, cowpea, soyabean and bambara groundnut.
The legumes are generally of high nutritional value and make a larger
contribution to the energy and protein available to the population than any
other food (Sellscop, 1962). In keeping with the need to explore and document
other sources of affordable and nutritionally adequate alternatives to the
existing commercial weaning food, the aim of this present study was to evaluate
the nutritional adequacy of processed sweet potato crayfish soyabean and
sweet potato crayfish bambara groundnut mixtures.
TABLE 1: Recommended Daily Nutrient Intake for Infants (Fao/Who Report, 1973)
Age Range (Months) |
Nutrients |
Unit |
0-3 |
4-6 |
7-9 |
10-12 |
Energy |
Kcal |
120.kg |
115/kg |
110kg |
105/kg |
Protein |
g |
9.8 |
11.8 |
17.8 |
19.0 |
Vitamin A |
mg |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
Vitamin D* |
mg |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
Vitamin C |
mg |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
Vitamin B12 |
mg |
+ |
+ |
0.3 |
0.3 |
Thiamine |
mg |
+ |
+ |
0.3 |
0.4 |
Riboflavin |
mg |
+ |
+ |
0.5 |
0.5 |
Folic acid |
mg |
+ |
+ |
60 |
60 |
Niacin |
mg |
+ |
+ |
5.6 |
6.6 |
Iron II |
mg |
+ |
+ |
7.0 |
7.0 |
Calcium |
mg |
+ |
+ |
500 |
500 |
The values given assume that the sources of protein
are (i) milk from 0-6 months (2) milk and mixed plant proteins from 7-12 months
(score 70). * Dietary intakes may be partially replaced by exposure of the
skin to sunlight.
+ No values are given as these nutrients
are provided by well nourished mother. II Intake is for a diet in which most
of the protein is from plant sources.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Sweet Potato processing:The red skinned variety of sweet potato purchased in
Port Harcourt was used. The fresh tubers were peeled washed, cut into thin
slices and dehydrated in a hot air over at 70°C for 18 hours. The chips were then ground into flour
using a hand mill, sieved through 710 mm sieve and packed in plastic bags which
were stored at 4°C until required for
analysis.
Bambara Groundnut Processing:The seeds were purchased from
Nsukka, freed from broken seeds, dust and stones and then washed with tap water
after which they were soaked for 24 hours at room temperature.
Table 2: Percent Composition Of The Experimental And Control Diets.
Ingredients |
Diets |
(g100g Diet) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
Sweet potato |
54.50 |
43.50 |
33.00 |
68.50 |
53.50 |
59.00 |
- |
- |
Corn starch |
10.00 |
10.00 |
10.00 |
10.00 |
10.00 |
10.00 |
98.00 |
- |
Crayfish |
8.00 |
8.00 |
8.00 |
8.00 |
8.00 |
8.00 |
- |
- |
Vegetable oil |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
- |
Bambara groundnut |
25.50 |
36.50 |
47.00 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Soya bean |
- |
- |
- |
11.50 |
16.50 |
21.00 |
- |
- |
Nutrend |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Corn Starch Processing:A
local white maize (Zea mays) was purchased from Port Harcourt was used. The
traditional method of Ogi preparation was used for the isolation of the
starch (Akinrele, 1970; Umoh and Fields,1981). The flour produced was packed in plastic bags
and stored at 4°C.
Dehulling was by hand rubbing and dried in hot air
oven at 70°C for hours. The dried seed were then
ground with a hand mill, sieved through a 710 mm sieve and stored at 4°C in plastic bags until required.
Soya Beans Processing:The
soya beans were purchased in Port Harcourt and the same method for processing
bambara groundnut was applied except that the soaking time, dry temperature and
drying time were 12 hours, 70*C and 24 hours respectively.
Crayfish Processing: Dry crayfish was bought in Port Harcourt dried
further in the oven and ground into powder. The powder was then used for
analysis and diet formulation.
Diet Formulation: The various flour preparations were autoclaved for 15
minutes at 121°C before being used for diet formulation.
Combinations were tested until the following criteria were met; total calories
353 391 Kcal/100kg and NdpCal% 6.5 8.19%. High values of NdpCal% were
avoided in order to keep the cost of the protein supplements low. Commercial
maize soya bean weaning formula (Nutrend) was usedas the positive control
diet while corn starch flour was used as the protein free or negative control
diet. Table 2 shows the percentage composition of Experimental and control
diets.
Chemical Evaluation: As
described in an earlier paper (Akaninwor & Okechukwu 2002).
