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African Journal of Biomedical Research
Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group
ISSN: 1119-5096
Vol. 9, Num. 3, 2006, pp. 225-228
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African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, Sept, 2006, pp. 225-228
Full Length Research Article
Nitrogen Retention and
Water Balance in Animals Fed Medium Protein Diet amidst Limited Water Supply
Ajibola .A
Department of Physiology
Obafemi Awolowo College of
Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2005 Ikenne Ogun
State
Received: December
2005
Accepted
(Revised): June
2006
Published: September,
2006
Code Number: md06036
ABSTRACT
Nitrogen metabolism of animals
fed a medium protein diet (10.5% cp) ad libitum with restricted water
consumption was studied. During the 8-day digestibility trial, 3 groups of five
animals each were subjected to 30%, 50% and 100% water supply, with concomitant
jugular blood samples taken daily to monitor their hydration status. Water loss
via the urine reflects the animals water intake, thus control animals voided more
urine (P < 0.05) than 50% and 30% groups. Treatment groups retain high
amount of nitrogen, in contrast to control animals that lost 2.4% nitrogen via
the faeces. Inadequate drinking caused decreased excretion of urea. The
improved nitrogen retention coupled with high rates of urea recycling enhances
nutrients digestion and consequently the animals absorptive capabilities.
Keywords: nitrogen,
water restriction, digestion, urea, absorption, animals
INTRODUCTION
Animals
in many parts of the world, especially Africa, where water is scarce are faced
with irregular, infrequent and inadequate water supply. Desert breeds of sheep
and goats are known for their adaptability to little water consumption, whereas
their domestic counterparts depend on adequate and regular water supply for
their metabolic activities. Several works have been done on nitrogen metabolism
and limited water supply by desert breeds (Singh, More & Sahni, 1976;
Brosh, Shkolnik & Choshniak, 1987; Silanikove, 1984) and little done on
domestic ruminants (Silanikove, 1984; van der Walt et. al., 1999).
Hence, knowledge of the digestive functions of domestic goats and their ability
to retain nitrogen when exposed to limited water supply is essential.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Fifteen
mature male goats obtained from the Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa formed the research
flock. The animals with initial body weight of 16 to 42 kg (average 29 kg) were
adapted to the feed for at least 10 days prior to the study. They were fed ad
libitum with a medium quality diet containing 10.5% crude protein and 17.5
Mj/kg gross energy level and housed individually in metabolic cages. Each goat
was served 5 litres of clean drinking water daily during adaptation. Blood
samples were taken from the jugular veins of the animals to determine the
haematocrit, total plasma protein (TPP) and plasma osmolality. These and other
physiological parameters were used to monitor the hydration status of the
animals.
They
were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, C) of 5 goats each. Group A
animals received 30% ad libitum of their regular water intake; group B
goats were served 50% ad libitum water intake; while group C which
served as control had no reduction in their water supply (100% ad libitum).
Feed supply to the animals was ad libitum throughout the study, which
lasted for a period of 8 days.
Daily
feed intake and water consumption by each goat were measured and recorded. The
faeces and urine produced were collected and measured daily, and samples stored
at -20°C. The faeces was thawed and analyzed for moisture
(AOAC, 1984) and protein using an FP 428 Nitrogen and Protein Determinator
designed by Leco Inc., USA.
The data
were recorded as means ± SEM and the Student t test was used for comparison.
Less than 5% statistical level (P<0.05) was accepted as being significant
for any observation.
RESULTS
As
presented in table 1, water consumption (L kg 1 feed consumed)
increases as water intake by the animals increases. Water loss via the urine is
significantly (P<0.05) higher in control animals (100% water ad libitum)
than treatment groups (table 2), a reflection of higher water intake by these
animals. Free access to water also produces higher loss of water due to
metabolism, respiration and insensible loss (table 2). The water efficiency
was calculated in ml/kg BW0.75/day and presented in table 3. The
treatment groups are shown to be more efficient in the use of water. Table 4
shows that the treatment groups retain higher quantity of nitrogen while the
control animals loss 2.4% nitrogen consumed rather than being retained.
Similarly a significant amount of urea is lost by animals having unhindered access
to water (table 5) unlike the treatment groups.
Table 1: Water intake, feed intake and water consumption by
animals differing in water supply
|
Group A |
Group B |
Group C |
Water
intake (Ld-1) |
0.33±0.00a |
0.65±0.09b |
1.43±0.37c |
Feed
intake (Kgd-1) |
0.54±0.08a |
0.64±0.09a |
0.76±0.16b |
Water
consumed (LKg-1 feed intake) |
0.61±0.10a |
1.02±0.17b |
1.88±0.33c |
Superscripts that differ on the horizontal line are significantly
different (P<0.05).
