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Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
Medknow Publications and Staff Society of Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
ISSN: 0022-3859 EISSN: 0972-2823
Vol. 52, Num. 3, 2006, pp. 226-229
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Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Vol. 52, No. 3, July-September, 2006, pp. 226-229
Students Corner
A tribute to the indomitable spirit of Jivraj Mehta
Goenka AjitH, Kulkarni HS
Seth GS Medical College, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012
Correspondence Address:Seth GS Medical College, KEM Hospital, Parel,
Mumbai - 400 012, ajit123goenka@yahoo.com
Code Number: jp06073
Dr. Jivraj Mehta (1887-1978) was the founder-architect of Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Mumbai. He devotedly served the cause of these institutions in the unenviable post of their first Dean over an eventful period of 18 years (1925-42). This was in addition to the selfless services that he rendered to the society in numerous other positions of immense responsibility and honour. A man of simple yearnings and exemplary moral rectitude, his life is a saga of perpetual struggle for the betterment of his fellow citizens.
"He who serves his brother best, Gets nearer to God than all the rest"
- John Ruskin Early Years
Jivraj Mehta was born on 29th August 1887 in Amreli, a small town
in Saurashtra in the state of Gujarat, in the family of Narayan and
Jamakben Mehta. His father, Narayan Mehta, was a small time shopkeeper
who struggled to make ends meet. However, abject poverty could not
dent the tireless spirit of young Jivraj. This spirit was further shored
up, thanks to the strong influence of his grandmother, a lady of drive
and determination, and to the encouragement of his schoolteacher Apte
Sahib. He was driven by a zealous desire to excel in the face of overwhelming
odds. He would often study under streetlights and would also give tuitions
to supplement the meagre income of his family. After completing his
matriculation from an Anglo-vernacular school in his hometown, he briefly
toyed with the idea of entering the Indian Civil Services. The prospect
of the mundane job of a civil servant under the colonial rule, however,
did not rate highly in his scheme of things.
Around this time, he came
into contact with Dr. Eduljee Rustomji Dadachandjee, a civil surgeon
in Amrelli. Dr. Eduljee′s son was one of the students he taught.
By all accounts, it was the fruitful interaction with the philanthropic
Dr. Eduljee that prompted him to take up medicine. He subsequently
secured admission into the Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Hospital,
Bombay (now Mumbai), after clearing a stiff written test and a thorough
viva voce examination that was conducted by the British IMS officers.
His medical education was sponsored by the Seth VM Kapol Boarding
Trust. He was also endowed with the Jamkhande scholarship -a scholarship
that
was reserved for the poorest of the freshly admitted students. Conscious
of the precarious financial position of his family, young Jivraj
would forthwith dispatch most of the scholarship amount back home.
He would
himself struggle with the meagre resources at his disposal. The financial
hardships that he faced during his college years taught him invaluable
lessons in life. Besides, the generous help that he received from
various quarters seems to have instilled into him an added sense of
responsibility.
He reciprocated the aid of his mentors by faring exceptionally well
in academics. He topped the class in his First Licentrate in Medicine
and Surgery (the then equivalent of MBBS) examination. In his final
year, he was able to capture seven of the eight prizes open to his
batch and shared the eighth prize with his hostel roommate Kashinath
Dikshit. This treasure of prizes prompted Jivraj to request the authorities
at the Kapol boarding to allow him to partly pay for his stay at
their facility - an act that testifies his immense sense of self-esteem.
Later, he applied to the Tata education foundation for a student
loan to enable him to pursue his postgraduate studies in London.
His impeccable
credentials ensured that he was one of the only two students selected
for this prestigious fellowship from amongst several bright students
who had applied for it. He then sailed to London in May 1909 with
the determination to scale even greater peaks.
Life in London - Birth of a Nationalist
Jivraj Mehta lived in London from 1909 to 1915. On his arrival in
England, Jivraj secured admission to the reputed London Hospital Medical
College. His stay in London was punctuated with events of great political
significance - events that were to have major bearing on the rest of
his career.
