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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 96, Num. 8, 2001, pp. 1121-1122
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Untitled Document
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de
Janeiro, Vol. 96(8) 2001, pp. 1121-1122,
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Ixodes (Haemixodes)
longiscutatum Boero (New Status) and I. (H.) uruguayensis
Kohls & Clifford, a New Synonym of I. (H.) longiscutatum (Acari:
Ixodidae)
José Manuel Venzal/+, Oscar
Castro, Perla Cabrera, Carlos de Souza*, Gustavo Fregueiro**, Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti***,
James E Keirans****
Departamento de Parasitología Veterinaria,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Av. Alberto Lasplaces
1550, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay *Departamento de Ciencias Microbiológicas,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay **Museo Nacional de Historia Natural,
Montevideo, Uruguay ***Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan,
São Paulo, SP, Brazil ****Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology,
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
+Corresponding author. Fax: (598 2) 628 0130. E-mail: dpvuru@adinet.com.uy
Received 4 May 2001
Accepted 11 July 2001
Code Number: oc01214
Females of Ixodes (Haemixodes) uruguayensis
Kohls & Clifford, 1967, a species whose adults were unknown until the present,
were obtained in the laboratory from engorged nymphs collected on rodents (Scapteromys
tumidus and Oxymycterus nasutus) in the counties of Maldonado and
San José, Uruguay. Morphological characters of these females were identical
to those given in the description of the female of Ixodes longiscutatum
Boero, 1944. I. uruguayensis is, thus, relegated to a junior subjective
synonym of I. longiscutatum. However, because of the unique morphological
characters of the immature stages, the validity of the subgenus Haemixodes Kohls
& Clifford, 1967 is not questioned. Therefore, the new status of Ixodes
(Haemixodes) uruguayensis Kohls & Clifford, 1967 is Ixodes (Haemixodes)
longiscutatum Boero, 1944.
Key words: Ixodes longiscutatum - Ixodes uruguayensis
- subgenus Haemixodes - Uruguay
Ixodes uruguayensis Kohls & Clifford,
1967 was described from larvae and nymphs collected from the rodents Scapteromys
tumidus Waterhouse, 1837, Necromys obscurus (Waterhouse, 1837) and
Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse, 1837) from the counties of Soriano,
Maldonado and Cerro Largo, Uruguay (Kohls & Clifford 1967). Because of the
new species exhibited striking morphological differences from all other species
of Ixodes, the authors erected a new subgenus, Haemixodes, for
the taxon. They pointed out that adults of this species were not found, although
numerous rodents and other mammals found in the area were examined. They also
stressed that discovery of the adult stages should prove to be of exceptional
interest. Three decades later, Venzal and Fregueiro (1999) again found larvae
and nymphs of this species on S. tumidus and also on Oxymycterus nasutus
Waterhouse, 1837 collected in the county of Maldonado in January 1999, and they
tried unsuccessfully to obtain laboratory reared adults of this species from
engorged nymphs.
In February 2000, we collected nine nymphs and
one larva of I. uruguayensis together with two nymphs of Amblyomma
sp. and ten beetles of the family Staphylinidae (probably Amblyopinodes
munoai Mañe-Garzón & San Martín, 1959) from a specimen
of S. tumidus from Kiyú (34º39'S, 56º55'W), county of
San José, Uruguay. One engorged I. uruguayensis nymph was incubated
at 27ºC with a humidity higher than 75%. After 12 days, the nymph became
quiescent and 20 days later molted to a female; the first known adult from the
species we believed to be I. uruguayensis. Subsequently, in May 2000,
two additional engorged nymphs were collected on S. tumidus and O.
nasutus from Maldonado. Both specimens died during pre-ecdysis. Nevertheless,
after we removed the shed nymphal cuticles, we obtained two females. The morphology
of these adults was compared with that of various Ixodes species known
for the region comprising Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil (Boero 1957, Aragão
& Fonseca 1961), and their identity as Ixodes longiscutatum Boero,
1944 was confirmed.
I. longiscutatum is known from two females
collected from a bovine and an equine in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina
(Boero 1944, 1957), one female collected from a bovine in the same Province
(Teper 1983), and one female found on a Cavia sp. in Uruguay (Keirans
et al. 1976). Ivancovich (1973) also recorded this species from a rodent (Akodon
azarae bibiane) in Formosa's Province, Argentina, but did not mention the
sex or stages of his specimens. Males of I. longiscutatum are unknown.
