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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 10, Num. 3, 2006, pp. 171-173
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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, Vol. 10, No. 3, September, 2006, pp. 171-173
Protein levels in
Urine of Pregnant women in Rivers State, Nigeria
*IBEH, G O;
ONYEIKE, E N; ISODIKARI, A G
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port
Harcourt, P. M. B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Code Number: ja06073
ABSTRACT:The
levels of protein in urine of pregnant Women in Rivers State, Nigeria, were
investigated. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) Sample were analyzed, out
of which ninety (90) were obtained from pregnant Women and thirty (30) from
non-pregnant Women used as control. The protein concentration (mg/100ml) in
pregnant Women (56.3 + 8. 8. 7) was significantly (P≤
0.o5) higher than values in non-pregnant woman (35.3±
8.3). At different gestation periods values decreased from 53. 6±
5.51 mg /100ml in the first trimester to 28.3± 4.20 mg/ 100ml
in the third trimester. Protein levels decreased after 25 years of age and then
increased after 35 years of age of pregnant women. The concentration of protein
in relation to the number of pregnancies showed a range of 40.9±
11.4 mg/ 100ml gravida 2 pra to 75.8± 17.7 mg/100ml at
primer. The value at the primer did not differ significantly (p≤
0.05) from that at fourth pregnancy which was 73.7±
13.7 mg/100ml. It can be concluded that proteinuria occurred during pregnancy
especially at the first trimester, and the age and number of pregnancies
influenced the level of protein in urine. These findings may offer scientific
basis for the monitoring and treatment of pregnant Women for healthy living and
safe delivery of their babies. @JASEM
High
level of protein in urine may be due to renal disease or more rarely, due to
large amounts of low molecular weight proteins circulating and therefore being filtered
(Eden and Cooney, 1935). Normal subjects excrete up to 0.08 g of protein a day
in the urine, an amount undetectable by usual screening tests (Harold, 1980) Proteinuria
may occur in spite of normal renal function if abnormally large amounts of low
molecular weight proteins are being produced. It can be due to Bence-Jones
proteins or severe haemolysis with haemoglobinuria, or due to severe muscular
damage with myoglobinuria (Pollack, 1976). During pregnancy, many changes
occur. In pregnancy, the rate of excretion of urine is slightly higher than
that in non-pregnancy. Frequent urination is less common during the second
trimester and reoccurs after the baby descends into the pelvis close to the
time of delivery (Harold, 1980)
Pre-eclampsia
is a problem that occurs in some women during pregnancy, mostly during the
second trimester. It is characterized by oedema, elevated blood pressure and
proteinuria. (Dennis and Hester, 1977). Pre-eclampsia patients need close
monitoring by their Doctors until delivery time in order to save the baby and
mother. In the absence of treatment, a very high percentage of eclampsia patients
die. A part from proteinuria associated with disease, there is also gestation
proteinuria which is the presence of protein in urine during or under the
influence of pregnancy in the absence of hypertension, oedema, renal infection
or known intrinsic Renovascular disease (Pollack, 1976). The present
investigation is therefore aimed at estimating the total protein level in urine
of pregnant woman in Rivers state, Nigeria. This will help to establish if the presence of
proteinuria is peculiar to the condition of pregnant women and what factors
could be responsible for the presence of protein in their urine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Urine
sample collection: The specimen used was early morning urine from
pregnant and non-pregnant women. The pregnant women attended ante-natal clinics
in five different local government areas of RiversState. The five out of the twenty three (23) local
government areas in RiversState used for the study were determined by use of simple
random sampling technique. Sample bottles were given to ninety (90) pregnant
women to bring back their early-morning urine the next time they attended the
clinic. The thirty (30) non-pregnant women were also given sample bottles to
bring back with early-morning urine the next day. They were ascertained
non-pregnant by human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG) urine test. Altogether, a
total of one hundred and twenty (120) urine samples (10 ml each) were collected
from pregnant women and non- pregnant women selected by simple random sampling technique
out of a population of four hundred (400) women interviewed The urine samples
were spun at 2500 rpm for twenty minutes in order to get clear urine free from
substances that could cause turbidity. The volunteers were divided into four
groups (4) of thirty (30) women each. Group A served as control and consisted
of non- pregnant women. Groups B, C and D, based on their hospital reports,
also consisted of thirty (30) pregnant women who attended ante-natal clinic) at
first, second, third trimester of pregnancy respectively. The volunteers were
further regrouped based on their ages. Group A2 fell within the age
group 17-25 years Group B2, 26-35 years and C2, 36-50
years.
