Middle East Fertility Society Journal Middle East Fertility Society ISSN: 1110-5690 Vol. 9, Num. 3, 2004, pp. 227-231

Middle East Fertility Society Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2004, pp. 227-231

Can serum prostate-specific antigen be a promising marker for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism

Ansam A.Al Bayatti, Ph.D. ^*,Summer H. Al-Samak, F.I.M.C., Ob.Gyn. ^†,Awatif J. Al Bahar, F.A.H.K.A.R.Z.T. ^‡

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad; Al- Elwyia Teaching Hospital -Al-Kindy Collage of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq and Al Wasal-Hospital, Dubai, AUE

^*Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad
^†Al-Elwyia Teaching Hospital, Al-Kindy Collage of Medicine, University of Baghdad
^‡Al Wasal-Hospital, Dubai, AUE

Correspondence: Assist. prof. Dr. Ansam Al-Bayatti, Dept. of Biochemistry, Collage of medicine, University of Baghdad, E-mail: ansimalaad@Yahoo.com, Tel: +964 17722065, 7901331923

Received on April 26, 2004;
revised and accepted on September 7, 2004

Code Number: mf04042

ABSTRACT

Background: Total prostatic specific antigen (TPSA) is a glycoprotein that is secreted from the prostate in males and from paraurethal glands and breast in females.
Objective: To evaluate the total prostate specific antigen (TPSA) in females with hirsutism and PCOS. In order to shade a light on its relation with FSH, LH, Prolactin (PRL), testosterone (testo) and estradiol (E₂) as well as to hirsutism score and menstrual cycle disturbance.
Setting:College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and Al-Alwia Hospital, Iraq.
Materials and Methods: Thirty five females with age range of 19-28 years and a mean of 25.3±2.3 years, suffering from PCOS and hirsutism that was classified according to Ferriman and Gallway scale, in approach, hair growth was judged in each of 11 androgen sensitive areas. Group I: score 4-8 consisted of 10 patients; Group II: score 8-12 consisted of 13 patients; and Group III: score 12-16 consisted of 12 patients. All patients with score above 16 were excluded from this study as well as patients with amenorrhea. They were evaluated clinically and by Sonar as well. FSH, LH, PRL, Testo and TPSA were estimated during second to third day of the cycle, while E₂ and P were estimated during the midluteal phase using highly sensitive technique ELFA. Twenty fertile apparently healthy females with normal regular menstrual cycles without hirsutism were considered as control. Their age range 18-29 years with a mean of 25.5±2.8 years.
Results: TPSA mean SD was 2.67±0.37 ng/ml in hirsute females with PCOS which was significantly higher than control with a mean ± SD equal to 0.11±0.07 ng/ml (p<0.05). LF level was significantly higher in those patients, thus LH, FSH ratio 2.3±0.87 which was significantly higher in those patients (p<0.05) in comparison to control group. On the other hand P and E₂ hormones during midluteal phase were significantly low in them with values 6.59±1.96 ng/ml and 87.55±21.61 pg/ml respectively (9<0.05). All other parameters including testo were more or less similar to control group. There was no significant correlation between TPSA and testo while the more the hirsutism score was the higher the TPSA level.
Conclusion:Serum TPSA level could be detectable in the serum of hirsute patients with PCOS by using ELFA technique, thus it could be a promising marker for such condition. It was noticed that the more the hirsutism score the higher the TPSA level.

Keywords: PCOS, TPSA, hirsutism, ELFA

Prostate specific antigen PSA was thought to be produced  from  prostate  gland  in  male,  however non prostatic PSA had been found in many normal female tissues particularly breast tissue, parotid glands, endometrial tissue and periurethral glands (1,2), by the fact that these glands in females are highly homologous to male prostate (3).

In healthy women PSA is present in very low concentration and its level vary during menstrual cycle Zarghami et al (4) speculated that corpus luteum steroids stimulate target tissues capable of producing PSA one of which is the breast for PSA production into the mammary ducts. A fraction of this PSA diffuses into general circulation and can be measured in the serum. Peak concentration after 10-12 days after Progesterone peak, once corpus regress PSA conc. Decreases with an apparent half life of 3-5 days, measurement of PSA in this study by PCR complicated technique. PSA level is detectable in women serum with excess androgen and do not change during treatment with contraceptive pill as mentioned by Escobar-Morreale H. et al (5) who used ultra sensitive chemoluminescent immunoassay.

PSA in female is a potential marker of androgen excess, however the adrenal gland and the ovary do not appear to be source of PSA (7).

Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation as well as features were documented by ultrasound examination (6,7). Serum PSA in normal women are very low while in those who have PCOS with hyper androgenic features, PSA level is elevated but not always detected by using ultra sensitive method time-resolved fluorometeric immunoassay with established lower detection limit one ng/ml (8). Urinary PSA was markedly elevated in PCOS using the above mentioned method (9).

Our aim to use highly sensitive method to detect serum PSA in normal and PCOS patients in order to shade a light on the normal range of PSA in females.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty five females with features of PCOS and hirsutism that were proven clinically and by abdominal sonar and were attending AL-Elwyia Teaching Hospital from the period of September 2003 till March 2004.

Twenty five apparently healthy fertile females matching the studied group in age and served as control were included in this study clinical examination of those patients to asses the score of hirsutism depending on the Ferriman and Gallway scale, in this approach, hair growth was judged in each of 11 androgen -sensitive areas, the grade for each area ranged from zero (non terminal hair) to 4 (frankly virile).

The body areas used to grade hirsutism areas 1. upper lip, 2. chin, 3. chest, 4. leg, 5. thigh, 6. upper arm, 7. forearm, 8. upper back, 10. upper abdomen and 11. lower abdomen (10). Blood samples were aspirated during second -third day of menstrual cycle, to asses Follitropin (FSH), Lutropin (LH), Prolactin (Prl), Testosterone (testo) and Total Prostate-Specific Antigen (TPSA). Another blood samples were aspirated during midluteal phase to asses Progesterone (Prog) and Estradiol II (E₂) levels. All these parameters were measured by highly sensitive Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay ELFA with established lower detection limit 0.07 ng/ml for TPSA.

Patients with amenorrhea were excluded from this study body weight and height were measured in all patients to calculate Body Mass Index BMI(kg/m2).

Data processing and analysis

The collected data were entered and processed using statistical package for social science (SPSS).

RESULTS

Thirty five patients with PCOS and hirsutism were classified according to the Ferriman and Gallway scale of hirsutism, all females with score less than 4 and more than 16 were excluded from this study.

They were divided into three groups depending on hirsutism score, their Testo. levels were more or less similar in the three groups while TPSA was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group II and group III who had higher hirsutism score as in Table (1).it was noticed that the more the score of hirsutism the higher serum TPSA.

The hormonal profile of the studied groups showed significantly high LH; LH/FSH ratio, Testo, and TPSA while midluteal serum P. and E₂ were significantly low in comparison with control Table (2).

There was no correlation between Testo. level and TPSA in patients with PCOS of hirsutism (r:0.7 P:0.1).

Those patients had different presenting signs of symptoms as follow, infertility 57%, obesity 54% and menstrual disturbance 45%, however these are other features were documented Table(3).

DISCUSSION

PSA can no longer be regarded as a tissue specific or tumor-specific marker for only prostatic tissue but as ubiquitous molecule that can be synthesized and secreted by cell bearing specific hormones receptors under conditions of steroidal modulation or stimulation (12). It could be elevated in case of breast cancer in serum nipple aspirate fluid and tissue using time-resolved immunoflurorometric assay (13). PSA could be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (14), human endometrium (15) and human placenta (16). Different studies have already demonstrated that females with hyperandrogenism usually have elevated serum TPSA (11,17). Also other studies have indicated that women treated with testosterone over prolonged period of time, had significantly increased TPSA (11).

This study pointed out that the more the score of hirsutism the higher the TPSA level (Table 1), which disagrees with a previous study which found no association between the Ferriman-Gallway score and the level of urinary TPSA (11). This might be attributed to the present study that it was restricted to PCOS with hirsutism and not PCOS in general, while Obiezu CV. et al (11) had measured urinary TPSA rather than serum TPSA that might explain the disagreement.

However, there is agreement about poor correlation between Testo and urinary TPSA (11,18) as well as in the present work between Testo and serum TPSA.

Recent study pointed that there is no significant association between PSA and the presence of idiopathic hirsutism per se & PCOS were excluded from that study, however they used completely different method micro particle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA), the lower limit of detection of PSA was > than 0.03 ng/ml (19), while in ELFA method that was used in this study with lower limit of detection is >0.07 ng/ml i.e. more sensitive.

