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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
World Bank assisted National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - University of Port Harcourt
ISSN: 1119-8362
Vol. 14, Num. 1, 2010, pp. 17-21
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Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, March, 2010, pp. 17-21
Manganese Concentrations In Hair and Fingernail of Some Kano Inhabitants
Ayodele, J.T. and Bayero, A.S.
Department of Chemistry, Bayero University, P.M.B 3011, Kano-Nigeria.
* Corresponding author: Ayodele, J.T, E mail: tjayodele @yahoo.com
Code Number: ja10003
ABSTRACT
Manganese concentrations in hair and fingernails
were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).The mean
manganese in hair and fingernail were 0.54 ± 0.35mg/g and 0.68 ±
0.30mg/g respectively. A progressive decrease in manganese
concentrations in hair and fingernails with age indicated no
significant difference in their means suggesting that manganese in hair
and fingernails originate from a common source. Comparing the mean
manganese concentrations in hair with the fingernails a significant
difference is indicated in the two tissues (p≤ 0.05). Human hair and
fingernails are therefore recording filaments that can reflect
metabolic changes of many elements over long periods of time and hence
furnish an imprint of post nutritional event as dietary levels of
essential micro-elements. @ JASEM
Manganese is an essential trace element in human nutrition (Keen
et al.,1999). Its richest dietary sources include whole grains, nuts,
leafy vegetables and teas(Pennington and
Young,1991;FreelandGraves,1994;Gibson,1994). Manganese is concentrated
in the bran of grains removed during processing. The mean intake of
manganese world wide range from 0.52 to 10.8 milligrams daily.
Concomitant intake of manganese with foods rich in phytic acid or
oxalic acid may depress its absorption (Keen et al.,1989; Keen and
Zidenberg-Cherr,1996).
In the body, manganese facilitates enzyme functions and many cell
processes (Aras and Ataman, 2006). Elevated levels may reflect
occupational exposure (Chatt and Katz, 1988). Increased manganese
concentrations were found in hair samples of school children scoring
poorly in tests to assess general intelligence, visual motor skills,
receptive language, verbal memory, nonverbal problem solving and
behavioral problems (Wright, et al., 2006). In archaeological bone,
manganese is often correlated with aluminium (Pate and Hutton, 1988).
Hair manganese levels correlate with its levels in other body tissues
such as urine, saliva, sweat and human milk (Barret,1985;
Hull,2003;Afridi et al.,2006a&b; Kazi et al.,2008).Manganese is the
preferred metal co-factor for glycosyltransferases important in the
synthesis of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans
(mucopolysaccharides). It is a component of the metalloenzyme manganese
superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the mitochondria and is a constituent
of the mitochondrial oxidant defense system (Nielsen, 1999).
Symptoms associated with manganese deficiency include fatigue, lack of
physical endurance, slow growth of fingernails and hair, impaired
metabolism of bone and cartilage, dermatitis, weight loss, reduced
fertility, increased allergic sensitivities and inflammation (Baly et
al., 1990; Davis et al., 1990). Deficiency signs include nausea,
vomiting, change in hair colour and neurologic sequela (Fred, 1998).
Manganese is toxic under certain conditions. Patients with endstage
liver disease accumulate manganese in their basal ganglia. Manganese
plays a role in the hepatic encephalopathy in those with liver failure
and is eliminated through the bile, and hepatic dysfunction leads to
depressed manganese excretion (Krieger et al., 1995). Mine workers
exposed to high concentrations of manganese dust develop
locuramanganica or manganese madness. In later stages of this
disease, symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease are observed (Nagatomo
et al., 1999).The aim of the present study was to determine the
concentration of manganese in scalp hair and fingernails from some
inhabitants resident in Kano.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling: The
hair samples were collected according to the recommendation of IAEA
(1991). Human hair were taken from the scalp part. Precleaned stainless
steel scissors and trimmers were used for collection of specimens and
clean bags were used for sample storage. The hair samples were washed
with acetone and deionized water and air dried according to the
procedure recommended by IAEA for human hair (IAEA.1991)
Manganese was determined from various subjects resident in Kano for
at least six months. Hair (n=350) and fingernail (n=300) samples were
collected from subjects in the age range of 1-55years.
