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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 11, Num. 4, 2007, pp. 25-32

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2007, pp. 25-32

The levels of iron and manganese in kaduna street dust

AYODELE J. T.; ALI, Z, N.

Chemistry Department, Bayero University, P.M.B.3011, Kano, Applied Science Department of Science and Technology Kaduna Polytechnic Kaduna-Nigeria. E-mail tjayodele@yahoo.com

* Corresponding author: Ayodele J. T.

Code Number: ja07088

ABSTRACT:

The levels of Fe and Mn in Kaduna street dusts collected from a variety of situations are reported. Wide range concentrations of the four metals were observed in street dust from different parts of the municipality. Their distributions were multimodal with jigsaw pattern. The mean iron and manganese concentrations of the investigated were 730.55µgg-1 and 82.024µgg-1 respectively.The results commensurate with highly dispersed materials of local origin. Significant correlation between iron and manganese indicated that these metals in the residential areas are affected by automobile exhaust emissions and other sources of the pollutants.

 

The component and quantity of street dusts are environmental pollution indicator in big cities (Sezgin et al., 2004) as a source of outdoor air pollutant.(Yeung et al ., 2003). The urban environment is composed of varying concentrations of trace elements from a vast array of anthropogenic sources (Hodel and Chang, 2004) as well as from natural geochemical processes (Shakourn and El-Talib, 1995). Street dust particles can be grouped into: Elements geochemically associated in nature are related to resuspension of soil particles as their main source are building construction, renovation and weathering of building materials. Elements of anthropogenic origin that is, traffic petrol and diesel operated generating machines, coal combustion or domestic heating. Elements related to industrial activity in an area. (Loredo et al., 2003).

Most trace elements especially the heavy metals remain in the soil nearly indefinitely. These metals remain bound to organic matter unless they are re-mobilized mechanically as wind –blown dust (Turer et al., 2001). Human exposure to metals and their compounds in the environment is through food, drinks and water. Other forms of uptake are via skin contact. (Ewers and Schlipkoter, 1991a). However, over a period of time, adverse toxic effects may occur as a result of long-term low-level exposure (Ewers and Schlipkoter, 1991).

Iron is essential for the physiological process in all living organisms (Bowen, 1979). Iron maybe toxic to cells because it catalyzes the production of the hydroxyl radical. (Huebers, 1991). In Fe deficiently absorption of other heavy metals is increased. fumes causes pneumonia, and siderosis (Butler, 1979) whilst exposure to its dust causes bronchitis (Missale et al., 1985). Manganese is an essential element occurring in concentrations hardly toxic to the environment. It is available in plant and animal cells in high concentrations especially in the mitochondria where it acts as a cofactor for the activation of some enzymes (Schiele, 1991). Manganese deficiency causes disorders in menstrual cycle, still birth, and low birth weight as well as growth impairments in rats, mice, cows etc (Matrone et al., 1977). A maximal acceptable daily intake of 3mg/kg (Schiele, 1991).Manganese salts are potent mutagens in some microorganism or carcinogens in mammalian systems (Schiele, 1991). Manganese deficiency is manifested by dermatitis, pigment changes, deficiencies in hair growth, hypolipidema, and prothrombin deficiency (Doisey, 1972).

This paper reports the Fe and Mn concentrations in Kaduna street dust in the residential, commercial and industrial areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the preparation of solutions, analytical reagent grade chemicals and distilled-deionized water were used. All glass wares were washed with detergent and rinsed with water before immersion in 10% nitric acid solution. They were further rinsed with distilled-deionised water before drying in the oven at 105° C. All weighing were done on Mettler Toledo AB54 analytical weighing balance.

Study Area

Kaduna is an industrial city located on the southern end of the high plains of northern Nigeria, bounded by parallels 90031N to 110321N, and extends from the upper River Mariga on 60051E to 80481E on the foot slopes of the scarp of Jos Plateau (Udo, 1970).

Climate

Kaduna experiences a typical tropical continental climate with distinct seasonal regimes, oscillating between cold to hot dry and humid to wet. These two seasons reflect the influences of tropical continental and equatorial maritime airmases which sweep over the entire country. However, in Kaduna, the seasonality is pronounced with the cold to hot dry season longer than the rainy season (Bello, 2000).

Sampling Zones and Bio indication network

The entire municipal was divided into eight mapping units of 10km2 to avoid spatial variability as shown in Fig.1.

Sampling

Eight hundred samples were collected between October 2004-April 2005 from different zones with different degrees of pollution Dust samples were collected from pavements, curbs, intersections such as round about, T-junctions and free ways using a plastic brush and tray (Loredo et al; 2003; Yeung et al; 2003) and were stored in plastic bags (Ayodele and Gaya, 1998). Kaduna municipal was subdivided into eight sampling zones. Each zone was further subdivided into large squares from where samples were collected. At each sampling site street dusts were collected. Sampling was carried out during the dry season being the period of highest pollution of air in the municipality resulting in the highest concentrations of the particulates (Dmuchowski and Bytnerowicz, 1994). Zones b comprising L-Banki, Unguwar Shanu, Abakpa, Kurmin Mashi, zone c-Tudun wada comprising Unguwar Sunusi, Tudun wada, and Tudun nupawa and zone d-Kabala comprising Mando, National eye centre, Rigasa, Kabala West and Unguwar Muazu are predominantly commercial /residential areas. Zone d Kudenda is an industrial area. Zone f is also a commercial/residential area. Zone g comprising Unguwar Rimi and Kabala Costain is a predominantly residential area. Zone h Kawo comprising Kawo and Rafinguza is a commercial /residential area while zone I is the Central market a predominantly commercial centre.