Table 2: Water balance by
experimental animals (Means±SEM).
|
Group A |
Group B |
Group C |
Intake
Free water (Ld-1)
% of total intake |
0.33±0.00a
89.2 |
0.65±0.09b
92.9 |
1.43±0.37c
96.0 |
Feed water (Ld-1)
% of total intake |
0.04±0.008a
10.8 |
0.05±0.008b
7.1 |
0.06±0.13b
4.0 |
Total water intake (Ld-1) |
0.37±0.02a |
0.70±0.10b |
1.49±0.43c |
Output
Urine (Ld-1)
% of total intake |
0.22±0.008a
59.5 |
0.21±0.09a
30.0 |
0.36±0.36b
24.2 |
Faecal water (Ld-1)
% of total intake |
0.11±0.03a
29.7 |
0.24±0.09b
34.3 |
0.27±0.09b
18.1 |
Unmeasured water (Ld-1)
% of total intake |
0.04±0.09a
10.8 |
0.26±0.16b
35.7 |
0.86±0.11c
57.8 |
Total water loss (Ld-1) |
0.37±0.02a |
0.71±0.10b |
1.49±0.43c |
Superscripts that differ
on the horizontal line are significantly different (P<0.05).
Table 3: Water efficiency of animals
on different water regimens (Means±SEM).
|
Group A |
Group B |
Group C |
Body weight (Kg) |
29.7±11.0 |
28.8±8.3 |
30.6±8.3 |
Water intake (Ld-1) |
033±0.00a |
0.65±0.09b |
1.43±0.37c |
Water efficiency (mlkg-0.75BWd-1) |
28.1±10.3a |
55.5±15.8b |
112.0±31.0c |
Superscripts that differ
on the horizontal line are significantly different (P<0.05).
Table 4: Nitrogen consumption,
excretion and retention by animals on water restriction (Means±SEM).
|
Group A |
Group B |
Group C |
Intake
N consumed (gd-1) |
9.00±1.65a |
10.79±1.71a |
12.75±3.15b |
Excretion
Faecal N (gd-1)
% of N consumed
Urine N (gd-1)
% of N consumed |
4.40±1.10a
48.9
1.73±0.78a
19.2 |
6.97±1.62b
64.6
1.74±0.72a
16.1 |
7.83±2.04b
61.4
5.23±8.29b
41.0 |
Retention
Intake excretion (gd-1)
% of N consumed |
2.87±0.80a
31.9 |
2.08±1.52a
19.3 |
-0.31±7.28b
-2.4 |
Superscripts that differ
on the horizontal line are significantly different (P<0.05).
Table 5: Urine output, urea output and urea concentration of
experimental animals
|
Group A |
Group B |
Group C |
Urine volume (Ld-1) |
0.22±0.008a |
0.21±0.09a |
0.36±0.36b |
Urea output (mmold-1) |
82.6±37.8a |
82.9±34.2a |
249.0±349.7b |
Urea conc. (mmolL-1) |
365.90±45.6 |
404.04±72.8 |
524.28±281.7 |
Superscripts that differ
on the horizontal line are significantly different (P<0.05).
DISCUSSION
The
amount of water consumed by the experimental goats on 100% water ad libitum was
more than that of the water-restricted animals. It has been previously
demonstrated that goats drink small volumes of water (Devendra, 1980; More and
Sahni, 1981). It was of interest to note that the goats used for this study
differ significantly (P<0.05) in the use of water to meet various metabolic
needs. Contrary to expectation the experimental animals have different
unmeasured water values despite being of the same species with the same
physiological demands, housed and fed under the same environmental conditions.
However the treatment groups were superior with regard to water utilization and
management than those given water free choice.
The
reduced voluntary feed intake accompanying inadequate drinking led to decreased
nitrogen consumption by the treatment groups, since the main source of nitrogen
intake by the goats is feed. Correspondingly, the total amount of nitrogen
excreted decreased as the water supply to the animals reduces. When the
nitrogen loss was expressed as a percentage of N-intake (table 4), high losses
were recorded through the faeces. This was a reflection of feed consumption and
faecal output, thus a high feed intake produced a high faecal loss of nitrogen.
The low nitrogen excretion by the water-restricted groups facilitated increased
nitrogen retention. This was in contrast to the control group with a negative
nitrogen balance while the treatment groups retained a significant percentage
of the nitrogen consumed. These observations aligned with earlier reports from
Brosh et al (1987) and van der Walt et al (1999) that infrequent
and inadequate drinking lead to decreased nitrogen excretion and improved
nitrogen retention. According to Kimambo et al (1999), this might be
associated with low ammonia production in the rumen, due to low rate of
degradation, thereby allowing most of the protein to escape ruminal digestion.
This may be digested in the abomasum and small intestine. The elevated nitrogen
uptake from the small intestine may lead to increased metabolism in the liver
and could result in enhanced nitrogen recycling into the rumen.
Van
der Walt, Boomker, Meintjes and Schultheiss (1999) reported that limited water
intake by ruminants probably leads to a smaller amount of urea loss via the
kidneys, which in turn increases the amount of urea recycled to the rumen. The
significantly low quantity of urea (table 5) lost by the goats given small
quantity of water to drink might facilitate their ability to recycle urea. The
urea recycled to the rumen coupled with the favourable nitrogen balance by the
treatment groups would elevate ammonia production by ruminal microbes. Earlier
workers show that the improved conditions in the rumen enhance the digestion of
nutrients by these animals (Kimambo et al 1999). The present study
corroborated these findings as well as high rates of nutrients absorption.
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Copyright 2006 - Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group
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