Nail samples were collected in polyethylene
containers and were washed in 1% solution of TRITONX-100 in de-ionized
water in an ultra sonic bath and on drying were stored in small plastic
tubes (Iyengar,1984). Hair samples were collected from each subject as
close to the scalp as possible (Kucera et al.,1996).Cleaning of hair
and nail samples prior to determining the manganese content was done
using distilled water, organic solvents and a mixture of organic
solvent and a nonionic detergent. The hair samples were washed using
three different washing methods. Distilled water was initially employed
(Chittleborough, 1980) followed by a 50% solution of ethanol and
acetone (Kucera et al.,1996) and finally a 1% solution of nonionic
detergent (Extran MA01 or Teepol),distilled water and acetone
(Schrauzer et al.,1988; Nowak,1998; Martin et al., 2005) after which
they were kept in an alcohol- either mixture for 45mins and dried at
60ºC for 72hr.
0.5g of each sample was digested in 10cm3 concentrated
HNO3 and the resulting solution was evaporated to dryness and
redissolved in 0.1M nitric acid (Nnorom et al., 2005). Manganese
concentrations were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption on a Model
210 VGP Spectrophotometer attached to IBM computer. The result of the
absorbance of each sample was the average of ten sequential readings.
Background light absorption and scattering were compensated for either
by deuterium hollow cathode lamp. Distilled water was digested as blank
using the same procedure previously described (Ayodele and Abubakar,
1998; Ayodele and Abubakar, 2001)
Statistical Analysis:
All statistical computations were on the PC 486 66MHZ microcomputer
using the integrated statistical package for windows from Umstat
Ltd.(London) or dedicated micro instructions for the Excel spread
sheets from Microsoft. The approach enabled the advantages of the
various computational and graphical facilities of both types of
software's to be used with the ability to read different file formats.
The analyses of variance (ANOVA) were carried out according to
described procedures (O'Mahony, 1986).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The frequency distribution pattern for the age of
hair and fingernail donors is as shown in Fig.1.The distribution is
multimodal with a mean age of 27.51 ± 16.5 years. The frequency
distribution pattern for manganese in hair is as shown in Fig.2. The
distribution is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low
concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.54 ± 0.35mg/g
while the frequency distribution pattern for manganese in fingernails
(Fig. 3) is multimodal and is skewed towards high frequency of low
concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.68 ± 0.30mg/g.
Pearson parametric correlation showed a significant correlation between
the manganese content in hair and fingernails (p<0.05)Table 1. The
analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mean manganese
concentration of manganese in hair is not significantly different from
that in the fingernails at p>0.05 (Table 2). The levels obtained in
this study are in agreement with mean manganese in hair and fingernails
reported by other authors worldwide (Table 3).
Figure 4
Manganese
concentration in hair and fingernails with respect to age is as shown
in Fig.3 Manganese levels in both hair and fingernails decreased with
age, but the decrease is pronounced in hair, indicating that manganese
may be playing some physiological functions (Hull, 2003). Scalp
hair and fingernails can record the level and changes of elements in
the body over a long period of time(.Saiki et al.,1998; Khuder et
al.,2008) Changes in the elemental composition of hair therefore depend
on alterations of external and internal media of the human body, and it
is considered that hair and fingernails of healthy individuals contain
each element within a well defined range of concentration and may be
considered as a potential indicator of both external and internal long
term exposure to pollutants. The idea of hair and fingernail analysis
is inviting, since it is painlessly removed, normally discarded, easily
stored and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Analysis is
simple and painless, mineral concentrations are not subjected to rapid
fluctuations due to diet or other variables and therefore reflect a
long - term nutritional status. Samples are stable at room temperature,
analytical methods are easy because mineral concentrations in hair are
relatively high (Borel and Anderson, 1984; Ayodele and Bayero, 2008;
Ayodele and Bayero, 2009).
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