While in London Jivraj found, much to his outrage, that
the Indian students department of the India office in London was upsetting
the very interests of Indian students and also that its agents were
spying on the naive students. In protest, he established the London
Indian association under the patronage of eminent leaders of Indian
independence movement. Quite deservingly, he was elected its president
and he served in that position for two years. He was also one of the
founding members of the Indian Guild of Science and Technology, an
organization that had been instituted with a view to foster deeper
understanding of these subjects among Indian students. He also took
active interest in Mahatma Gandhi′s passive resistance movement
while it was still in its infancy. His indirect contribution to the
freedom struggle came through the dutiful medical services that he
rendered to the nationalist leaders whenever they were in London. However,
his involvement in the nationalist revolution was not at the cost of
his studies. He crowned his eventful stay in England with a University
gold medal in his MD examinations in 1914. The following year he added
to his laurels by being made a member of the prestigious Royal college
of physicians of London. Following his British education he returned
to India and entered into private practice.
Returns to India to Begin an Illustrious Career
Dr. Jivraj found his practice extremely rewarding. Within less then
a year, the celebrated industrialist Sir Ratan Tata requested him to
accompany him to London where he was to seek medical treatment. Dr.
Jivraj decided to abruptly discontinue his practice, perhaps out of
a sense of obligation towards the family that had funded his post-gradate
studies. His voyage to London, though, proved extremely perilous. The
British ship SS Arabia on which they were traveling was torpedoed in
the Mediterranean on 11th November. While most other men of his age
would have panicked under similar situation, Dr. Jivraj displayed nerves
of steel. He single-handedly guided his fellow passengers, including
Sir Ratan, to safety whilst risking his own life. However, the prolonged
stormy weather conditions that he had to face soon after the rescue
took a heavy toll on his health. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis
and had to seek a prolonged period (close to four and a half years)
of convalescence in a sanatorium in Switzerland. The disease troubled
him for a major part of his life and his battle with mycobacterium
concluded with him undergoing partial pneumonectomy of the right lower
lobe in 1970.
During the fag end of his stay in Switzerland, Dr. Jivraj
happened to meet the maharaja of Baroda Sir Sayajirao Gaikwad. The
maharaja was impressed with the young doctor′s potential and
he subsequently invited him to Baroda, initially in the capacity of
his personal physician and 2 years later as the chief medical officer
(CMO) of the erstwhile state of Baroda. During his brief tenure as
the CMO, Dr. Jivraj initiated some comprehensive reforms in the state
medical services. He also worked towards improving and enlarging the
facilities for treatment at the Sayaji General Hospital.
Dr. Jivraj Mehta - The Founder-Architect of KEM Hospital
In 1915, the Bombay Medical Union had been entrusted by the Bombay Municipality (now the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation) with the task of planning the organization of the proposed KEM Hospital and the Seth GS Medical College. The perceptive amongst the Union members were aware of the intellectual acuity for which Dr. Jivraj had become quite famed. To harness the same, they invited him to their committee meeting where the matter of the KEM Hospital was to be discussed.
Dr. Jivraj suggested that the proposed medical college be housed
in one large two-storeyed building and the hospital (together with
the outpatient department) be housed in another adjacent building,
the two being interconnected by corridors. This was radically different
from the traditional design of isolated blocks of buildings housing
different departments in the existing medical colleges of the country.
However, Dr. Jivraj argued that persisting with such a conventional
design would prevent close co-ordination between various departments.
Besides, it would not be feasible for the authorities to supervise
the functioning of the hospital without alerting the staff. The committee
was convinced with the views of this brilliant doctor-architect and
thus, it was decided to fashion these institutions on the lines suggested
by Dr. Jivraj. In effect then, KEM Hospital partly owes its design
to the logical perception of Dr. Jivraj Mehta. However, as has been
pointed out, Dr. Jivraj had to accompany Sir Ratan Tata to London during
this period. So, Dr. P. T. Patel, who was then the officer-in-charge
of the municipal isolation hospital, supervised the concrete construction
of the hospital.
Later in 1925, applications were invited by the medical and public
health committee of the Bombay municipality for the post of dean
of KEM hospital. Dr. Jivraj, who was then the CMO of the state
of Baroda, applied for it and was unanimously selected for the post.
