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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 97, Num. 7, 2002, pp. 1067-1071
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Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de
Janeiro, Vol. 97(7), October
2002, pp. 1067-1071
Caballerocotyla
lenti n. sp., a Capsalid Monogenean from Auxis
thazard (Scombridae) from off the Southeastern Coast of Brazil
Cristina D Mogrovejo, Cláudia
P Santos*/+
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
e Ambientais, Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil *Laboratório
de Avaliação e Proteção Ambiental, Departamento
de Biologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
+Corresponding author. Fax: +55-21-2598.4378.
E-mail: cpsantos@ioc.fiocruz.br
Financial support:
Faperj/Mackpesquisa
Received 3 April 2002
Accepted 31 July 2002
Code Number: oc02235
Caballerocotyla lenti n. sp. (Monogenea:
Capsalidae), recovered from the gills of Auxis thazard (Lacépède)
captured off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described using light
and scanning electron microscopy. The new species is characterized by: a tegument
with 2-5 rows of dorso-marginal, unicuspid spines; 53-54 round testes; a constricted
pharynx with numerous papillae on its border; and a haptor with a plicate marginal
border, a central polygonal area and seven complete septa. C. manteri (Price,
1951) and C. gouri Chauhan, 1953 sensu Murugesh (1995)
are figured and commented upon.
Key words: Monogenea - Caballerocotyla
lenti n. sp. - Auxis thazard - fish - Brazil
Among the Capsalidae,species of Caballerocotyla
Price, 1960 are characterized by the position of the numerous testes, which
are confined to the intercaecal area, and a pharynx with a typical constriction.
The genus contains 26 species mainly reported from scombrid fishes throughout
the world, in both tropical and subtropical areas.
Auxis thazard (Lacépède,
1800) is a pelagic, migratory, oceanic fish, that inhabits hot waters
in all the tropical and subtropical seas, being commercially explored fresh,
cured, tinned or as bait for great tunas fisheries.During a parasitological
survey of this scombrid specimens of Caballerocotyla were encountered
on the gills. These worms are described below as a new species, based on studies
using both light and electron microscopy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January to December, 2000,
a total of 110 fishes were obtained from fishermen and fish markets at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, and examined for parasites. Some fish were frozen prior to
examination. Some of the worms recovered were fixed and stored in 70% alcohol,
stained in Mayer's paracarmine, dehydrated in an ethanol series, cleared in
creosote, mounted in Canada balsam and studied using differential interference
microscopy. The scale bars are presented in millimeters as the range, with the
mean in parentheses. Illustrations were made with the aid of a drawing tube.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), freshly collected parasites were fixed
in a solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M cacodylate buffer (pH 8.3), 4%
paraformaldehyde in distilled water andwashed in PBS. Specimens were post-fixed
in 1% osmiun tetroxide in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, dehydrated through a graded
ethanol series, critically point dried and sputter-coated with gold. They were
examined using a JSM-8500 scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage
of 15kV.
Paratypes of Caballerocotyla manteri
(Price, 1951) from the US National Parasite Collection (no. 37229) and a specimen
of C. gouri (Chauhan 1953) from the British Museum (Natural History)
Collection at The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) (1993.5.18.2) were examined.
Type and voucher specimens of the present material are deposited in the Helminthological
Collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil (CHIOC).
RESULTS
Family Capsalidae
Price, 1939
Caballerocotyla Price, 1960
Caballerocotyla lenti n.sp.
Description (Figs 1,
2, 3-4,
5-6, 7):
based on 6 specimens. Body elongate, 0.520-4.92 (2.31) long; maximum width 0.224-2.310
(1.13). Haptor smaller than maximum width of body. Tegument with 2-5 rows of
dorso-marginal unicuspid spines 0.023-0.025 (0.024) long. Anterior region bears
2 ellipsoid suckers, 0.076-0.431 × 0.142-0.585 (0.26 × 0.29), and
2 pairs of eye-spots (Fig. 1). Haptor 0.494-1.503
× 0.437-1.478 (0.793 × 0.830) surrounded by delicate, plicate marginal
border. Internal surface of disc divided around central locus into 7 complete,
lateral loci. One pair of anchors, 0.029-0.323 (0.290) long. Fourteen marginal
hooks 0.011-0.013 (0.013) long. Mouth ventral, situated in between and in plane
of posterior region of anterior suckers; pharynx 0.066-0.674 × 0.046-0.674
(0.30 × 0.29) in maximum width, constricted into 2 regions; oesophagus
short; caeca with numerous diverticula, united at posterior end of body. Testes
52-54 in number, entire and intercaecal. Cirrus-sac narrow. Genital pore lateral,
just posterior to left anterior sucker. Ovary globular, posterior to pharynx,
intercaecal, 0.032-0.173 × 0.064-0.228 (0.101 × 0.154). Oviduct short,
passes sinistraly towards base of oötype. Two vitelloducts join vitelline
reservoir, 0.034-0.136 × 0.062-0.132 (0.082 × 0.107). Vitellarium
dendritic, extends from cephalic lobe to haptor in lateral fields of body. Seminal
receptacle globular, to left of vitelline reservoir, links to narrow vagina.