Protein
determination:The urine protein concentration of the pregnant and
non-pregnant women in Rivers State, Nigeria was estimated by the method of Lowry
et al (1951) with bovine serum albumin (BSA 1 mg/ml) as standard.0.25g BSA was
dissolved in distilled water in a 250 ml volumetric flask and made up to the ml
mark. To a series of test tubes were added 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ml of the
BSA solution. Each of these was made up to a final volume of 1 ml with
distilled water. From each tube was taken 0.5 ml solution and 0.5 ml reagent
(50 ml of 2% Na2 CO2 in 0.1 M NoaH) with 1 ml of 0.5% CuSO4
in 1% Na-K tart rate added and mixed well. The tubes were allowed to
stand for 10 minutes at room temperature; 0.5 ml of Follin-Ciocalteau reagent
(1 part phenol + 2 parts distilled water) was rapidly added and mixed
immediately. The test tubes were then allowed to stand at room temperature for
10 minutes after which absorbance was read at 625 nm with spectronic 20
spectrophotometer. Absorbance was then plotted against BSA concentration to
give a calibration curve for protein determination. 0.5 ml urine was
pipetted into test tubes and protein concentration of each urine sample was
determined as already described. The concentration of protein in each urine
sample was extrapolated from the calibration curve using the absorbance value.
Determinations were done in triplicates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean
protein concentration (ml/100ml) was higher in pregnant women (56.3± 8.7) than in non-pregnant women (35.4±8.3) (Table1).
The difference was significant (P≤ 0.05). Protein
level at different gestation periods (Table 2) showed that protein
concentration decreased as the pregnancy advanced. Table 3 shows the effect of
age of pregnant woman on urine protein level. There was a decrease in protein
level after the age of 25 years followed by an increase above the age of 35
years. The difference was also significant (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 1:
Protein levels in pregnant and non-pregnant woman.
Parameter
|
Pregnant
|
Non- pregnant
|
Protein level
(Mg/ 100ml)
|
56.30±8.77(n)
|
35.28±8.30(n)
|
Values are ± SD of
triplicate determinations n = number of samples analyzed (30).
Table 2:
Protein level at different gestation periods
Age (months)
|
Protein (mg/ 100w)
|
First trimester n=30
|
53.6+ 10.0a
|
Second trimester n=30
|
39.3 + 6.46b
|
Third trimester n=30
|
28.3 + 5.51c
|
Values
are means ± SD of triplicate determinations,N=
number of samples analyzed.Values in the same column bearing different
superscript letters areSignificantly different at the 5% level.
Based
on parity (Table 4) it was observed that the least urine protein level (40.9 ± 11.4 mg/100 ml) occurred at second pregnancy, the highest levels were
observed at first (75.8 ± 17.7 mg/100 ml) and fourth (73.7± 13.7) pregnancies and values were not significant at the 5% level (P≤ 0.05). From the results obtained in this study, it is evident that
mean urine protein concentration was significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher in pregnant woman than in non-pregnant mothers. This
finding agrees with earlier reports (Guthrie and Pic Glano 1945 kinicaid
Smith and Buller, 1965, Toback et al, 1990, McEwan, 1973). This
increase in urinary protein concentration during pregnancy may be due to
physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. These changes include
increase in glomerular size and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Seehan and
Lynch, 1973), Bailey and Rolleston 1971). Urinary collecting system, 1 cm
increase in renal length (kaupilla et al 1972) and dilation of
the ureters, pelvic and calcyces (Fainstar, 1973, Leuriheimer, 1977)
Pathological changes may be as a result of impairment of the glomeruli and
Kidney which occur in glomerular nephritis and other conditions such as
hypertension in pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Table 3: Effect
of age of pregnant woman on urine protein levels
Age (Years)
|
Protein (mg/ 100ml)
|
17- 35 n=30
|
47.0 + 14.7b
|
26-35 n=30
|
33.4 + 7.62c
|
36-50 n=30
|
49.4 + 7.62a
|
Values are means ± SD of
triplicate determinations n= number of samples analyzed.Values in the same
column bearing different superscript letters are significantly different at P =
0.05.
Table 4: Effect of number of pregnancies (parity) on urine
protein levels
Number of pregnancies
|
Protein
|
Primary n = 10
|
75.8 + 17.7a
|
Gravid a 3 Pra n = 10
|
40.9 + 11.4d
|
Gravid a 3 Pra
|
55.5 + 20.0c
|
Multifarious (4th)
n = 10
|
73.7 + 13.7a
|
Multifarious (5th)
n = 10
|
61.1 + 10.8b
|
Values are means ± SD of
triplicate determination.
Values in the same column having the same superscript letters are not significantly different at the 5% level (P ≤ 0.05).n = number of urine samples analyzed.
High
protein diet could be a contributory factor to the proteinuria observed in
pregnancy. This is possible since during pregnancy more protein is consumed.
High protein diet will lead to high protein concentration in serum and aided by
the increased kidney size and increased glomerular filtration rate these
proteins are excreted in the urine. Mean protein concentration was observed to
decrease with age of pregnancy. The least protein concentration (28. 3 ± 5.5 mg/100m) was observed at the third trimester. There was also a
decrease in urine protein concentration after the age of 25 years followed by
an increase above the age of 35 years. This tends to suggest that bearing
children at tender ages (teenagers) and after the age of thirty- five years
(35) is not very safe and should be discouraged. This is so because their
pregnancies are considered to be more complex.
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Copyright 2006 - Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management
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