Thus, on the 1st April 1925, Dr. Jivraj assumed the reins as the
first Dean of these nascent institutions.
Dr. Jivraj Mehta - The Administrator Par Excellence
Blessed with the compelling combination of a great foresight and a
shrewd mind, Dr. Jivraj discharged his duties with remarkable diligence.
Under his stewardship, major architectural modifications (additional
storey on the hospital blocks, common passage connecting the hospital
and college buildings, etc.) were undertaken to facilitate smooth delivery
of patient care. A code of conduct was framed for the staff connected
with the twin institutions. The staff, in turn, helped Dr. Jivraj with
the formulation of rules and regulations for the day-to-day administration
of the hospital.
A man who himself lived an austere life, Dr. Jivraj
was exceedingly particular about the discipline in the hospital. In
fact, the unusual methods that he brought into play to ensure strict
discipline in the hospital have become part of the hospital′s legend. As he later recounted, "I would come over to the hospital in the middle of the night from my residence in Altamount Road, keep my car outside the hospital compound so that no one knew in advance of my presence and quietly enter the building through the outpatient-casualty section. I would move about the hospital, often entering the wards through the servant′s staircase to see for myself that no one who was on duty was misusing his time. I preferred using the small winding staircases for I was able to check also on the cleanliness of the sanitary facilities. Call books were regularly checked and doctors not attending within a reasonable time were disciplined. I would taste the patient′s food from time to time just before it was served to them. I would walk into the student′s hostel and residents′ quarters at midnight to see for myself how they lived and worked. If a light was found burning in a student′s room in the hostel while he was asleep, he would be hauled up." Today, one may construe this as taking one′s
job too seriously but in the context of time it was effective in maintaining
the hospital and the college at its peak competence.
However, tending to all these matters personally preordained that
Dr. Jivraj had to put in long and arduous hours. One of the many things
that
would perpetually motivate him was the fact that he was the commander
of the first medical institution that was entirely staffed by Indian
doctors - a verity that placed them under the constant study of the British
IMS officers. The eternal sentiment articulated by the dean was - "We wanted to make them realize what the independent Indian doctors could do without them, nay, in spite of them!" Besides, Dr. Jivraj was a man who believed in practicing before preaching - "When others see you burning the midnight oil at your desk, you will automatically find your example being followed - not perhaps to the same degree but certainly well beyond the expected norms." No
wonder that various departments of the hospital flourished expansively
and many brilliant doctors were able to attain their full potential under
his rousing leadership. These doctors in turn went out of their ways
to support their Dean in his numerous endeavors.
Contributions to Medical Education in India
As early as the 1930s, Dr. Jivraj had gauged the fundamental importance
of research in medical education. In his capacity as the dean, he made
fervent efforts towards securing adequate funds for this enterprise.
His appeal to the honoraries, notably Drs. P. C. Bharucha, M. D. D.
Gilder, N. A. Purandare and R. N. Cooper, for financial donations to
the college research corpus was met with overwhelming response. However,
similar requests to the
Indian Research Fund Association, the central authority that had been
established by the colonial rulers for furthering research, went for
nothing. Dr. Jivraj was not one to take such an injustice lying down.
When Sir Walter Fletcher, the then Secretary to the British Medical
Research Council, visited Bombay to attend a dinner that had been hosted
by the eminent research scientist Dr. Raghavendra Row, Dr. Jivraj persuaded
him to visit KEM Hospital. He was able to show Sir Walter and his team,
the commendable research that was being carried out at the hospital
despite the constraints of infrastructure. He also impressed upon Sir
Walter the acute need of Government support for such a research program.
As was inevitable, the Government sanctioned funds within a few weeks
for the same projects through the Indian Research Fund Association.
This was just one of the many instances when Dr. Jivraj overcame seemingly
insurmountable obstacles in his uncomparable style.
