Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia ISSN: 1394-195X Vol. 13, Num. 1, 2006, pp. 25-29

Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 25-29

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE FACIAL MORPHOMETRY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Nizam Abdullah*, Lin Naing**, Norliza Mastura Ismail** and Abdul Rashid Ismail**

*Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, **School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Correspondence : Dr. Nizam Abdullah BDS, DDPHRCS (Eng.), FICD Department of Community Medicine School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia Tel: 6-09-7663700 Fax: 6-09-7642026 e-mail: nizam@kb.usm.my

Code Number: mj06005

The aim of this study was to determine mean values for selected linear measurements on the face of children and adolescents to demonstrate gender differences in the measurements. Cross-sectional data from 262 school children (158 male, 104 female) aged between 6 and 15 years were taken by measuring certain identified facial landmarks using a sliding caliper. The landmarks were first located by careful inspection and/or palpation of the face and a mark created on the cutaneous surface, with the subject sitting in habitual occlusion in an upright position. A sliding caliper was used to measure the distances between the points. The data was analysed using SPSS version 10.0 to determine mean values, standard deviation and gender differences in the measurements. Upper facial heights, total facial height, inter-canthal distance and eye length measurements were significantly higher in male than in female for 15-year-old group (p<0.0001). The measurement between the highest and the lowest point of attachment of external ear to the head was significantly larger in male than in female for 11 year old age group.

Keywords : facial growth, soft tissue facial morphometry

Introduction

Development of normal population reference quantitative definition of human beauty and measurements for the craniofacial complex is an therefore not surprisingly, most of the researches important component in studying craniofacial involved the face, the attractiveness of which dysmorphology. Harmonious facial esthetics and influences a large part of our social behaviour and functional occlusion have long been recognized as relationships (2). Artists and sculptors throughout two of the goals of orthodontic treatment (1). The history appear to have had a clear idea of what study of normal craniofacial growth which involves represents normality and beauty. They show obvious evaluation of soft-tissue integument as well as the cultural and racial differences (3). A review of the underlying hard tissues is essential to accomplish literature indicates that many soft-tissue profile these goals. Early observations demonstrated a analyses have been proposed to evaluate and concern with finding or establishing a harmonious quantify the soft-tissue profile. However, some relationship between the mouth and facial features. analyses are too complicated or require sophisticated However, no attempts were made either to quantify equipment not readily available to the clinician and, changes in the facial profile with growth or to in their present form, are of little value as clinical quantify the static facial pattern. While correcting tools. In addition, the analysis that appears to have malocclusions, the facial outlines should be regarded the most clinical value have insufficient as an important guide in developing a proper documentation of longitudinal changes. Today, treatment plan. A thorough concept of the normal improvements in medical imaging allow growth pattern of the child’s face or any face is as reproduction of external surfaces and internal important to orthodontists as the complete mastery structures of the living body with high resolution and several analyses of the facial surfaces may also be obtained through stereophotogrammetry technology (4). Unfortunately, the state-of-the-art methods for the evaluation of three-dimensional facial structures require expensive machinery and procedures. While these methods produce large amounts of data, mathematical evaluation is difficult and of poor meaning to the clinician. It then leads to the absence of normative data in a population (5). Advances in the field of dental, orthodontics, oral and craniofacial surgery in Malaysia demands a local data base of Malaysian facial norms for more accurate pre and postoperative evaluation. This present study aims to provide reference data for selected linear measurements of the face for the Malaysian population.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to obtain reference data for 13 linear measurements of the face and to evaluate gender differences.

A multistage cluster sampling was done to select children aged from 6 to 17 years of age for this study. One pre-school, one primary school and one secondary school from Kota Bharu district in Kelantan were selected by stratified random sampling. Children in each school were selected from the school register by simple random sampling. Only children without any craniofacial deformity were included in the study. Children with any history of trauma to the facial region were excluded.

Data from 262 school children (158 male, 104 female) aged between 6 and 15 years old were taken by measuring certain identified soft tissue facial landmarks using a sliding caliper. The measurements were performed by a single examiner. The landmarks were first located by careful inspection and/or palpation of the face and a mark was created on the cutaneous surface with the subject sitting in an upright position and the jaws in habitual occlusion. A sliding caliper was used to measure the distances between the points marked on the skin. The data was analysed using SPSS version 10 to determine the mean values, standard deviations and gender differences.

