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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 10, Num. 3, 2006, pp. 55-58
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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, Vol. 10, No. 3, September, 2006, pp. 55-58
Effect of Sprouting on invitro
digestibility of some locally consumed leguminous seeds.
1*AKPORHONOR,
E E; 2EGWAIKHIDE, P A;2EGUAVOEN, I.O
1Department
of Chemistry, DeltaStateUniversity, Abraka.
2Department
of Chemistry, AmbroseAlliUniversity, Ekpoma
Code Number: ja06052
ABSTRACT: Local cultivars of some commonly consumed legume
seeds: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), soya beans (Glycine max) and Bambara beans (vigna
subterranena) were sprouted for three days. Dried pulverized samples of raw or
cooked form of the respective (cooking time I hr. 30mins.) samples of sprouted
and unsprouted were assessed for the in vitro protein digestibility. Sprouting
and cooking failed to improve invitre digestibility of Soya beans (95.81±
0.37) and Bambara beans (92.79± 0.40). Generally, improved digestibility
was recorded to indicate decreased level of non digentible oligosaccharide
content of the legumes. @JASEM
It is well documented that the
developing countries do not produce enough food and of the right nutritional
quality to met daily needs.(Aletor, and Aladeetimi, (1989). The dearth in food
supply especially of protein is of such magnitude that he developing nations
have to depend mostly on cereals, grains, starch roots and tubers for energy
and protein need (Auret. and Behar Syndrome, (1953). The net of effect of this
protein deficit in the developing countries is manifested in the prevalence of
various forms of protein calorie malnutrition (ICM) diseases such as Kwashiokor,
marasmus and mental deficiencies (Bressani,. (1975). Legumes contain variable
levels of carbohydrate. The Oligosaccharide content of starchyose, raddinose
and veerbascose are not digested by human beings but are fermented in the colon
and produce gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon (IV) oxide and
traces of methane (CH4). This produces a condition called flatulence
which may induce increased belching and heart-burn in some people. Other
constraints to the increased use of legumes include the presence of
anti-nutrient such as trypsin inhibitor, tannins hemaglutanins, phytates, anthocyanniona,
unacceptabl taste/flavor and the long and tedious cooking/processing time (Bedsheh,
Sattar. and Nizakat (1993). The presence of anti nutritional factors such as trypsin
inhibitors and chemotryosin inhibitors in legumes covers the digestibility of
legume protein (Enwonwu, 1983). Other anti-nutritional factors such as tannins,
phytates, anthocyannins and hemaglutinins impart bitter or unacceptable taste
to the legumes, prevent protein digestibility and decrease the absorption of divalent
metal ions such as F2+, Zn2+ in the intestine. This is
achieved by complexing with these metals and then making them unavailable for
absorption. Many approaches have been adopted to address problems associated
with legumes in food/feed.
The effect of cooking, roasting
and authoclaving on mineral composition has been reported for some legumes.
Also, the effect of soaking, sprouting and roasting on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterna) have been reported (Elegbede, (1998).
And finally, the effect of authclaving, soaking and germination have also been
reported too for lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus )7. The legumes refer
to the edible seeds of leguminous plants belonging to leguminosae family(Elegbede,
(1998). The family consists approximately 650 genera and 18,000 species; it is
divided into three sub-families, namely caesalpinaceae, mimosaceae and papilonaceae
(El-Moniem, Honke, and Bedarska, (2000). All legumes bears pods which may be
round, flat or winged, long or short, thick or thin, straight or cooled, woody
or flushy. The pods usually split longitudinally at one or both edges to expose
and release the seeds that it contains. The number of seeds that is contained
in a pod ranges from one to several dozens. Commonly consumed legume contains
17-25% protein. The potential for protein production in most important area is
greater for legumes than in cereals. Legumes meet their rot needs for nitrogen
without requiring fertilizers by using the nitrogen fixing bacteria their root
nodules contain a group of soil bacteria called Rhisobium which are able to
symbiotically trap nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it to amino acids
and consequently to proteins through a series of biochemical reactions.
The valve of legumes in improving
soul fertility has been known since ancient times. It is however only towards
the end of the 19th century that it was found out that legumes add
nitrogen to the soil. Many species of legumes have nodules on their roots
containing bacteria which have the ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen that
are available to the host plant. The soul nitrogen is also increased by
bacteria are supplied with carbohydrates by the host. This property makes
legumes very important in agriculture; they provide protein rich food for man
and livestock. They are used in mixture with grasses and pastures as well as
cover crops and green pastures. In this study, a comparative assessment was
made on the effect of sprouting on in vitro digestibility of some seeds used as
food.
The legumes reefer to the edible
seeds of leguminous plants belonging to leguminosae family(El-Moniem,
Honke, and Bedarska, (2000). The family consist approximately 650 general and
18,000 species. It is divided into three sub-families, namely casalpinaceae, mimosaceae
and papilonaceae9. All legumes bear pod which may be round, flat and
winged, long or short, thick or thin, straight or coiled, woody or fleshy. The
pods usually split longitudinal at on or both edges to expose and release the
seeds that it contains. The number of seeds that it contained in a pod ranges
from on e to several dozens. Commonly consumed legume contains 17-28% protein.
