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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 98, Num. 5, 2003, pp. 641-648

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 98, No. 5, July, 2003, pp. 641-648

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 from Tumaco, Colombia

Norman Balcázar/+, Gloria I Sánchez*, Felipe Garcia-Vallejo**

Cra 51 D # 62-29, Grupo de Inmunovirología *Grupo Infección y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia **Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
+Corresponding author. Fax +57-4-263.3509. E-mail: nbalcazar@hotmail.com

Received 1 October 2002
Accepted 30 April 2003

Code Number: oc03134

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes leukemia and the neurological disorder HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infection with this virus _ although it is distributed worldwide - is limited to certain endemic areas of the world. Despite its specific distribution and slow mutation rate, molecular epidemiology on this virus has been useful to follow the movements of human populations and routes of virus spread to different continents. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic variability of a region of the env gene of isolates obtained from individuals of African origin that live on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Sequencing and comparison of the fragment with the same fragment from different HTLV-1 isolates showed a variability ranging from 0.8% to 1.2%. Phylogenetic studies permit us to include these isolates in the transcontinental subgroup A in which samples isolated from Brazil and Chile are also found. Further analyses will be necessary to determine if these isolates were recently introduced into the American continent or if they rather correspond to isolates introduced during the Paleolithic period.

Key words: human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 - HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis - HTLV-1 phylogeny - Colombia

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) of the Retroviridae family (Poiesz et al. 1980) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL; Hinuma et al. 1981) and of the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM), known also as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP; Gessain et al. 1985, Osame et al. 1986). HAM/TSP is a chronic and progressive neuromyelopathy characterized by paraparesis and spasticity of the inferior members, and occasionally changes are observed in both the sensorial-superficial parts and the inferior part of the spine (Osame et al. 1986). Specific IgG antibodies against HTLV-1 have been detected in individuals from several Caribbean islands, South America, the Seychelles Islands, parts of Africa, the Southern part of Japan, Melanesia and Australia. It is considered that of the 15 to 25 million HTLV-1-infected individuals worldwide, 1 to 5% will develop ATL or HAM/TSP (Green & Chen. 2001). The first cases of TSP in Colombia were described in 1981 (Zaninovic et al. 1981) and their association with HTLV-1 in 1988 (Arango et al. 1988) with a prevalence of 0.098% in Tumaco, a town where most people have African ancestors (Zaninovic et al. 1988). Although genome variation among strains of HTLV-1 is very low, a few nucleotide changes seem to be specific of the geographical origin of the strains. However, the genomic sequence of HTLV-1 isolated from patients with ATL and/or HAM/TSP show neither meaningful biological nor biochemical differences (Daenke et al. 1990, Paine et al. 1991, Ratner et al. 1991).

To determine the characteristics of the HTLV-1 strains that infect individuals of the Pacific coast of Colombia, we report the sequences of the pro-virus HTLV-1 strains identified in individuals from Tumaco. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify pro-viral segments that included parts of the pol and env genes, and these sequences were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using 10 different restriction enzymes. Furthermore, a segment of the env gene amplified from several of these isolates was sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the sequences were conducted to determine their possible correlations to strains from different geographic regions of the world.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HTLV-1 samples and PCR - The collection of clinical specimens and clinical diagnoses of HAM/TSP of volunteers from whom HTLV-1 positive peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBC) were collected, have been described (Arango et al. 1988). Briefly, 10 ml of heparinized blood was obtained from 10 individuals living in Tumaco who had been diagnosed with HTLV-1 or who clinically had been confirmed with TSP (Table). PMBC were Ficoll hypaque separated and the high molecular weight DNA was extracted by classical proteinase K digestion and phenol-chloroform extraction (Sambrook et al. 1989).