Energy Calculation: Standard procedures were used the for calculation of
protein energy, lipid energy, carbohydrate energy, protein percent (P %), Lipid
(fat) energy percent (F %) and Net dietary protein calorie percent (NDp Cal %)
as described previously standard (Akaninwor and Okechukwu, 2002). The Atwater
factors 4,4 and 9 for protein, carbohydrate and lipid (fat) respectively
expressed in kilocalories were used. The values for protein, carbohydrate and
lipid obtained in proximate analysis were multiplied by their respective Atwater
factor to give their corresponding energy values in Kcal.
TABLE 3. Calculated Energy Values of Processed Flour Samples
Sample |
Protein Energy (Kcal/100) |
Lipid Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Carbohydrate Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Gross Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Sweet Potatoe |
13.12 |
3.32 |
328.12 |
344.56 |
Corn starch |
26.24 |
69.39 |
281.24 |
376.87 |
Crayfish |
266.88 |
41.22 |
9.36 |
317.46 |
B/Groundnut |
89.68 |
71.73 |
246.88 |
408.29 |
Soya Bean |
184.64 |
198.27 |
64.08 |
445.67 |
BSB |
184.64 |
156.24 |
65.64 |
406.52 |
CSB |
184.64 |
202.77 |
60.92 |
448.33 |
Key: B/Groundnut
= Bambara; BSB = Blessed Soyabean; CSB = Chima Soyabean;
Biological Evaluation: Animal Assay: The method of Umoh and Oke (1974) was adopted.
Thirty-two weanling albino rats (Wistar strain) aged 21 days, obtained from
Animal & Environmental Department, University of Port Harcourt were used
for this study. They were divided into eight groups, four per group, in such
as way that the group mean weight did not differ by more than ± 2.00/mean rat
weight. The rats were all acclimatized with a commercial stock diet to their
new environment for three days, during which no records of food consumption,
etc were kept. Their initial weight (17.40 33.90g) were however, taken at
the end of this period and the groups of four rats were randomly assigned to test
and control diets. They were housed one per wire cage with facilities for
faeces and spilled food collection. Water was provided from plastic water
bottles and food contained in specially designed metallic containers. They
were fed ad libitum for 28 days on the diets. The weights of rats were recorded
after two weeks and at the end of experiment the faeces of each rat were
pooled, dried at 105°C for 24 hours and
then ground into powder for faecal nitrogen determination. Data on feed
consumption and spilled feed were collected by recording the amount of feed
measured out for each rate at the beginning and the quantity remaining at the
end of the experiment.The rats were euthanized with chloroform and sacrificed
after 28 days on the diets. The liver, kidney, pancreas and heart were excised
from each rat, weighed and returned to the carcass. The entire animal
carcasses were then dried to a constant weight in an oven at 105°C for 48 hours. The dry weight of each rat
carcass was taken, and the carcass ground thoroughly with laboratory mortar and
pestle for Carcass and Faecal Nitrogen
Table 4: Calculated energy values of Diets
Sample |
Protein Energy (Kcal/100) |
Lipid Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Carbohydrate Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Gross Energy (Kcal/100g) |
Diet 1 |
48.12 |
45.45 |
273.44 |
367.01 |
Diet 2 |
60.36 |
53.64 |
262.52 |
376.52 |
Diet 3 |
70.00 |
58.41 |
243.76 |
372.17 |
Diet 4 |
50.76 |
51.39 |
250.00 |
352.15 |
Diet 5 |
64.76 |
58.23 |
263.76 |
386.75 |
Diet 6 |
70.88 |
76.41 |
243.76 |
391.05 |
Diet 7 |
31.52 |
53.98 |
278.12 |
363.62 |
Nutriend |
66.52 |
20.34 |
273.44 |
360.30 |
Determination: Ig of each ground sample was used for
the analysis by the Kjeldahl method for both carcass and faeces. The nitrogen
retained in the carcass was measured by comparison with the group given the
protein free diet (corn starch).
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
Energy Value: The
gross energy values of the processed ingredients calculated using the Atwater
factors are shown in Table 3 Cornstarch was found to have a higher energy
values 376.87 Kcal/100g than sweet potato flour (344.56Kcal/100g). This is the
agreement with the reports of Louis and Sidik (1988), that on a dry matter
basis, sweet potato is lower in energy than corn grain. The high energy values
of ingredients show that they are potentially capable of supplying infants with
their energy requirements.
