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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol. 102, No. 8, December, 2007, pp. 995-998 Short Communication Identification of hepatitis C virus subtype 2c by sequencing analysis in patients from Córdoba, Argentina Viviana Ré, Marta Contigiani, Clara Fumiko Tachibana Yoshida*, Elisabeth Lampe*/+ Instituto
de Virologia Dr. J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas,
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
* Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Financial support: CAPES (Brazil), SeTCIP (Argentina) Received 24 April 2007 Code Number: oc07177 In Argentina, most information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution comes from studies carried out in Buenos Aires (east province). In order to identify HCV subtypes in central Argentina, nucleotide sequencing of core region was performed in samples from 36 patients living in Córdoba, the second most populated province of Argentina. The sequence analysis identified subtype 2c as the most prevalent (50%), followed by subtype 1b (33%) and to a lesser extent by subtypes 1a (11%), 3a (3%) and 4a (3%). This is the first report of circulation of HCV subtype 2c in this region of Argentina and also such high prevalence has never been found before in the genotype distribution of South America. Key words: Hepatitis C Virus - Argentina - HCV subtype 2c Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major worldwide agent for chronic hepatitis. Based on the nucleotide sequence divergence it is classified into six genotypes and many subtypes (Simmonds et al. 1993). The distribution of HCV genotypes and subtypes are markedly heterogeneous throughout the world, even among nearby geographical regions. The determination of HCV genotypes, subtypes and isolates has been helpful in understanding the evolution and the epidemiology of the virus. Presently, HCV genotyping constitutes the basis for the clinical management of infected patients by providing decisive information about the duration of treatment. Patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 4 are likely to achieve the best rate of sustained remission following a 48-week course of treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, while a 24-week course of therapy appears to be sufficient to achieve the maximal rate of responsiveness in patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 (Hadziyannis et al. 2004). To perform effective public-health surveillance for new variants, modes of transmission, and further vaccine development efforts, detailed information about sequence variation of subtypes is needed (Simmonds et al. 2005, Weck 2005). Studies in Argentina from the east province (Buenos Aires region) have demonstrated that genotype 1 (principally 1b) is the most prevalent, followed by genotypes 2 and 3, and in minor extent by 4 and 5 (Oubina et al. 1995, Quarleri et al. 1998, 2000, Picchio et al. 2006). On the other hand, in a study with HCV infected patients resident in Córdoba, the second most populated province of central region of Argentina, we have found an intriguingly high percentage (55%) of genotype 2 isolates, followed by genotypes 1 (38%) and 3 (5%) (Ré et al. 2003), indicating that regional differences of genotype distribution could be present between east and central Argentina. However, no information of HCV subtype distribution in central region of Argentina is available at the present time. The main genotype was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 5'NCR region and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using type specific primers. Although such methods are able to identify correctly the major genotypic groups, only nucleotide sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding regions, such as core, envelope (E1) or non-structural (NS5) gene of HCV genome is efficient in discriminating among subtypes, since sequence variation from the 5' NCR region does not contain sufficient information to resolve subtypes (Simmonds et al. 1993, Hraber et al. 2006). In the present study, nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of core region was performed to provide more accurate determination of HCV subtypes circulating in central Argentina. A total of 36 HCV-RNA positive sera for 5'NCR region by reverse transcription (RT)-nested PCR were sequenced. These samples (16 male, 20 female; mean age 48.2 years-old, range 21-71 years) were from individuals with chronic hepatitis (n = 26), haemophiliacs (n = 2), intravenous drug users (n = 3), and blood donors (n = 5). All sera were collected from subjects living in Córdoba, Argentina, and referred to the Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, National University from Córdoba, Argentina. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. For sequence analysis, HCV-RNA was extracted from 140 μl of serum with QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), reverse transcribed and amplified with conserved primers for core region as described by Viazov et al. (1997). The nested RT-PCR products were purified using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Ca, USA) and submitted to direct nucleotide sequencing reaction in both direction using Thermo Sequenase Cy5 Dye Terminator Kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, USA), and analyzed on an automatic sequencer (ALFexpress, Amersham Biosciences, UK). The DNA alignments were generated by the Clustal X program (Thompson et al. 1997). The phylogenetic trees were constructed with the Mega 3 software (Kumar et al. 2004) using Neighbor-joining method and Kimura-two parameter and their reliability was assessed by