 |
| About Bioline | All Journals | Testimonials | Membership | News |
|
||||||
|
||||||
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Vol. 52, No. 3, July-September, 2006, pp. 179-182 Original Article Development and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the etiological diagnosis of infectious endophthalmitis Bagyalakshmi R, Madhavan HN, Therese KL Larsen & Toubro Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, No.18, College Road, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu Code Number: jp06060 Abstract Background: Uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of bacterial and panfungal genome has been applied onto a large number of intraocular fluids facilitating management of infective endophthalmitis.Aim: To develop and apply a novel, rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) to detect the presence of eubacterial, Propionibacterium acnes and panfungal genomes in intraocular fluids from patients clinically diagnosed to have infective endophthalmitis. Settings and Design: Prospective study . Materials and Methods: Conventional methods of direct microscopy by KOH/calcofluor mount, Gram's staining and culture were done on 30 (19 Aqueous humor-AH and 11 Vitreous fluid-VF) intraocular specimens and mPCR done for simultaneous detection of eubacterial, P. acnes and panfungal genomes. Results: mPCR detected an infectious etiology in 18 (60%) of 30 intraocular specimens. Eubacterial genome was detected in 12 (40%) specimens, P. acnes genome in 4 (13.3%) specimens and panfungal genome in 2 (6.6%) specimens. mPCR results correlated with those of uniplex PCR. mPCR results were available within 5-6 hours after receipt of specimen, as against 8 hours required for each uniplex PCR with three separate thermalcyclers for their completion. Consumption of Taq polymerase was reduced considerably for mPCR. Conclusion: mPCR is a cost effective, single tube method for the simultaneous detection of eubacterial, P. acnes and panfungal genomes in intraocular specimens from patients with infective endophthalmitis. It is a more rapid procedure than uniplex PCRs and requires only a single thermalcycler. Keywords: Multiplex PCR, polymerase chain reaction, aqueous humor, vitreous fluid, infectious endophthalmitis Infective endophthalmitis is a serious ocular infection that can result in blindness. Approximately 70% of cases occur as a direct complication of intraocular surgery.[1],[2] The diagnosis of infective endophthalmitis is on clinical grounds; but negative cultures are frequently encountered, (21-63%)[3] resulting in a dilemma. The results of conventional methods of direct smear are available within half an hour and, culture results are available at 48 hours (for bacteria) and at 10 days (for fungus and anaerobic bacteria). In contrast, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results are available within 8 hours and hence PCR had proved to be a rapid, reliable and sensitive tool in diagnosis of infective endophthalmitis. multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) has been widely used for detection and characterization of genes of bacteria[4],[5],[6] and viral retinitis.[7] It is important to have a rapid and sensitive test that would help resolve the dilemma by detecting the genomes of common infectious agents simultaneously. Materials and Methods Thirty intraocular specimens (19 AH and 11 VF), collected from 25 patients referred to an ophthalmic hospital, during June-August 2004 with clinical diagnosis of infective endophthalmitis, after cataract or lens surgeries were investigated for detection of the causative infectious agent. Conventional microbiological investigations Both AH and VF were processed for KOH /calcofluor and Gram staining techniques and for culture of bacteria and fungi by standard microbiological methods.[8],[9],[10] In brief, the intraocular specimens were inoculated onto blood agar (incubated aerobically at 37°C), chocolate agar (incubated in 10% CO 2 at 37°C), brucella blood agar (incubated anaerobically in Don Whitley Compact anaerobic work station, Thane, India), brain heart infusion broth and thioglycollate broth. Sabouraud′s dextrose agar was used for isolation of fungus, and other aerobic media with no growth at the end of 48 hours were incubated for a period of 10 days to isolate fungus. The isolated microorganisms were identified by standard protocols. The smears made from AH and VF using the cytospin (Cytospin 2, Shandon, USA) were stained by Gram staining and KOH /calcofluor preparations for the detection of bacteria and fungus respectively. PCR assay conditions for detection of eubacterial, P. acnes and panfungal genomes DNA was extracted from the intraocular specimens of AH and VF by Qiagen kit (Qiagen, Germany, catalogue 51304) method according to the manufacturer′s instructions. nPCR was carried out using eubacterial primers targeting for 16SrRNA[2] and panfungal genome targeting 28SrRNA[11] as described previously. Assay conditions for mPCR For a 50 μl reaction, 8 μl of 200 μm dNTPs, 5 μl of 10 x PCR buffer (5 mM MgCl 2 , 500 mM KCl, 100 mM Tris Cl, (0.01% gelatin), 0.36 micromole of primers for eubacterial genome: U 1 5′ TTGGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC 3′, rU 4 5′ GGACTACCAGGGTATCTAA 3′(first round) U 2 5′ GGCGTGCTTA ACACATGCAAGTCG 3′, U 3 5′ GCG GCTGGCACGTAGTTAG 3′(second round), 1 micromole of P. acnes primers Pa 1 : 5′ AAGGCCCTGCTTTTGTGG 