Sample Treatment

All dust samples were oven-dried at 105° C to a constant weight (Ayodele and Gaya, 1998) and were sieved through a 250µm mesh (Li and Shuman, 1996; Ayodele and Gaya, 1994). 1.0g of each sample was digested with 20cm3 of 6M nitric acid and was filtered through acid washed Whatman 540 filter paper into a 50cm3 volumetric flask and was diluted to the mark with water (Fergusson, 1987; Ayodele and Gaya, 1998). The resultant solution was analysed for cadmium, cobalt, iron and manganese.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in Kaduna Metropolis street dust is as shown in Fig. 2a.The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of high concentration with a mean of 730.55mgg-1 and coefficient of variation 13.92%. This result is similar to that by Birch and Scollen (2003) for Fe levels in Port Jackson street dust.

Iron distribution in Fig 2b represents results obtained for zone b. This is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of high concentration with a mean of 812.01mgg-1 and coefficient of variation 15.93%.

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone c is as shown in Fig.2c. The distribution is skewed towards high frequency of high concentration with a mean of 816.63 µgg-1 and coefficient of variation 4.58%. Sources of iron are largely from natural geochemical processes.

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone d is as shown in Fig.2d. with a mean of 838.85 µgg1 and coefficient of variation of 5.1%. The distribution pattern is similar to that shown Fig. 2c hence their sources are similar.

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone e is as shown in Fig2e. The distribution pattern is symmetrical with a mean of 874 27mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 3.86%.

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone f is as shown Fig.2g. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of high concentration with a mean of 658.23 ugg-1 and coefficient of variation of 9.03%.

The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone g is as shown in Fig. 2g. Iron distribution in the zone is symmetrical with a mean of 598.61mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 9.41 %. The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone h is as shown in Fig .2h. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of high concentration with a mean of 778.13 ugg-1 and coefficient of variation of 6.89%. The frequency distribution pattern for iron in zone i is as shown in Fig.2i. The distribution is symmetrical with a mean of 826.09mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 5.34%.The concentration of iron in all the zones were high except for Unguwar Rimi zone a predominantly residential area.

The frequency distribution pattern for manganese in Kaduna metropolis is as shown in Fig 3a. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low concentration, with a mean of 82.035mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 44.71%. This is similar to values reported by Ayodele and Gaya (1998), Birch and Scollen (2003) but in contrast with values reported by De Miguel et al (1990). The frequency distribution pattern for Mn. In zone b is as shown in Fig 3b. The distribution is skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean of 68.975mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 12.89%.

Pattern for Mn. In zone b is as shown in Fig 5b. The distribution is skewed towards high frequency. The frequency distribution for Mn in zone c is as shown in Fig 3c. The distribution is skewed towards high frequency of low concentrations with a mean of 80.755mgg-1and coefficient of variation of 24.52 %. The frequency distribution for Mn in zone d is as shown in Fig 3d. The distribution is skewed towards high frequency of low concentrations with a mean of 77.81 mgg-1 and coefficient of variation for 20.31%. The frequency distribution for Mn in zone e is as shown in Fig 3e. The distribution is symmetrical with a mean of 124.65 mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 10.81%. The frequency distribution for Mn in zone f is as shown in Fig 3f. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of concentration with a mean of 49.31mgg-1and coefficient of variation of 18.65%.

The frequency distribution for Mn in zone g is as shown in Fig 3g. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean of 39.81mgg-1and coefficient of variation for 21.56%. The frequency distribution pattern for Mn in zone h is as shown in fig 3h. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean of 71.54mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 29.48 %. The frequency distribution pattern for Mn in zone i is as shown in Fig 3i. The distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low concentration, with a mean of 150.295 mgg-1 and coefficient of variation of 14.1%

Monitoring trace metals in street dust has provided a tool for estimating the degree of contamination, source, and habit etc of the residential, commercial and industrial areas. The concentration of the various metals in street dust is a function of their proximity to major highways industrial areas and types of activities in the immediate surroundings. Our results exhibit a range of concentrations between the industrial, residential and commercial areas thus suggesting strong sporadic influence from anthropogenic sources (Hofstader etal., 1976; Fergusson, 1987; Ayodele and Gaya, 1998). Therefore the primary sources of these metals in street dust are resuspension of soil derived dust, vehicle induced turbulence, geochemical processes, and wind blown dusts. In urban cities, people are exposed to a variety of potentially toxic chemicals. Of particular concern is the inhalation of fine-grained atmospheric particles with high concentrations of heavy metals (Loredo et al., 2003). From geochemical data obtained by sampling dust samples in the urban areas of Kaduna, significant anomalies were detected and some conclusions could be drawn that in urban cities, people are exposed to a variety of potentially toxic chemicals. Of particular concern is the inhalation of fine-grained atmospheric particles with high concentrations of heavy metals.

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