The interesting finding in this work is to record the mean value of serum TPSA in PCOS 2.67±0.37 ng /ml table (2) that was detected by sensitive method ELFA and the control values 0.11±0.07 ng/ml as well. The hormonal profile was similar to other studies (20,21) i.e. elevated LH/FSH ratio and Testo levels Table (2). Most of studied patients had anovulatory cycle i.e. significantly low E₂ values table (3) that was in agreement with different studies (13).  The main clinical presenting features of PCOS with hirsutism are more or less similar to other studies (22,23), in spite of different percentage of certain features of the present work.

In conclusion serum TPSA can be a promising marker in patients with PCOS and hirsutism in detectable level by using ELFA method that may open new modalities for treatment of this syndrome.

REFERENCE

1. BurtisCA, Ashwood ER Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry.3rd edition W.B. Saunders Company 1999; pp 711-47
2. Yu H, Berkd H. Prostate -specific antigen (PSA) in women. J La State Med Soc 1999; 151 (4): 209 -13.
3. Wernet N, Albrech M, Sesterhenn I, GobblesR, Bonkhoff H, Seitz G, Inniger R and Remberger K. The "female prostate" Location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance. Eur Urol 1992;22(1):64-9
4.   Zarghami N,Grass L, Sauter ER, Diamandis EF. Prostate-specific antigen in Serum during the menstrual cycle. Clinical Chemistry 1997;43:1862-7.
5. Escobar-Morreale HF, Vila S, Sancho J. Serum Prostate-Specific antigen concentrations are not useful for monitoring the treatment of hirsutism with oral contraceptive pills. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2488-92
6. Melegos PN,Yu H, Ashok M, Wang C, Staneczyk F, Diamandis EP. Prostate-specific antigen in female, a potential new marker of androgen excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:777-80.
7. Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Avila S, Villar_palas J, Varela C, Sancho J. The increased circulating prostate -specific antigen concentration in women with hirsutism do not respond to acute changes in adrenal or ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 1998; 83: 2580 -4.
8. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Eng J Med 1995; 333:853 -1.
9. Polson PW, Adams J, Wadsworth J, Franks S. Polycystic ovaries -a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1998; 1:870 -2.
10. Ferguson RA,YU H, Kalyvas M, Zammits, Diamandis EP. Ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and the Immulite immunochemiluminescent third generation assay: potential applications in prostate and breast cancer. Clin Chem 1996; 42:675-84
11. Obiezu CV, Scorilas A, Magklara A, Thornton MH, Wanga Y, Stanczyyk FZ, Diamandis EP. Prostate specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2 are markedly elevated in urine of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 2001;(86) 4:1558-61.
12. Mannello F, Gazzanelli G. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA/hK3): a further player in the field of breast cancer diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res 2001;3(4): 238-43
13. Sauter ER, Tichansky DS, Chervoneva I, Diamandis EF. Circulating testosterone and prostate-specific antigen in nipple aspirate fluid and tissue associated with breast cancer, Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:241-6
14. Melegos DN, Freedman MS, Diamandis EF. Prostate-specific antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem 1997; 43:855-60
15. Clement J, Mukhtar A. Glandular kallikreins and prostate-specific antigen are expressed in the human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:1536-9
16. Malatesta M, Mannello F, Luchetti F, Marchegguani F, Condemi L, Papa S, Gazzanelli G. Prostate-specific antigen synthesis and secretion by human placenta: a physiological kallikrein source during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Meta 2000;85(1):317-21
17.   Gullu S,Emral R,Asik M,Cesur M, and Tonyukuk V. Diagnostic value of prostatic specific antigen in hirsute women.JEndocrinolInvest2003;26:1998-202
18. Obiezu CV, Giltay EJ, Magklara A, et al. Serum and urinary Prostate-specific antigen and urinary human glandular kallikrein concentration are significantly increased after testosterone administration in female-to-male transsexuals Clin Chem 2000;46:859-62.
19. Galadari I, Al-Mazzroei M, Al Kaabi J. Prostatic -specific antigen and idiopathic hirsutism. Int J Derma 2004;43:275-7
20. Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltas G, Tachatrasak K, Manning PJ, West C, Jacob HS. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995;10: 2107-11
21. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long -term health risks related to PCOS. Hum Reprod 2004; 19(1):41-7
22. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Koulie Cr, Bergiele AT, Filandra FA, Tsianateli TC, Spina GG, Zapanti ED and Bartzis MI. A survey of polycystic ovary syndrome in the GreekIsland of Lesbos: a hormonal and metabolic profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4006-11
23. Al-Bayatti A. Hormonal profile of primary infertile females M.Sc.thesisCollege of Medicine -University of Baghdad 1990

Copyright © Middle East Fertility Society

The following images related to this document are available:

Photo images