bootstrap resampling (1,000 pseudo-replicas). The sequence from nucleotide positions 461 to 711 of the HCV-1 genome (accession number M62321), corresponding to positions 120 to 370 relative to core region, was taken for analysis and classification in genotype and subtypes was performed by phylogenetic analysis together with the main subtype reference sequences obtained from GenBank database. Additional sequences from different countries that shared the same fragment sequenced (251nt) were included in the phylogenetic analysis in order to investigate any possible epidemiological linkage of Argentinean HCV strains with other previously characterized isolates. Corresponding accession numbers and country of origin of strains are given in the figure of the phylogenetic tree. Results of phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all strains included in this study cluster accordingly with the appropriate reference sequences. No sequence was identical to any other and no in-frame stop codons, deletions, or insertions were observed in any of the core sequences obtained. From the 36 HCV samples sequenced, 12 (33.3%) were classified as subtype 1b and 4 (11.1%) as subtype 1a. All genotype 2 sequences (n = 18; 50.0%) grouped inside the clade of subtype 2c of the phylogenetic tree. One (2.7%) sample of genotype 3 was identified as 3a and one (2.7%) sample as 4a (Figure). Although not statistically significant (p = 0.105), the mean age of individuals infected with genotype 2c was slightly higher (53.4 years) when compared to genotype 1a/b (45.6 years). Nucleotide sequence data obtained in this work are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AY506666 to AY506695, and DQ374416 to DQ374421. The phylogenetic analysis of the HCV sequences along with sequences from different countries did not reveal a segregation of the Argentinean sequences with sequences of a particular country. The majority of the sequences were intermingled with strains circulating in other geographical regions. In the genotype 2c branch of the phylogenetic tree, in which we incorporated previously characterized subtype 2c strains available in GenBank, we could observe that nine of the Argentinean isolates were interposed with other European strains. Before the present study, the presence of HCV subtype 2c in Argentina had been detected by sequence analysis in only a few samples in patients from the Buenos Aires region (Quarleri et al. 1998, 2000). Interestingly, one sample of a patient with sporadic chronic HCV infection from the present study (Arg18) grouped with another Argentinean strain isolated in 1998 in Buenos Aires (AF041329). For central Argentina this is the first report of circulation of HCV subtype 2c, which gives more information about molecular epidemiology of HCV genotype distribution in the country. The HCV genotype distribution from this study differs substantially from other cohorts of east Argentina as well as in the geographically close region of the South of Brazil, where genotype 1 is predominant (Oubina et al. 1995, Picchio et al. 2006, Quarleri et al. 1998, 2000, da Silva 2007). As far as we know, such high prevalence of subtypes 2c has not been reported previously in any region of South America. Nucleotide sequences analysis of the core region allows accurate discrimination of all genotypes and subtypes, showing equivalent phylogenetic grouping as that observed for the NS5 and envelope E1 region of HCV genome (Bukh et al. 1994, Simmonds et al. 1994, Viazov et al. 1997, Simmonds et al. 2005). Cammarota et al. (1995), by performing multiple alignments of different portions of the core region, demonstrated that a segment of 100 nucleotides, positions 160 to 259, contains type-specific variations sufficient to distinguish subtype 2c from all other know HCV genotypes and also to construct phylogenetic trees as informative as those obtained with larger core sequences. In this study the positions 120 to 370 relative to core region were taken for analysis and the phylogenetic analysis performed in 36 samples classified 18 (50%) as subtype 2c by clustering the samples in the branch corresponding to this subtype. Although we cannot exclude the possibility of another subtype of genotype 2 due to the limited number of characterized sequences, the fact that all genotype 2 sequenced strains from this study were classified as 2c suggests that this subtype might potentially represent an important genotype in the HCV epidemiology of this area of Argentina. In conclusion, by means of sequence analysis, this study demonstrates that HCV subtype 2c represents an important HCV genotype in patients living in the centre of Argentina and, most importantly, that this finding has consequential clinical and therapeutic implications in view that infection with genotype 2 is considered an independent predictor factor for sustained response to antiviral therapy (Hadziyannis et al. 2004). Although the relationship between HCV subtypes and the hepatitis severity is still under discussion, a retrospective cohort study performed in Italy with 206 untreated patients chronically infected with genotype 2c and 1b has recently demonstrated that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares were significantly associated with genotype 2c and, consequently genotypes 2c carriers are at risk of hepatitis reactivation (Rumi et al. 2005). Another study in Japan also shows that genotype 2c is an important factor for ALT flares (Hiraga et al. 2005). REFERENCES
Copyright 2007 Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz The following images related to this document are available:Photo images[oc07177f1.jpg] |
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