Vaginal pore at 0.21-0.69 (0.52) from genital pore. Eggs 0.073-0.082 ×
0.066-0.082 (0.080 × 0.077), with 4 filaments 0.046-0.103 (0.074) long.
SEM : body elongate; antero-ventral
region with smooth, cephalic lobe and round anterior suckers; posterior region
with septate, disc-like haptor (Fig. 2).
Numerous papillae surround triangular margin of pharynx within mouth (Fig.
3). Lateral margins of body with 2-5 dorso-marginal rows of unicuspid spines
(Fig. 4). Haptor divided by 7 complete
septa which rise from central polygonal area and extend to plicate marginal
border (Fig. 5). Tips of anchors rise
from base of central polygonal area; equidistant marginal hooks surround inner
part of marginal border (Fig. 6).
Type-host: Auxis thazard
(Lacépède) (Scombridae)
Type-locality: State of Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil (22°55'S, 40°18' W)
Habitat:gills
Infection: prevalence 12.73%;
mean intensity 1.07; mean abundance 0.14
Type-material: Holotype CHIOC
34938; paratypes CHIOC 34939, 34940 and 34941
Etymology: the new species
is named for Prof. Herman Lent, a distinguished Brazilian parasitologist.
Caballerocotyla
manteri (Price, 1951) Price, 1960
Redescription (Fig.
7): body elongate, 2.35 long × 1.57 wide. Tegument with 1 row of dorso-marginal
unicuspid spines. Anterior region bears 2 ellipsoid suckers, 0.39 × 0.42,
and 2 pairs of eye-spots. Haptor 0.85 × 0.88. Anchors and marginal hooks
(14) not measured. Mouth ventral, pharynx 0.36 × 0.32 in maximum width,
constricted into 2 regions. Testes 35 in number, entire and intercaecal. Cirrus-sac
narrow. Genital pore lateral. Ovary globular, intercaecal 0.17 × 0.26.
Vitelline reservoir 0.11 × 0.18. Eggs not observed.
Type-host: Euthynnus alletterata
(Rafinesque, 1810) (Scombridae)
Type-locality: Tortugas, Florida
Habitat:gills
Material: paratype USNM Reg.
no. 37229
Caballerocotyla
gouri (Chauhan, 1953)
sensu Muruguesh (1995)
Redescription (Fig.
8): body elongate, 8.2 long, 5.8 wide. Tegument with 5-6 rows of dorso-marginal
unicuspid spines. Anterior region bears 2 suckers, 0.86 × 0.83. Haptor
2.6 × 2.4. Anchors and marginal hooks (14) not measured. Pharynx 1.00 ×
1.06 in maximum width. Testes > 100 in number, lobed and intercaecal. Cirrus-sac
narrow. Genital pore lateral. Ovary lobed, intercaecal 0.66 × 0.75. Vitelline
reservoir 0.20 × 0.30. Eggs not observed.
Type-host: unspecified scombrid
Type-locality: Bay of Bengal
Habitat: gills
Material:voucher BMNH Reg.
no. 1993.5.18.2
DISCUSSION
Species of Caballerocotyla Price,
1960, revised by Lamothe-Argumedo (1997), are characterized by the presence
of numerous intercaecal testes, a haptor divided by septa and a constricted
pharynx. Even though in this revision Lamothe-Argumedo indicated that, when
body spines are present, they have five or six cusps, they do in fact range
from single to multi-cusped.
The species of the genus include
C. biparasitica (Goto 1894) Price 1960, C. andhraensis (Raju &
Rao, 1980) Lamothe-Argumedo, 1997, C. abdijani Bussieras & Laurencin,
1970, C. albsmithi Dollfus, 1962, C. australis Oliva, 1986,
C. caballeroi (Winter, 1955) Price, 1960, C. chilensis Pillai &
Pillai, 1976, C. foliacea (Goto, 1894) Price, 1960, C. gotoi (Yamaguti,
1968) Oliva, 1986, C. gouri (Chauhan, 1951) Price, 1960, C. gregalis
Wagner & Carter, 1967, C. katsuwomis (Ishii, 1936) Price, 1960, C.
katuo (Iwata, 1990) Lamothe-Argumedo, 1997, C. klawei Stunkard,
1962, C. magronum (Ishii, 1946) Price, 1960, C. manteri (Price,
1951) Price, 1960, C. manteri affinis Mamev, 1968, C. neothunni
(Yamaguti, 1968) Oliva, 1986, C. notosinensis Mamaev, 1968, C. nozawae
(Goto, 1894) Egorova, 1989, C. paucispinosa Mamaev, 1968, C.
pelamidys (Taschenberg, 1878) Price, 1960, C. phillippina Velázquez,
1982, C. pseudomagronum Bussieras, 1972, C. thazardi Pilai &
Pilai, 1976 and C. verrucosa Bussieras, 1972.