The following soft-tissue landmarks were considered: (Figure 1)

• Tr (trichion) : the midpoint of the hairline
• N (nasion) : the innermost point between forehead and nose
• Sn (subnasale) : in the midline, the junction between the lower border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous portion of the upper lip.
• Gn (Gnathion) : in the midline, the lowest point on the lower border of the chin
• En (Endocanthion) : the inner corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet
• Ex (Exocanthion) : the outer corner of the eye where the eyelids meet
• Obs (Otubasion superious) : the highest point of attachment of the external ear to the head.
• Obi (Otubasion inferus) : the lowest point of attachment of the external ear to the head.
• T (Tragion) : at the notch above the tragus of the ear where the upper edge of the cartilage disappears into the skin of the face.

13 linear distances on the face were measured in all the subjects .

1. Tr-N
2. Tr-Sn
3. Tr-Gn
4. En-En
5. Ex-Ex
6. Ex-En (left)
7. Ex-En (right)
8. Ex-Obs
9. Ex-Obi
10. Ex-T
11. Sn-Obs
12. Sn-Obi
13. Obs-Obi

Mean values, standard deviations and significant differences between male and female subjects for various age groups are listed in Table 1, 2, and 3. Eleven out of thirteen linear measurements were significantly higher in male than in female at 15 years of age (p< 0.001) and no significant gender differences were demonstrated for these measurements at the lower age group. The highest inter-sample variability was observed for the measurements from subnasal (Sn) to the highest point of attachment of the external ear to the head (Obs). The measurement between the highest and the lowest point of attachment of external ear to the head (Obs-Obi) was significantly higher in male than in female at 11 years of age. Forehead height (Tr-N) showed no significant gender difference in all age groups.

The individuality of the human face is an important phenomenon in one’s life. No part of our anatomy provides more information like the face. Minor alterations in the size, shape, position and proportion of our face results in major perceptible differences and subtle differences between two people are instantly recognizable.

Measurements of the human face have been performed since ancient times and many measurements defined then can still be found in modern clinical anthropometry (5).

It is clear that landmarks chosen in this study were only limited to only 9 points with 13 linear measurements and they did not describe the whole facial structure, the inclusion of more points might provide a better description of the face in future investigation. Maue-Dickson (1979) in his review article highlighted the fallacies which may result from the selection of any particular landmark in making judgments about the direction of facial growth (6). Some authors suggested the placement of metallic markers in the growing jaws which could permit superimposition on some presumably stable structures (7).

The use of cutaneous points as was done in this study may require further investigations because facial harmony and balance are determined by the facial skeleton and its soft tissue drape (8). However, it is the structure of the overlying soft tissues and their relative proportion that provide most of the visual impact of the face.

The process of measuring human face often involves three-dimensional evaluation of human face. More recently, computerized analysis and stereophotogrammetry have been attempted. These studies of the soft tissue profile attempted to quantify changes in the overall profile, as well as in its various components (the lips, chin, and nose) which deals both with internal and external structures requiring expensive machinery and procedures. The present study is obviously limited to cutaneous points measurements, but on the other hand, it is not expensive, non-invasive and can easily be applied to a large number of subjects providing normative data.

1. Samir E.B., Timoty J.H., Captain, USAF(DC)., Lawrence C & Peterson, B.S. Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes: A study of three analyses. Am. J. Orthod 1985; 88: 209-223.
2. Virgillio F.F., Chiarella S., Carlo F.G., and Gianluca T. Facial morpometry of television actresses compared with normal women. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1995; 53: 1008-1014.
3. Pogret MA. What are normal esthetic value? J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991; 49: 966-969.
4. Ferrario. Soft-tissue facial morphometry from 6 years to Adulthood: A three-dimensional growth study using new modeling. Plast Reconstr. Surg.1999; 103(3): 768- 778.
5. Vegter F and Hage JJ. Clinical anthropometry and J.Orthod. and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;109(1): canons of the face in historical perspective. Plast. 86-92. Reconstr. Surg 2000; 106: 1090-1096.
6. 7. Bjork A. Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am to Adulthood: A three-dimensional growth study using J Orthod 1969; 55: 585-599.
7. Maue-Dickson W. The craniofacial complex in cleft lip and palate: an update review of anatomy and function. Cleft Palate J 1979; 16: 291-317.
8. Virgilio F., Ferrario, Chiarella S., Poggio and Graziona S. Facial three-dimensional morphometry. Am. J.Orthod. and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996; 109(1): 86-92.

© Copyright 2006 - Malaysian Journal of Medical Science

The following images related to this document are available:

Photo images