To identify the HTLV-1 positive samples, PCR was performed using the specific primers SK110(5'- CCCTACAATCCAACCAGCTCA _ 3' 4733-4755) and SK111(5'- GTGGTGAAGCTACCATCGGGTTTA- 3'4902-4922) (Fig. 1) that amplify a fragment of 189 bp of the pol gene of HTLV-1. The PCR mixture (50 µl) contained 200 ng of extracted DNA, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 9.0), 0.01% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 10 pmol of each primer and 2.5 units of Taq polymerase. The PCR conditions were 94°C for 7 min, 40 cycles at 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 2 min (Heneine et al. 1992). To confirm that the amplified fragments indeed corresponded to HTLV-1, they were transferred and hybridized with the [g-32P] ATP labeled probe SK112 (5'- GTACTTTACTGACAAACCCGACCTAC _ 3' ) (Fig. 1) that hybridizes to a specific region of the pol gene.

After confirming HTLV-1 infection, semi-nested PCR was carried out to amplify a fragment of 1,093 bp that spans the 3' end of the pol gene and the 5' end of the env gene. In the first round, oligonucleotides SK110 and Env B (-) (5'- TGGGCACTTTAAGGAACAAG- 3' 5846-5866) were used as external primers and in the second round oligonucleotides SK110 and EU3(-) (5'- GTTAACTGG ACAAGGGTCAGG- 3' 5806-5826 ) (Fig. 1) as internal primers. The PCR conditions were as described above, except that the annealing temperature was at 50°C instead of 55°C and the final step at 72°C was for 3 instead of 2 min. In the initial round, 100 ng of target DNA was used, and in the second round, 2 µl of the initial PCR reaction. For each reaction, DNA from an HTLV-1 seronegative individual as well as a sample with the complete PCR mixture but without DNA, and another with DNA obtained from the HTLV-1 chronically infected cellular line MT-2, were included as controls. Samples that where not amplified with any of the HTLV-1 primers were amplified with b-globin primers HG063 (5'- ACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGG-3') and HG064 (5' - TGGTCTCCTTAAACCTGTCT-3') (Saiki et al. 1985) to determine the quality and quantity of the DNA. These oligonucleotides amplify a 249 bp fragment from nt -69 to 180 of the human b-globin gene. PCR conditions were similar to those used for the pol gene segment except that the annealing temperature was 60°C. In all cases, 10 µl of the amplified products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1-2% agarose gels.

RFLP and southern blot analysis - For the RFLP analysis, the fragment amplified from the different isolates after processing of the seminested PCR was purified from agarose gels using the USB CLEAN Kit following the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, UK). Digestions were carried out using 5 µl of the semi-nested PCR product in a final volume of 20 µl and 1 X of the appropriate enzyme reaction buffer with 10 units each of the following enzymes, Hae III, Taq I, Hind III, Pvu II, Bam HI, Dde I, Nco I, Bst NI, Sal I or Hae II (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). The reaction mixtures were incubated for 4-6 h at 37°C. The digested DNA fragments were electrophoretically separated in 2-3% agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes (Hybond-N+, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK) and the membranes hybridized with the random primer-labeled plasmid pMT-2 which contains the complete sequence of the HTLV-1 provirus MT-2 (Miyoshi et al. 1981).

The membranes were pre-hybridized in 0.25 M Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 1% BSA and 7% SDS at 65°C for 16 h. The filters were washed twice for 30 min at 65°C in 2 X SSC and 0.1% SDS followed by two additional washes in 0.2 X SSC and 0.1% SDS for the same time and temperature. Finally the filters were exposed for 4 h to X-omat X-ray films.

DNA sequencing and analysis - The semi-nested PCR products obtained from samples TUM0072, TUM0310, TUM0385, and TUM3049 that correspond to the segment of 1093 bp that spans the 3' end of the pol gene and the 5' end of the env gene (Fig. 1), were cloned into the pCR IIä cloning vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA). Positive clones were selected on Luria Broth (LB) agar plates colored with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyrano-side (X-Gal) and isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Three recombinant clones of each sample were isolated and a 383 bp segment from 5406 to 5789 of the proviral genomic sequence that corresponds to amino acid positions 77 to 203 of the env gene were sequenced by the dideoxy sequencing method using the Sequenase 2.0 Kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Buckinghamshire, UK) and primers PTU 1(5'- GTTCGTGGACCCTCGACC- 3' 5406-5424) and PTU 2 (5'- CCTTGTTCCTTAA AGTGCC- 3' 5521-5540) as described (Soto-Ramirez et al. 1995; Fig. 1). These were aligned and compared with the sequence of the ATK-1 isolate.