TABLE 5: Protein Energy Percent (P%), Fat Energy Percent (F%)
and Net Dietary Protein Calorie Percent (NdpCal%) of Diets
Sample |
P*% |
F% |
NdpCal% |
AA Score* |
Diet 1 |
13.11 |
12.38 |
6.54 |
60 |
Diet 2 |
16.03 |
14.25 |
7.44 |
60 |
Diet 3 |
18.18 |
15.69 |
8.19 |
60 |
Diet 4 |
14.41 |
14.69 |
6.96 |
60 |
Diet 5 |
16.74 |
15.07 |
7.64 |
60 |
Diet 6 |
18.67 |
19.54 |
8.02 |
60 |
Diet 7 |
8.67 |
14.85 |
5.46 |
70 |
Nutrend |
18.46 |
5.65 |
8.84 |
70 |
* = Amino Acid Score
(FAO/WHO)
The gross energy values of the diets are shown in
table 4 while the protein energy percent (Pe%), fat energy percent
(Fe%) and net dietary protein calorie percent (NdpCal%) are shown in
Table 5. Except for diet 4, Nutrend was found to be lower in energy value than
all the test diets. The energy values of the diets (352.15 391.05) are
similar to the 355Kcal/100g value calculated for home made weaning food
mixtures by Pellet and Marmabachi (1978). The high energy content of the diets
is noteworthy as protein utilization and energy intake are closely interrelated
since where energy intake is seriously inadequate, it is unlikely that protein
would be effectively utilized by the body (Isichei and Achinewhu, 1988).
Protein energy percent (Pe%) expresses the protein content of foods
in energy terms, and estimates their potential to satisfy protein needs. There
was an appreciable difference in the Pe% values obtained in table 5.
Beaton and Swiss, (1974) recommended a lower limit of 11 2% for protein
utilization of about 60% (amino acid score) as safe values. All the test diets
and Nutrend recorded values higher than this range, indicating their high
potential in meeting protein needs of a child. Diets 3, 6 and Nutrend had
similar Pe% values (Table 5). The protein free diet (corn starch),
as expected had Pe% value lower than the recommended range. This
shows that corn starch is incapable of satisfying protein needs of a child who
depends on corn starch for his/her protein source. The Pe% of diets
1 (13.11%) and 4 (14.41%), are thought to be higher than that Beaton and Swiss
recommended lower limit (11 12%) safe value. However, Pe% values
as high as 29.30 and 29.40 have been reported by Isichei and Achinewhu (1988)
for unfermented and fermented oil been seed diets respectively. Fat
energy percent (Fe%) expresses the fat content of foods in energy
terms and estimates the potential of the diet to satisfy fat needs. The Fe%
of Nutrend was found to be significantly lower than values for all the test
diets. Though most of the test diets did not met the FAO/WHO (1997) recommended
Fe% value 20 30, diet 6 however, had the highest value of 19.54%
which is very close to the FAO/WHO recommended value.
Table 6: Quantities(g) of Diets expected to meet an infants daily need for protein and energy
Diets |
Age Range (Months) |
|
0 3 |
4 6 |
7 9 |
10 12 |
Diet 1 |
81.64 |
98.09 |
147.96 |
157.94 |
Diet 2 |
64.94 |
.20 |
118.00 |
125.91 |
Diet 3 |
56.00 |
67.43 |
101.71 |
108.57 |
Diet 4 |
77.23 |
92.99 |
140.27 |
149.72 |
Diet 5 |
60.53 |
72.88 |
109.94 |
117.37 |
Diet 6 |
55.30 |
66.59 |
100.45 |
107.22 |
Diet 7 |
124.37 |
149.75 |
225.89 |
241.12 |
Nutred |
58.93 |
70.96 |
107.04 |
114.20 |
The Net Dietary Protein Calorie Percent (NdpCal%) of
Diets 1, 2 and 4 (Table 6) are within the 6.50 7.00% range calculated for
home made weaning food from local staples by pellet and Mamaebachi (1978).
Diets 3, 5, 6 and Nutrend met the Araya (1980) recommended NdpCal% value of 8
which is the equivalent of the human breast milk, and considered optimal for
the human infant (Isichei & Achinewhu 1988). Bodwell et al (1981) have
shown that individuals with high protein requirement and young children
recovering from protein energy malnutrition (PEM) would benefit from levels
significantly above the recommended NdpCal% level of 8. The protein free diet
(corn starch) scored value (5.46%) lower than recommended value and so
demonstrates that corn starch cannot meet the protein needs of a child. Table
6, however, shows the quantities of the different diets expected to provide the
recommended daily requirements for protein and energy of infants.
Feed and Nitrogen intakes:The feed intake and feed conversion ratio of rats fed
with Nutrend were highest throughout the study period though not significant.