The potential for protein production in most important area is greater for
legumes than in cereals (Heatman and Kestler (1989). Legumes meet their needs
for nitrogen without requiring fertilizer by using the nitrogen fixing
bacteria. Their root nodules contain a group of soil bacteria called rhizobium
which are able to symbiotically trap nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert
it to amino acid and consequently to protein through a series of biochemical
reactions (Lawrence, (1987). The value of legumes in improving soil fertility
has been known since ancient times. It is however only towards the end of the
19th century that it was found, that legumes add nitrogen to the
soil. Many species of legumes have nodules no their roots containing bacteria
which have the ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen that are available to the
host plant. The soil nitrogen is also increased by bacteria supplied with
carbohydrates by the host. This property makes legumes very important in
agriculture with grasses and pastures as well as crops and green pastures
(Meyer. (1973).
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Source of Samples: Samples
were bought from open market at Ihievbe, Owan East Local Government Area, Edo
State, Nigeria. Samples were identified in Botany
Department, AmbroseAlliUniversity, Ekpoma.
- Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
- Sayabeans (Glycine max)
- Pigeon pea (cajanus cajan)
- Bambara beans (Vigna substerrabean)
Treatment of samples: Representative
portions were put into a beaker containing 500ml of water. Samples that floated
were discarded as not viable. Viable samples were soaked for 30 minutes to
imbibe water. They were subsequently removed and rinsed in 1% sodium benoate
solution to inhibit fungi growth during germination.
Germination: Sprouting
was done in Petri dishes containing soaked tissue paper for 3 days. The samples
were kept moist daily by wetting with water. They were confined in locked-up
cupboard.
Processing of samples: On
each day after sprouting, samples were collected and dried in air-drought oven
(at 550C to constant weight). The dried samples were subsequently
pulverized and sieved through a 1mm diameter sieve before used for analysis.
Analysis: Samples
for analysis consist of ungerminated raw sample; ungerminated cooked sample,
uncooked germinated samples respectively. 50ml of aqueous suspension of sample
(27g/100ml) was used. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 8 with 0.1m NaOH.
Subsequently, 10ml of multi enzyme mixture containing 1-6mg trysin, 3.1mg chemotrypsin
and 1-3 peptidase per ml were added. The slurry was then incubated for 15
minutes in water bath (at 37°C). The pH of the solution was then
read and the in vitro digestibility calculated from the equation (Sathe, Destipaude,
and Salunke, (1987).
Y+ 210.464 18.103X
Where: Y= digestibility; X =
pH value
Triplicate samples were read
subjected to single analysis of variance test. Results were expressed as mean ±
standard error of mean.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the result of
analysis carried out to assess the effect of germination and cooking on in
vitro digestibility of some varieties of commonly consumed legumes.
Table 1: Result of the effect of germination and cooking on in
vitro digestibility of some varieties of commonly consumed legumes
Treatment
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Pigeon
pea (Cajanus cajan)
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Soyabeans
(Glyine max)
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Bambara beans
(Vigna
subterranean)
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Cowpea
(Vigna Unguiculata)
|
A B
C
D
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94.12±
0.56
94.55±
0.43
99.37±
0.23
99.49±
0.37
|
94.48±
0.37
97.08±
0.67
89.36±
0.30
95.81±
0.37
|
101.49±
0.88
99.67±
0.40
94.61±
0.43
92.79±
0.40
|
94.55±
0.37
103.66±
0.49
97.62±
0.46
98.35±
0.37
|
Results
are given as Mean 94.± SEM of triplicate determinations; A = Ungerminated
uncooked; B = Ungerminated cooked ; C = Germinated uncooked; D = Germinated
cooked C = Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
All sample recorded mean statistical difference
for raw, cooked and germinated sample (P<0.05). This implies that cooking
and germination had positive effect on digestibility of the samples as
analyzed. The ungerminated raw sample of Bambara beans (Vign substerranean)
recorded the highest digestibility. However, cooked ungerminated sample
recorded improved digestibility except Bambara beans that recorded decreased
digestibility. The digestibility recorded by cowpea (vigna unguiculata) on
cooking was highest, 1103.66± 66 0.08, hence, cooking is a favourable
means of improving digestibility of most legumes seeds for food. On
germination, all samples recorded improved digestibility than raw or cooked
samples except for Soya bean (Gluycine max). Cooking of germinated samples
recorded comparable digestibility for cowpea, lower digestibility for Bambara
beans and improved digestibility of germinated raw soya beans samples compare
with the observation that sprouting of rapeased exhibited a significant
decrease (82.8%) in digestibility (Oshodi and Hall, (1993), (Bedsheh,.
Sattar, and Nizakat, 1993). Improved digestion as recorded for others support
the assertion that the use of germinated heat-treated soya beans, lupin and
black bean on their own and as food ingredient is nutritionally advantageous
due to the low content on non digestible oligosaccharides and high protein
utilization (Badsheh, and Nizkat, (1993) Effect of irradiation and other
processing methods on in vitro digestinbility of rapseed protein. J. Sci. Food
Agric.61:273 - 275 The improved digestibility recorded after cooking may be
ascribed to heat in activation of toxic factors as notices in the study on the
influence of heat processing of Africa Yam bean seed (sphenostylis stenocarpa)
flour on the growth and organ weight of rats.
Conclusion: The study indicates
that sprouting is not a favourable means of improving digestibility of local
varieties of Bambara (Vigna subterranean) and soya bean (Glycine max). However,
it serves to improve digestibility of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and cowpea (vigna
unguiculata). This implies that their content of non digestible
oligosaccharides was lowered. And finally, with pigeon pea recording in vitro
digestibility of 99.40% after sprouting and cooking. It will record growth
performance index better than cowpea, soya bean and Bambara beans. Hence, it
will serve better for weaning animals than the other studied legume seeds.
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