Phylogenetic analysis - A phylogenetic analysis of the 383 bp sequenced segments was conducted. To this end the neighbour joining (NJ; Saitou & Nei 1987), the UPGMA (Nei 1991) and the maximum parsimony (MP; Fitch 1977) methods that accommodate variable rates of genetic changes, were used to construct unrooted phylogenetic trees. The methods used to determine the evolutionary distances between the isolated samples were the model of one parameter of Jukes-Cantor (Jukes & Cantor 1969) and the model of two parameters of Kimura (Kimura 1980). To verify the reliability of the final topologies of the trees, the bootstrap model of probabilities was used. All the above-mentioned procedures were carried out using the software package MEGA (molecular evolutionary genetics analysis, PA) version 1.01 (Kumar et al. 1993).

RESULTS

Identification of HTLV-1 - From seven (samples TUM0072, TUM0310, TUM0385, TUM3049, TUM3687, TUM0361 and TUM0654) out of the 10 samples taken from individuals clinically diagnosed with TSP and/or with positive serology, it was possible to amplify a fragment of the expected size of 189 bp with primers SK110 and SK111. The fragments amplified from these 7 samples hybridized with probe SK112 that specifically recognizes a fragment of the pol gene of HTLV-1. Taken together these results permit us to conclude that these 7 samples contain HTLV-1.

The DNA of the remaining three samples that showed no amplification with these primers was used as target in another PCR reaction using primers HG063 an HG064 that amplify a 249 bp fragment of the human b-globin gene. Although it was possible to amplify a fragment of the expected size from these samples (not shown), it was not possible to amplify any HTLV-1 fragment even when the primers that amplify fragments from the gag and tax-rex genes were included in the PCR reaction (not shown).

RFLP analysis - We first conducted an RFLP analysis on the 1093 bp fragment amplified from the semi-nested PCR from all seven samples that had hybridized to probe SK112.

Analysis of the digestion pattern of this fragment with the enzymes Hae III, Taq I, Hind III, Pvu II, Bam HI, Nco I, Bst NI, Sal I or Hae II showed a very similar digestion pattern of the fragment amplified from the 7 samples of this study as well as with the DNA amplified from the MT-2 cell line using the same set of primers (not shown).

Analysis of the digestion with Dde I showed two different patterns (Fig. 2). Fragments amplified from samples TUM0310, TUM0385, TUM3687, TUM0361 and TUM0654 and from MT-2 DNA, produced the same set of bands, whereas digestion of the fragments amplified from samples TUM0072 and TUM3049 similar pattern but different from the former five samples as well as from the fragment amplified from MT-2 DNA.

Sequence analysis - We therefore sequenced a 383 bp segment (Fig. 1) from samples TUM0072 and TUM3049 and from two samples TUM0310 and TUM0385 chosen at random which represent the different RFLP pattern. To this effect, the amplified fragment from these samples was cloned into the pCR II cloning vector and three clones of each fragment from the same sample were sequenced. Sequences of the clones obtained from the same sample showed complete agreement showing that the amplified fragments were composed of a homogeneous population of PCR products, and the changes observed were consequently not artifacts, but reflect changes in the viral genomic sequences. The nucleotide sequences were aligned and compared with the sequences of the HTLV-1 strains from various geographic regions including Japan (ATK-1, H5, TSP-1, MT-2; Seiki et al. 1983, Gray et al. 1990), the Caribbean area (HS-35, CH; Malik et al. 1988, Ratner et al. 1991), Brazil (pt-8; Schultz et al. 1991), Romania (H990; Schultz et al. 1991), Melanesia (MEL-1; Gessain et al. 1993), the United States (SP; Paine et al. 1991), a variant from Gabon (GeneBank Accession number L33266; Moynet et al. 1995), Chile (ST; Dekaban et al. 1992) and Zaire (EL; Paine et al. 1991, Ratner et al. 1991), as well as the sequences of Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I) strain ptM3 from a pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) from Indonesia (Watanabe et al. 1985) and sequences of HTLV-1 strain Mo from the United States (Shimotohono et al. 1985).