3′rPa 3 5′ ACTCACGCTTCGTCACAG 3′(first round) and Pa 1 and rPa 2 5′ TCCATCCGCAACCGCCGAA 3′for the second round were used. For panfungal genome detection, 10 picomoles of forward primer FU 1 5′ TGAAATTGTTGAAAGGGAA 3′and reverse primer FU 2 - 5′ GACTCCTTGGTCCGTGTT 3′ were used. The primers and PCR reagents were obtained from Bangalore Genei, India Amplification of the three genomes was carried out in a single tube using 10 μl of template DNA in Perkin Elmer thermalcycler (Model 2700) with the same thermal profile of Therese et al[2] for 25 cycles. Nested amplification for detection of eubacterial and P. acnes genomes was carried out with the same thermal profile for 10 cycles. Sensitivity and specificity Sensitivity of mPCR was determined using serial ten-fold dilutions of DNA of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12228), of a laboratory isolate of P. acnes and of C. albicans (ATCC 24433); specificity of mPCR assay was determined using standard ATCC strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (ATCC 7853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12228) , Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, HSV 1 ATCC 733 VR and human leukocyte DNA. Results Sensitivity and specificity of mPCR The specificity and sensitivity of both the nPCR tests for detection of eubacterial and P. acnes genome were 40 fg and 50 fg as published previously. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR for detection of eubacterial genome and P. acnes genome was 100 fg and for panfungal genome was 0.4 pg. The primers were specific when amplified by multiplex reaction amplifying the respective targets. The results of sensitivity of mPCR after first round of amplification are shown in [Figure 1]A and after second round of amplification are shown in [Figure 1]B. The results of mPCR for detection of eubacterial, P. acnes and panfungal genomes are given in [Table 1]. The results of individual eubacterial PCR is shown in [Figure 2] and that of Propionibacterium acnes PCR is shown in [Figure 3]. mPCR revealed the presence of eubacterial genome in 12 [(7 AH, 5 VF) 40%], in additional 9 specimens increasing the clinical sensitivity by 30%. The results of mPCR applied on intraocular specimens for eubacterial genome detection is shown in [Figure 4]. mPCR revealed the presence of Propionibacterium acnes genome in 4 (4 AH,13.3%).The results of mPCR applied on intraocular specimens for P. acnes genome detection is shown in [Figure 5]. mPCR revealed the presence of panfungal genome in 2 (1 AH, 1 VF 6.3% [Table 1]). The results of multiplex PCR applied on intraocular specimens for panfungal genome detection is shown in [Figure 6]. There was no striking difference in the clinical presentation of cases detected by conventional methods as against those detected only by mPCR Discussion In the present study, novel mPCR was developed and applied on to intraocular specimens to detect three infectious genomes. mPCR was evaluated against individual uniplex PCR and results were on par with them. mPCR has several advantages over individual PCR: It is cost-effective as it reduces the total cost by one-third, offers considerable reduction in time required for generating reports and eliminates the need to use separate thermalcyclers for individual uPCR. The consumption of PCR reagents is minimized by carrying out the amplification in a single tube with no additional Taq polymerase required to amplify three genomes simultaneously. The annealing temperature for mPCR was determined based on the melting temperature, length (18-24 bases) and GC content of the primers. The annealing temperature of 60°C was optimal for amplifying all three infectious genomes. This novel thermal profile was designed to amplify the three infectious genomes by using 25 cycles for the first round and a reduction of five cycles for the second round without affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the procedure. Moreover, the time period needed for reporting the results was reduced by two hours compared to individual PCRs. By application of mPCR rapid diagnosis was available within five hours of specimen collection as against 8 hours required for each uPCR. Furthermore, the results of mPCR correlated well with intraocular specimens which were culture positive for bacteria. These findings are comparable to our earlier findings[2] and as well as to those published by Lohmann et al, Hykin et al and Carroll et al.[11],[12],[13],[14] This novel mPCR was extremely useful in diagnosing the infectious agent in the minimal amount of template DNA available. Moreover, this novel mPCR has several advantages over uPCR such as, detection of two or more targets in a single tube, minimizing the use of PCR reagents, reduction in time and the need for a single thermalcycler for amplification. Based on the results of mPCR appropriate therapy was initiated using antibacterial or antifungal drugs as the case may be. The newer technique of mPCR was extremely useful in management of endophthalmitis. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind developed for etiological diagnosis of infective endophthalmitis.References
Copyright 2006 - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine The following images related to this document are available:Photo images[jp06060f6.JPG] [jp06060f2.JPG] [jp06060f1b.jpg] [jp06060t1.JPG] [jp06060f4.JPG] [jp06060f1a.JPG] [jp06060f3.JPG] [jp06060f5.JPG] |
| |||||||||