This could be due to non palatability of the test diets relative to the more
palatable Nutrend which contain sucrose and vanillin. The nitrogen intakes of
groups on 1 and 4 were significantly lower than values for lower protein
content of the two diets (Akaninwor and Okechukwu, 2002). However, nitrogen
intakes of rats on other test diets were similar to values for those on Nutrend
(Table 7).
Table 7: Performance of rats on the diets during the 28 days
Diet |
No. of Rat |
Total feed intake (g) |
Total N intake (g) |
Total protein intake (g) |
Weight gain (g) |
Carcass nitrogen (g) |
Carcass protein (g) |
Faecal nitrogen (g) |
1 |
4 |
221.57
±28.91 |
4.27
±0.56 |
26.67
±3.47 |
53.50
±5.43 |
4.54
±0.04 |
28.38
±0.25 |
0.06
±0.03 |
2 |
4 |
208.86
±28.91 |
5.04
±0.24 |
31.52
±1.48 |
64.34
±6.99 |
5.30
±0.12 |
33.13
±0.12 |
0.09
±0.02 |
3 |
4 |
236.59
±34.74 |
6.63
±0.97 |
41.42
±6.06 |
73.33
±11.05 |
6.86
±0.25 |
43.06
±0.12 |
0.08
±0.02 |
4 |
4 |
193.07
±38.05 |
3.92
±0.77 |
24.88
±4.84 |
42.33
±10.84 |
4.18
±0.21 |
43.06
±0.52 |
0.08
±0.02 |
5 |
4 |
202.02
±29.05 |
32.71
±4.71 |
32.71
±4.71 |
48.88
±12.00 |
5.50
±0.26 |
26.13
±0.02 |
0.08
±0.01 |
6 |
4 |
219.62
±45.50 |
6.23
±1.29 |
38.92
±8.06 |
52.31
±18.28 |
6.49
±0.32 |
40.56
±0.17 |
0.11
±0.06 |
7 |
4 |
136.56
±35.11 |
1.73
±0.54 |
10.81
±2.75 |
6.92
±4.95 |
2.50
±0.01 |
15.63
±0.46 |
0.02
±0.01 |
Nutred |
4 |
244.92
±45.56 |
6.52
±1.21 |
40.72
+7.58 |
77.35
+7.24 |
6.78
±0.04 |
42.38
±0.08 |
0.05
±0.03 |
Weight Gain and Carcass Nitrogen: The weight gain and carcass nitrogen of
rats on all the test diets, with exception of Diet 3, were significantly lower
than values of rats on Nutrend (Table 7). However, weight gain of all the rats
on the test diets and Nutrend increased as protein intake increased. These
results are similar to earlier work on beef steers and fermented fluted pumpkin
(Louis and Sidik 1988, Isichei and Achinewhu, 1988).
Organ Weights: Changes
in organ weights are shown in Table 8. Rats maintained on Nutrend had the
highest liver weight although it is similar to the liver weight for rats on all
the diets, except Diet 4 which had the lowest value. There were no significant
differences between the pancreas and heart weights of rats on the test diets
and Nutrend. The Diet 3 group had the highest mean pancreas weight (0.62g), while
Diet 7 group differed significantly in heart weight. Nutrend also induced the
highest kidney weight and this was not significantly (P>0.05) higher than of
the groups on Diet 2, 3 and 6. Those on the protein free diet however, had the
lowest organ weights. Earlier reports have shown that the sensitivities of
muscle (e.g. heart muscle) and liver tissues to the quality and effects of
dietary protein are higher than of the kidneys (Allison, 1955) and that 100%
and 20% protein level incorporations of amino acids into the muscle was higher
when casein was the protein source and lowest with gluten respectively (Von der
Deckon and Onistedt, 1972). It is therefore, imperative that the similarity in
organ weights could indicate that the proteins from the test diets were also
similar to the protein in Nutrend.
Table 8: Organ Weights of Rats (Mean Values ± SD)
Samples |
No. of Rat/Diet |
Liver (g) |
Kidneys (g) |
Pancreas (g) |
Heart (g) |
1 |
4 |
3.94
±0.50 |
0.82
±0.14 |
0.38
±0.22 |
0.38
±0.05 |
2 |
4 |
4.16
±0.27 |
1.04
±0.32 |
0.52
±0.06 |
0.33
±0.22 |
3 |
4 |
4.20
±0.85 |
0.86
±0.16 |
0.62
±0.29 |
0.36
±0.04 |
4 |
4 |
2.77
±0.79 |
0.69
±0.13 |
0.42
±0.51 |
0.29
±0.07 |
5 |
4 |
3.42
±0.62 |
0.70
±0.10 |
0.38
±0.04 |
0.30
±0.05 |
6 |
4 |
3.39
±1.07 |
0.79
±0.29 |
0.38
±0.04 |
0.30
±0.09 |
7 |
4 |
1.33
±0.26 |
0.41
±0.07 |
0.49
±0.23 |
0.17
±0.03 |
Nutred |
4 |
4.82
±0.98 |
1.08
±0.15 |
0.44
±0.15 |
0.42
±0.07 |
The effect of diets on the protein utilization of rats is shown in
Table 9. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU),
Biological Value (BV), etc: The PER and Net Protein Ratio (NPU)
of Diets 5 and 6 were significantly higher than values for Nutrend (Table 9).