His contributions towards the development of other medical institutions
are also legion. When the Government was contemplating establishment
of a central medical research institute at Dehradun, Dr. Jivraj
along with other distinguished medical personalities like Sir Nilratan
Sarkar and Dr. B. C. Roy strongly forwarded the case of the metropolitan
city of Delhi (now New Delhi). The government accepted their proposal
and subsequently established the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences
(AIIMS) at Delhi. He was also involved in the planning of the medical
colleges and hospitals at Poona (now Pune), Ahmedabad, Nagpur and
Aurangabad. In Bombay itself, Dr. Jivraj played a key role in the
establishment of the Topiwala Nair Municipal Hospital, Lokmanya
Tilak Municipal Hospital and the Dr. Balabai Nanavati Hospital. Evidently,
his passion for serving humanity was not limited by the precincts
of region. In recognition of his eminent stature in the field of
medical education, he was thrice elected president of the All India
Medical Congress and also president of the Indian Medical Association.
Life Beyond Medicine An isolated description of his medical career can do no justice to the multi-faceted personality of Dr. Jivraj. Inspite of his pressing obligations as a medical man, Dr. Jivraj took vigorous part in the independence struggle of his motherland. He was a close associate of many national leaders and would frequently accompany Mahatma Gandhi on his tours. He was twice incarcerated (1938 and 1942) by the British government for his role in Gandhiji′s Satyagraha movement. After India attained independence in 1947, Dr. Jivraj graced public office in various positions. He devotedly served people as the first "Diwan" of the erstwhile Baroda state in free India, director general of health services and secretary to the ministry of health in the central government during the partition period, minister of public works, finance, industry and prohibition for the then province of Bombay, first chief minister of the state of Gujarat (1960-63) and subsequently, as the Indian high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1963-66). His deft handling of matters of considerable political and economic significance earned him lasting reverence from his peers and love of the public.
Valediction
Dr. Jivraj Mehta personified iron will and dogged determination. Add to that irreproachable veracity, unflinching self-belief, humility and intellectual perspicacity and one gets a colossal character that has few parallels. These were the outstanding qualities that powered his meteoric rise from the dusty Saurashtra to his rightful place as the doyen of medical education in contemporary India.
He had deep-rooted respect for the culture in which he lived yet
he was always prepared to break the shackles of the norms and customs
that were in disagreement with his principles. His marriage to Hansaben
- who was herself no mean a lady outside his caste was a powerful illustration
of this virtue.
It is not given to many institutions to have men of such substance
as their founding fathers. As a tribute to the infinite service that
he offered to Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, the main auditorium
at these institutions - the auditorium that has been an enduring witness
to the roller-coaster history of these establishments - has been aptly
named after him as the Jivraj Mehta lecture theatre (JMLT).
Dr. Jivraj Mehta bade farewell to the material world when he passed
away peacefully in his sleep on the 7th November 1978. His life is
perhaps
best recapitulated in Mackey′s lines:
"The smallest effort is not lost,
Each wavelet on the ocean tossed,
Aids in the ebb tide or the flow.
Each raindrop makes some floweret glow,
Each struggle lessens human woe."
Long live the legacies of Dr. Jivraj Narayan Mehta!
Acknowledgement The authors are glad to acknowledge their earnest gratitude to - Dr. Sunil Pandya for guiding us in the role of a stimulating mentor during the entire period of our research on Dr. Jivraj Mehta. Sister Durga Mehta (Dr. Jivraj Mehta′s niece) and Ms. Anjani Mehta (Dr. Jivraj′s daughter) for sharing their memories with the authors and giving us insights into Dr. Jivraj Mehta′s personal life and his personality. Drs. Manu Kothari and Lopa Mehta for reviewing the draft and suggesting significant changes.
Suggested Reading
- Pandya SK. An interview with founder Dean. In : Bhatnagar
SM, Kothari ML, editors. Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital
Golden Jubilee Souvenir (22 January 1926, 22 January 1976) 1976.
- Vaz EJ, Mehta JN. Seth G.S. Medical College Magazine 1940. Reproduced
in: Bhatnagar SM, Kothari ML, editors. Seth G.S. Medical College
and K.E.M. Hospital Golden Jubilee Souvenir (22 January 1926, 22
January
1976) 1976.
Copyright 2006 - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
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