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Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 99, No. 1, Feb, 2004, pp. 53-55 Whole Blood Assay to Access T Cell-immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Healthy Brazilian Individuals Paulo RZ Antas, Fernando LL Cardoso, Eliane B Oliveira, Patrícia KC Gomes, Kátia S Cunha*, Euzenir N Sarno, Elizabeth P Sampaio/+ Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Financial support: CNPq and Fiocruz Received 4 April 2003 Code Number: oc04009 ABSTRACT The production of interferon g (IFNg) guarantees effective T cell-mediated immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In the present study, we simply compare the in vitro immune responses to Mycobacterium antigens in terms of IFNg production in a total of 10 healthy Brazilian volunteers. Whole blood and mononuclear cells were cultivated in parallel with PPD, Ag85B, and M. bovis hsp65, and five-days supernatants were harvested for cytokine detection by ELISA. The inter-assay result was that the overall profile of agreement in response to antigens was highly correlated (r2 = 0.9266; p = 0.0102). Potential analysis is in current progress to dictate the usefulness of this method to access the immune responses also in tuberculosis patients and its contacts. Key words: tuberculosis (TB) - T cell-responses - whole blood - PPD - latent TB infection - interferon g Tuberculosis (TB) remains the main infectious health care problem worldwide with a total of 8 million new cases developing each year (Kochi 1991). The importance of T cells in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has long been well-known since their major function is the production of interferon g (IFNg) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFa), which have been verified to play a crucial role in macrophage activation, control of mycobacteria replication, and granuloma formation both in humans and mice (reviewed by Stenger & Modlin 1999). Assessment of T cell function in response to recombinant Mtb antigens has been performed in an endemic TB area in Brazil. In previous studies, we have shown that IFNg response in the TB patient group was enhanced in comparison to that of the controls, and the CD69 and CD25 in vitro expression on T cells in response to Mtb Antigen 85B (Ag85B) and Ferritin was enhanced after stimulation (Cardoso et al. 2002, Antas et al. 2002). Here, a six-month comparative study in terms of IFNg production was performed between whole blood assay (WBA) and mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultivated in parallel in the presence of protein purified derivative (PPD), Ag85B, and heat-shock protein M. bovis hsp65 among a total of 10 healthy, Rio de Janeiro city residents for the purpose of validating the WBA methodology in the study of in vitro immune response to Mtb antigens. Complete information of the cohort, Mantoux test performed and studied area is described elsewhere (Cardoso et al. 2002). For blood collection, PPD-negative individuals [5 males and 5 females; mean age (± SD) of 23 ± 2, ranging from 21 to 25] with no knowledge of prior contact or history of TB disease, voluntarily provided written consent as approved by Fiocruz Ethics Review Committee (Resolution 196/96 - National Health Council). Briefly, heparinized venous blood was drawn and for the WBA, a 1:3 dilution with RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% autologous plasma (only for PBMC), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 2mM L-glutamine (Gibco BRL) was seeded in 96-well round-bottom plates (Costar Corporation, Cambridge, MA) at 200 µl/well. For PBMC, cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, NJ) density centrifugation. A total of 2 x 105 cells/well were cultivated at 37°C in 200 ml of complete culture medium. All antigens used were negative for endotoxin contamination (Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay kit QCL-1000, Biowhittaker, CA). The antigens were kindly provided by Drs T Ottenhoff, K Franken, and P Klatser (The Netherlands), and purification methodology is detailed elsewhere (Franken et al. 2000). PPD was purchased from the Statens Serum Institute (Copenhagen, Denmark). After previous titration, the final concentration was 5 µg/ml for antigens, and 1% for the mitogen Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Gibco BRL). Antigen or mitogen was added to the wells in triplicates; and after 5 days, supernatants from each assay were harvested, respectively pooled and kept at 20°C until further use. Control wells were comprised of cells cultivated in medium alone. Concentration of IFNg in cell-free culture supernatants was determined by using a commercially specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) processed according to the manufacturer's specifications (Pharmingen Inc., San Diego, CA). Cytokine levels were expressed as pg/ml, and the detection limit of the assay was 8pg/ml. More detailed methodology is described elsewhere (Cardoso et al. 2002). Data were reported as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM), the brackets indicate lower to higher quartiles, and student's t tests and linear regression were used to perform statistical analysis (GraphPad InStat V. 2.04), after setting the significance level p £ 0.05. As a positive control, PHA-stimulated cultures were used as comparison, and positive responses (IFNg > 100 pg/ml) were equally detected in all but one individual tested (for WBA = 4,752 ± 1,391pg/ml [1,544.4 to 7,959.6] and PBMC = 4,899 ± 1,398pg/ml [1,675.2 to 8,122.8]). In general, the comparisons of induced IFNg levels with Mtb antigens were very similar in both methods (r2 = 0.9266, p = 0.0102, Figure). The WBA vs PBMC variances are also respectively represented: [PPD = 729.7 to 1,236.3 vs 661.8 to 1,218.2; Ag85B = 381.3 to 928.7 vs 294.8 to 1,041.2; hsp65 = 46.5 to 369.5 vs 183.2 to 618.8; baseline = 0.1 to 126.5 vs 2.8 to 57.1]. Although enhanced IFNg levels, no difference was observed when M. bovis hsp65-stimulated PBMC was compared to WBA (p = 0.15). Likewise, the baseline levels were also equivalent between the methods (Figure). Extra care was taken to make sure the data were as precise as possible. As such, two antigen concentrations were used with similar results (data not shown). Our major goal here was to test a reliable, reproducing, fast and easy in vitro method to access the T cell immune responses. In addition, by using WBA a more physiological environment is maintained, which may have an effect on the immune response to the antigenic stimulation. A choice was made to detect IFNg by ELISA as useful to induce response by well-defined Mtb antigens, and as described before, positive IFNg levels for Ag85B were also confirmed (Cardoso et al. 2002). For the first time, WBA vs PBMC from healthy controls in Brazil were used also to access the potential latent TB infection (LTBI). Formerly, it has been proposed by the Quantiferonâ assay employing Mtb antigens as a tool discriminating non-symptomatic LTBI (Brock et al. 2001, Mazurek et al. 2001). Overall, there was a little inter-assays variation, even though a trend, although non-statistically significant, to higher IFNg levels in M. bovis hsp65-stimulated PBMC. This may reflect an immune response to BCG vaccine, revealed by an enhanced number of specific IFNg-secreting T cells in the PBMC. The aforementioned and other studies (Cardoso et al. 2002) have found elevated IFNg titers in PPD-positive, healthy control individuals, as can be expected from a co-endemic TB and leprosy area. Surprisingly, the PPD-negative individuals tested herein also showed positive IFNg levels for all antigens tested in both methods, but mainly to PPD itself (almost 10-fold the cut off). It has been described before in another cohort (Cardoso et al. 2002), and overall sensitivity differences between both in vitro and skin tests have been observed in leishmaniasis also (DeLuca et al. 2003). That fact may support the idea that LTBI could be better detected by in vitro tests, due to its improved sensitivity, and/or that there might also be a cause of cross-reactions against antigens found in other Mycobacterium species (Geluk et al. 2002). In conclusion, both in vitro methods used herein were highly correlated when accessed for the responses to Mtb and PHA antigens, and this is in keeping with another comparative study (Bocchieri et al. 1995). Now, we plan to use this method in patients for the study of potentially powerful new vaccine candidates against and diagnostic tools for TB. REFERENCES
Copyright 2004 Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz. Free, full-text also available from http://www.memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br The following images related to this document are available:Photo images[oc04009g1.jpg] |
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