Aligment of the sequences of the 383 bp segment of the Japanese HTLV-1 strain ATK-1 (Fig. 3), with sequences of the strains from Tumaco revealed a 2.3 to 2.6% variability. The variability between the sequences obtained from the Tumaco strains was 0.5%. The amino acid sequences deduced for this fragment showed that there are changes in amino acid 89 (Thr®Ile, all Tumaco strains), 137 ( His®Gln, all Tumaco strains), 166 (Asp ®Gly, strain TUM 3049), 168 (Pro®Gln, strain TUM0385), 169 (Gly®Glu, strain TUM0310), 194 (Ser®Tyr, strain TUM0072), when compared to the ATK-1 strain.

Despite this overall low degree of amino acid sequence dissimilarity, the amino-terminal neutralizing domain, comprising amino acids 88 to 98 on the external envelope glycoprotein gp46, was totally conserved between the HTLV-1 Tumaco strain sequences examined here.

Phylogenetic analysis - The phylogenetic trees constructed using the sequences of the 383 bp fragment of the env gene, were very similar whichever of the three methods was used (UPGMA, NJ, or MP) with very similar evolutionary distances estimated either by the Jukes-Cantor or the Kimura method. Altough similar, we chose the NJ method because it gave the most representative phylogenetic tree. As shown in Fig. 4, three main groups were clearly identified. In the first group appeared strain ptM3 of HTLV-1 that represents an early ancestor from which the Melanesian and cosmopolitan strains diverged, whereas in the second group appeared the Melanesian MEL-1 strain. The third group or cosmopolitan subgroup appeared clearly separated from the simian and Melanesian groups and contained the Tumaco strains described here.

Isolates TUM0310, TUM3049 and TUM0072 from Tumaco and isolate pt-8 from Brazil form a subgroup with a bootstrap value of 52%. Although this significance is low and does not permit us to conclude that these isolates form a completely separate group, they nevertheless form a subgroup. Our results suggest that these Colombian isolates can be included in the same group as other South American isolates such as CH from the Caribbean area and pt-8 from Brazil. Although the analysis shows that the strains from Japan and Africa do not appear in the same branch as the strains described here from Tumaco, they do not form a completely separate subgroup.

DISCUSSION

A strong correlation exists between the phylogenetic HTLV-1 genotypes and the geographic origin of virus carriers, although it has so far not been possible to determine if a link exists between strain variability and disease outcome. Additionally, molecular epidemiology studies of HTLV-1 strains from different ethnic groups have permitted the identification of the time of introduction of strains into different continents along with the migration of human populations. These facts validate the analysis of the genetic variability of HTLV-1 strains. Here we report the partial sequences of a fragment encompassing the genes env and pol of HTLV-1 isolates of individuals of Tumaco, a town on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, where most inhabitants are of African origin. The level of antibodies against HTLV-1 in these individuals is high compared to that in populations from other regions of the world and the prevalence of TSP is one of the highest in the world (Arango et al. 1990).

HTLV-1 infection in the 10 samples collected from individuals who had been clinically diagnosed with HAM/TSP, or healthy carriers that were identified as positive for HTLV-1 by three different serology methods were studied for proviral HTLV-1 presence. Seven samples were identified as carrying the HTLV-1 provirus by PCR and hybridization. Samples TUM3071 and TUM0112 were positive with all three serology methods but were negative by PCR and hybridization. Since the sensitivity of the test was not determined to detect HTLV-1, we conclude that they are indeed from HTLV-1 infected individuals, but they were not detected in our PCR experimental conditions. The sample from one individual (TUM3033) clinically diagnosed with TSP was negative by either the search for anti-HTLV-1 antibodies (Arango et al. 1988) or by the PCR and hybridization methods. Therefore his/her clinical state should be associated with an etiology different from infection with HTLV-1.