The BV and NPU of Diets 1 and 4 were all found to be significantly lower (P
< 0.05) than values for Nutrend; however, values for these parameters in
other diets were not remarkably different from that on Nutrend. The protein
free diet (corn starch) in contrast had inferior quality in all the
characteristics investigated. These results proved that pap (a gruel made
purely from corn starch), which serves as a major weaning food in Nigeria is
incapable of sustaining the rapid growth that occurs in infancy. Unless
supplemented with legumes, milk or other high proteinous food, pap will
normally lead to severe malnutrition (Achinewhu, 1987). This might explain the
death of one of the rats on the protein free diet seven days after the start
of the experiment. It has been demonstrated that supplementing pap with 30%
soybeans raised the PER three fold. The PER of the soya beans and bambara
groundnut supplemented diets in this study were 1.73, 1.49. 1.34 and 2.01,
2.04. 1.77 respectively compared to 0.64 corn starch (diet 7) (Table 9). This
is in agreement with the finding of Akinrele et al (1966). Millet soyabeans
weaning porridge have also been prepared and reported to be capable of
increasing the PER, NPU and BV by 80%, 40% and 46% respectively after
fortification with soya beans (Eka, 1978). The results obtained also showed
that in spite of the higher weight gain, the PER of Nutrend was similar to that
of the test diets. This similarity could be an indication that all proteins
from these different sources were adequately utilized for growth etc; it was
not surprising therefore that the faecal nitrogen excretion of rats on the test
diets did not differ significantly (Table 7) from that of those on Nutrend.
There was also significance between the digestibility of Nutrend and test diets
(Table 7). This could be a consequence of the effectiveness of the processing
methods employed in detoxifying the antinutrients. The true digestibility
obtained (98.51 99. 31%) were similar to 87% for pumpkin pap weaning
mixture, 92.61% for unfermented pumpkin and 92.49% for fermented pumpkin diets
using rats reported by earlier workers. Other workers have used children for
study and reported 73% for lactic acid fermentation whole grain sorghum flour
(Graham et al, 1986). Maclean (1979), used children and obtained 81%
digestibility for refined wheat flour. The digestibility of proteins in heat-treated beans for
humans, however, has been reported as 55% (Nnayelugo and Nwaegbute, 1987b;
Bressani, and Elias 1980).
Table 9: Effect of the diets on the protein utilization
of rats
Diets |
FCR |
NPR |
PER |
NPU |
TD |
BV |
1 |
0.24
±0.02 |
0.75
±0.11 |
2.01
±0.13 |
87.87
±1.94 |
98.86
±0.74 |
88.89
±0.20 |
2 |
0.31
±0.02 |
0.82
±0.16 |
2.04
±0.13 |
89.87
±0.98 |
98.86
±0.51 |
90.81
±1.90 |
3 |
0.31
±0.19 |
1.60
±0.12 |
1.77
±0.12 |
92.18
±0.83 |
99.31
±0.68 |
92.82
±1.23 |
4 |
0.22
±0.18 |
1.73
±0.22 |
1.73
±0.22 |
86.60
±0.96 |
98.51
±0.38 |
87.92
±1.99 |
5 |
0.24
±0.03 |
1.49
±0.18 |
1.49
±0.88 |
90.12
±1.85 |
98.86
±0.16 |
91.16
±0.87 |
6 |
0.23
±0.05 |
1.34
±0.28 |
91.47
±0.52 |
91.47
±0.52 |
98.51
±0.42 |
91.16
±0.87 |
7 |
0.05
±0.04 |
1.64
±0.29 |
0.64
±0,29 |
- |
- |
- |
Nutrend |
0.32
±0.06 |
1.90
±0.37 |
0.90
±0.37 |
91.11
±0.58 |
99.49
±0.26 |
91.57
±0.41 |
FCR - Feed Conversion Ratio; NPR - Net Protein Ratio;
PER - Protein Efficiency Ratio;
NPU - Net Protein Utilization; TD - True
Digestibility; BV - Biological Value
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