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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 105, Num. 8, 2010, pp. 1065-1067
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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol. 105, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1065-1067
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Copulatory courtship song in Lutzomyia
migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Felipe M VigoderI;
Nataly A SouzaII; Alexandre A PeixotoI, III, +
ILaboratório
de Biologia Molecular de Insetos
IILaboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz-Fiocruz, Av.
Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
IIIInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular,
Brasil
+ Corresponding author: apeixoto@ioc.fiocruz.br
Received 11 August
2010
Accepted
10 November 2010
Financial support: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNPq, FAPERJ, CAPES, FIOCRUZ
Code number: oc10183
ABSTRACT
Lutzomyia migonei is a vector of leishmaniasis with a wide distribution in South America, which
could favour population differentiation and speciation. Cryptic species of the
Lutzomyia longipalpis complex, the widely distributed sand fly vector of visceral
leishmaniasis in Latin America, have previously been shown to display distinct
copulation songs. We found that Lu. migonei males also produce a song during
copulation. This "lovesong" presents short trains (6-8 pulses) with an inter-pulse
interval around 26 ms and is potentially involved in cryptic female choice and
insemination success.
Key words: sand
flies - lovesong - leishmaniasis
Lutzomyia migonei
is a vector of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Rangel & Lainson 2009)
and it was recently suggested that Lu. migonei may also be a vector of
American visceral leishmaniasis (de Carvalho et al. 2010, Salomon et al. 2010).
This sand fly has a wide distribution in South America, being found from Argentina
to Colombia across a variety of habitats (Rangel & Lainson 2003, 2009).
The extensive distribution of this species may contribute to population differentiation
and speciation due to geographical isolation and local adaptation, especially
when in association with sexual selection (Ritchie 2007).
Lutzomyia longipalpis, a sand fly species that is also
distributed over a large area in South and Central America, is a
complex of sibling species (Ward et al. 1988, Lanzaro et al.
1993, Bauzer et al. 2002, 2007, Arrivillaga et al. 2003, Maingon
et al. 2003, 2008). One important marker that has been used to
differentiate the cryptic sibling species of this complex
occurring in Brazil is the song produced by males during
copulation (Souza et al. 2004, Araki et al. 2009). Differences in
this copulatory courtship song probably contribute to the
insemination failure observed in crosses between some Brazilian
populations of this vector (Ward et al. 1983, 1988, Souza et al.
2008). Indeed, acoustic signals in insects are often involved in
sexual selection and reproductive isolation of closely related
species (Ewing 1989).
Copulation songs were also found in males of Lutzomyia
cruzi (Vigoder et al. 2010) however, this species is very
closely related to Lu. longipalpis s.l. and should
be considered a member of this complex (Vigoder et al. 2010). To
the best of our knowledge, copulation songs have not been
previously reported in other sand fly species. In the present
paper we report that Lu. migonei males also produce a song
during copulation.
Recordings were carried out using a Sony Hi8CCD-TRV65 video
camera and Sony SLV-77HFBR VCR, according to the procedure
outlined by Souza et al. (2004). Briefly, a male and female
virgin were placed inside the INSECTVOX (Gorczyca & Hall
1987) at 25ºC ± 1ºC for about 5 min. If no
copulation occurred during this time, the couple was replaced for
another one. Insects used in the present work were the F1 of
females collected in Mesquita, state Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(22º46'S 43º25'W), an area of cutaneous leishmaniasis
transmission (Meneses et al. 2002) and identified according to
Young and Duncan (1994). A CED1401 A/D converter was used to
digitalize the acoustic signals that were analyzed using Spike2
software (v4.08), both from Cambridge Electronic Design (UK).
Five parameters were analyzed from the song of six different
males: inter-pulse interval (IPI) and train length (TL), measured
in milliseconds (ms), number of pulses per train (NP) and carrier
frequency (FREQ), in hertz (Hz), and number of cycles per pulse
(CPP).
We observed that
Lu. migonei males also sing during copulation, similar to Lu. longipalpis
s.l. (Souza et al. 2004, Araki et al. 2009). Figure 1A
shows a segment of 2.5 s of the song of a Lu. migonei male with four
trains and Figure 1B shows a single train in more detail.
Lu. migonei males produce several short TL (153.44 ± 7.92 ms)
composed of a small number of NP (6.95 ± 0.18) with a short IPI (25.87
± 0.83 ms). These three song parameters make the copulation song pattern
of Lu. migonei quite different from those observed in Lu. longipalpis
s.l. (Souza et al. 2004, Araki et al. 2009). The song of Lu. migonei
has also a low FREQ (280.87 ± 15.62 Hz) and has pulses about three CPPs
(3.28 ± 0.12).
The Lu. migonei male song produced during copulation is
probably part of courtship and potentially involved in cryptic
female choice and reproductive isolation (Eberhard 1996). This
has been shown in other insect species whose males also sing
during copulation, such as Drosophila birchii and
Drosophila serrata (Hoikkala & Crossley 2000, Hoikkala
et al. 2000).
Lu. migonei and Lu. longipalpis are not very
closely related (Mazzoni et al. 2002, Beati et al. 2004) and in
fact some authors place the former species in a new genus,
Migonemyia, proposed by Galati (1995). This suggests that
copulatory courtship songs might be widespread in sand flies and
could prove to be a powerful tool in studies aiming at disclosing
cryptic species. In this respect, it would be interesting to
record the song of males from populations of Lu. migonei
from different geographical locations, including the areas where
this species might be transmitting visceral leishmaniasis
(Salomon et al. 2010), to see if there are differences that might
suggest that this important vector is in fact a complex of
cryptic species.
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