The RFLP analysis was conducted with several restriction enzymes indicated that all but Dde I produced a similar pattern of digestion on samples from Tumaco, the isolate ATK-1 (GeneBank accession numbers J02029) and the HTLV-1 infected cell line MT-2. The digestion pattern observed with Dde I led us to initially infer the presence of variation in the sequence which was specific of certain isolated samples from Tumaco.

Of the HTLV-1 structural genes, the envelope gene seems to be subject to the greatest variablity (Malik et al. 1988, Gray et al. 1990, Shirabe et al. 1990). For this reason the present study focused on a segment of 383 bp of the env gene, to study the genetic variability in four of the isolated samples (TUM0072, TUM0310, TUM0385 and TUM3049) since such a segment contains the sequences that code for immunodominant epitopes on gp46 (Lipka et al. 1990). We, and others (Gray et al. 1990, Schultz et al. 1991, Paine et al. 1991) have observed C ® T and G ® A changes at nucleotide position 5468 and 5470 respectively, when compared to the ATK-1 isolate; this could be due to a mistake in the sequencing process of the ATK-1 prototype strain.

When the sequences of the reference strains and sequences from isolates of this study were aligned with other HTLV-1 sequences of geographically distant strains, they showed a low degree of variability when compared to the ATK-1 prototype strain. Homology variability of the isolates was: ST (Chile) 0.8%, pt-8 (Brazil) 0.8%, ATK-1, MT-2, TSP-1, H-5 (Japan) 1.2_ 2.3% and CH (Caribbean) 1.4%.

To verify the reliability of the topology of the phylogenetic trees constructed, three different methods, UPGMA, NJ and MP were used. From this analysis it is possible to observe that isolates TUM0310, TUM3049, TUM0072, TUM0385 and pt-8 from Brazil are closely related and that the strains examined here belong to the Cosmopolitan group. In this analysis is also possible to observe that the Japanese strains MT-2, TSP-1 as well as strains EL from Zaire, a variant from Gabon, and HS-35 from the Caribbean area locate to a different group. However, due to the low Bootstrap percentages, they cannot be considered as a monophyletic clade.

Several lines of evidence have suggested that HTLV-1 was introduced into the American continent together with the first human population which came from the East through the Bering Strait, and migrated to the rest of the continent. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (Horai et al. 1993) and HLA haplotype sequence comparisons (Sonoda et al. 1991) also suggest a relationship between Japanese and paleo-indian people from South America (Miura et al. 1994). In contrast, other researchers have suggested that the American isolates originated from African isolates based on the absence of HTLV-1 among Amerindians and the high prevalence of infection among individuals of African descendents in the Caribbean area and in South America (Song et al. 1995). It is possible that the introduction of HTLV-1 could have occurred by African immigrants as suggested by Saksena et al. (1992) and Gessain et al. (1992). These authors suggest that HTLV-1 originated in an Indian Malayan region, from there presumably spread to Africa by marines thousand of years ago, and that later due to the slave trade in the XVI century, it spread to the New World and Japan. An analysis of the LTR region of HTLV-1 isolates from different ethnic groups of Peru have suggested that the virus may have been introduced into the American continent on a number of occasions from several African lineages, probably during and after the slave trade or through recent Japanese immigrations (Van Dooren et al. 1998). Phylogenetic analyses of the LTR region in the virus isolates examined here as well as in strains from different ethnic groups in South America will make it possible to confirm the origin of the HTLV-1 strains in these populations and to determine whether or not crossing between races has led to the introduction of viral strains among Indians and African descendents of the American continent.

It is predictable, based on the low divergence of the env region found in the Tumaco patients analyzed in this study as well as the low divergence of this region found by other authors in other parts of Latin America, that HTLV-1 isolates have evolved in the American population in different ethnic groups separately. However, analysis of the LTR region of HTLV-1 isolates from people of diverse ethnical origin will clarify this hypothesis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Unidad de Biotecnología y Biometría, Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, Palmira, Colombia for their technical support. To Dr Anne-Lise Haenni (Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France) for comments and critical reading of the manuscript.

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Copyright 2003 Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz. Free, full-text also available from http://www.memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br


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