Although the holotype of I. longiscutatum
is lost, our specimens were compared with the description and figures of Boero
(1944, 1957), and compared with females deposited in the United States National
Tick Collection (USNTC), and identical characters were evident. The most significant
were: scutum twice as long as wide; capitulum triangular and long; thin and
whitish setae on cervical grooves and lateral margins of the scutum; and palpi
thin and long. The only morphological character at variance with Boero's description
is the hypostomal dentition. According to Boero, the dental formula is 2/2,
but, as can be seen from his figures, the hypostome of the specimen is, to a
large extent, broken apically. Hypostomes of our specimens are intact and show
a dentition 3/3 apically and 2/2 at the base. Our specimens demonstrate that
the larvae and nymphs that Kohls and Clifford (1967) used to erect a new subgenus
and new species are actually the immature stages of I. longiscutatum.
Therefore, I. uruguayensis becomes a junior subjective synonym of I.
longiscutatum.
The life cycle of this species seems to involve
rodents of the family Muridae as hosts of the immature forms. Adults have been
found on a rodent of the family Caviidae from Uruguay, and two bovines and an
equine from Argentina. It appears that bovines and equines are used as hosts
only occasionally.
Because of the unique morphological characters
found in the immature stages, the validity of the subgenus Haemixodes
Kohls & Clifford, 1967 for I. longiscutatum is confirmed. This subgenus
was proposed for larvae and nymphs of I. uruguayensis, whose adults have
been shown to be identical to the adults of I. longiscutatum, a species
not assigned to any subgenus by Clifford et al. (1973). It was, however, included
in Amerixodes nov. subgen. by Camicas et al. (1998) as I. longiscutatus
"nov. emend". This was, however, based on the characters of adult
specimens. Therefore, the subgenus Amerixodes Camicas et al. (1998) as
it applies to I. longiscutatum is preoccupied and falls into synonymy
with Haemixodes Kohls and Clifford (1967).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Alberto Guglielmone, INTA (Rafaela), Santa
Fe, Argentina, for critical analysis of the manuscript, and Alberto Abrahamovich,
Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, for his search for the
holotype.
REFERENCES
- Aragão HB, Fonseca F 1961. Notas
de Ixodologia VIII. Lista e chave para os representantes da fauna ixodologica
brasileira. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 59: 115-129.
- Boero JJ 1944. Notas Ixodológicas.
I. Ixodes lon-giscutatum, nueva especie. II. Nueva lista de los ixodideos
argentinos y sus huéspedes. Rev Asoc Méd Arg 58:
353-355.
- Boero JJ 1957. Las Garrapatas de
la República Argentina (Acarina: Ixodoidea), Departamento Editorial,
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 113 pp.
- Camicas JL, Hervy JP, Adam F, Morel
PC 1998. Les Tiques du Monde, Éditions de l'Orstom, Institut
Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en
Coopération, Paris, 233 pp.
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JE, Kohls GM 1973. Systematics of the subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae).
I. The subgenera of Ixodes. Ann Entomol Soc Am 66: 489-500.
- Ivancovich JC 1973. Las garrapatas del
Chaco y Formosa. Rev Inv Agropec Ser 4 Patol Anim 10: 9-24.
- Keirans JE, Clifford CM, Corwin D 1976.
Ixodes sigelos n.sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents in
Chile, with a method for preparing ticks for examination by scanning electron
microscopy. Acarology 18: 217-225.
- Kolhs GM, Clifford CM 1967. Ixodes
(Haemixodes) uruguayensis, new subgenus, new species (Acarina:
Ixodidae) from a small rodent in Uruguay. Ann Entomol Soc Am 60:
391-394.
- Teper N 1983. Nuevas áreas de
dispersión geográfica de especies de garrapatas. Gac Vet
Bs Aires 380: 469-473.
- Venzal JM, Fregueiro F 1999. Oxymycterus
nasutus (Rodentia: Muridae) nuevo hospedero para Ixodes (Haemixodes)
uruguayensis Kohls & Clifford, 1967 (Acarina: Ixodidae) y segundo
hallazgo para el Uruguay. Bol Soc Zool Uruguay (2ª época)
11: 49.
This work was supported in part by the Fundação
de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp), Biota project
(no. 99/05446-8) to DMBB, and in part by the project no. 816 of CIDEC, Facultad
de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay. Portions of this research were conducted
under National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, grant AI 40729
to JEK.
Copyright 2001 Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz - Fiocruz.
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