The species of the genus reported
from Auxis thazard include C. manteri Price, 1951 from the Pacific
(Williams & Bunkley Williams, 1996), C. manteri affinis Mamaev, 1968
and Caballerocotyla sp. from South China Sea (Mamaev, 1968), C. thazardi
Pillai & Pillai, 1976 from Arabian Sea, C. andhraensis Raju &
Rao, 1980 from Bay of Bengal, India and C. gouri (Chauhan, 1953) reported
by Murugesh (1995) from both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, India.
C. manteri Price, 1951, first
described from Euthynnus alletterata of Florida is similar to C. manteri
affinis, also recorded from E. affinis. The types of C. manteri
affinis could not be examined, but study of the paratype of C. manteri
(USNM Reg. no. 37229) confirmed the presence of a single row of dorso-marginal
unicuspid spines and a reduced number of testes (35) (Fig.
7). The types of C. thazardi could also not be obtained, but, based
on the original description, this species also differs from C. lenti
n. sp. in the presence of a single row of dorso-marginal unicuspid spines.
Caballerocotyla sp. of Mamaev
(1968) differs from C. lenti n. sp. in the presence of dorso-marginal
spines with eight or nine cusps.
Chauhan(1953) described C. gouri
from E. alletterata (= Thynnus thunina) as having a single
row of dorso-marginal spines with five or six cusps each, as well as a globular
ovary and testes. Murugesh (1995) subsequently reported this species from E.
affinis, Thunnus tonggol, Sarda orientalis and A. thazard, considering
C. andhraensis a synonym of C. gouri. Nevertheless, while examining
the specimens of C. gouri studied by Muruguesh (1995) (BMNH Reg. no.
1993.5.18.2) (Fig. 8), we found five
or six rows of unicuspid spines and a lobed ovary and testes, differing from
both C. gouri and C. andhraensis which have two to four rows of
unicuspid spines and globular testes. The synonymy C. gouri and C.
andhraensis is therefore, not considered here as valid.
Therefore, C. gouri of Chauhan
(1953) differs from C. lenti n. sp. in the numbers of rows and spine
cusps and by the number and arrangement of haptoral septa. C. andhraensis
from the Bay of Bengal is closer to the new species in relation to its body
measurements and the presence of two to four rows of dorso-marginal unicuspid
spines. Although the types could not be found, this species differs from C.
lenti n. sp. by having a body which tapers posteriorly, dorso-marginal spines
diminishing in number and size towards the posterior end of body, discontinuous
haptoral septa, the position of the anchors in the posterior septum and a median
septum with a tendency to subdivide.
Considering all the other species
of the genus, those which most closely resembles C. lenti n. sp. are
C. chilensis Pillai & Pillai, 1976from Sarda chilensis off
the Kerala coast and C. notosinense Mamaev 1968 from Euthynnus affinis
in the South China Sea, both with two to four rows of dorso-marginal unicuspid
spines. However, they differ from the new species in having larger body, anchors
and marginal hooks. The remaining species can be readily differentiated by the
size, shape and number of spines and cusps, the size of the anchors and the
number of testes.
C. lenti n. sp. represents
the first species of the genus to be reported off the coast of Brazil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To Dr David Gibson of The Natural
History Museum, London for help from the Host-Parasite Data-Base of the Parasitic
Worms Division, for providing literature and the loan of specimens. To Chaparral
Ltda for donation of fresh fishes and to Dr Marlene Benchimol from the Laboratory
of Electronic Microscopy of University Santa Úrsula, for technical support.
REFERENCES
- Chauhan BS 1953. Trematodes from
Indian marine fishes. Part VII: On monogenetic parasites of the family Capsalidae
Baird, 1853 (Capsaloidea) from Indian region, with description of a new species
of the genus Capsala Bosc 1811. Rec Indian Mus 49: 45-51.
- Lamothe-Argumedo R 1997. Nuevo
arreglo taxonómico de la subfamilia Capsalinae (Monogenea: Capsalinae),
clave para los géneros y dos combinaciones nuevas. An Inst Biol
Univ Nac Autón Mexico Ser Zool 68: 207-223.
- Murugesh M 1995. Monogenetic trematodes
from scombrid fishes of the Visakhapatnam coast, Bay of Bengal. J Nat Hist
29: 1-26.
- Mamaev YL 1968. [Helminths of
tuna fish in the South China Sea.]In KI Skrjabin, YL Mamaev EAS (eds), [Helminths
of Animals of the Pacific Ocean], Moscow, p. 5-27.
- Williams Jr EH, Bunkley Williams
L 1996. Parasites of Offshore Big Game Fishes of Puerto Rico and the Western
Atlantic, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources,
San Juan, 382 pp.
Copyright 2002 Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz - Fiocruz
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