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Annotated List of the Phlebotominae (Diptera) of SurinameAM Burgos (*), JE Hudson (**)
Code Number: OC94036
Size of Files:
Text: 34K
Graphics: Line Drawing (Gif) - 43K
Ministry of Health, Bureau of Public Health, P.O. Box 767, Paramaribo, Suriname
Phlebotomine sandflies were collected between 1952 and 1984 at 30 localities in the tropical rainforest and savanna regions of Suriname. Thirty-nine species were identified in the collections (2 Brumptomyia, 37 Lutzomyia), including two known vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and L. umbratilis. Nineteen of the species are new records for Suriname. In the rainforest region, the commonest phlebotomines were L. squamiventris maripaensis (79.8%), L. umbratilis (8.4%) and L. flaviscutellata (6.3%) in human bait catches, L. umbratilis (26.2%), L. infraspinosa (23.9%) and L. trichopyga (8.3%) in CDC light traps and L. umbratilis (84.3%), L. whitmani (6.8%) and L. shannoni (4.3%) in collections from tree trunks. The mean incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis from 1979-1985 was 4.9 per 1000 inhabitants for the rainforest region and 0.66 per 1000 for Suriname as a whole.
Key words: Diptera - Psychodidae - Phlebotominae - Brumptomyia - Lutzomyia - leishmnaniasis - Suriname
Although cutaneous leishmaniasis was first reported from Suriname by Flu (1911) and continues to afflict people in the rainforest region, there has been little work on the sandfly vectors. Bonne-Wepster and Bonne (1919) were the first to report a phlebotomine sandfly in Suriname. They took females of "Phlebotomus squamipennnis Lutz and Neiva" (probably Lutzomyia squamiventris maripaensis (Floch and Abonnenc)) "in shady places in the virgin forest of the interior". Nearly four decades later Bruijning (1957) reported capturing man-biting "Phlebotomus" of five species. Wijers and Linger (1966) made the first intensive study of leishmaniasis vectors in Suriname. They reported ten species from four different biotopes and found 12 females, which they identified as "Phlebotomus anduzei" (probably Lutzomyia umbratilis Ward and Fraiha), infected with promastigotes in the anterior part of the gut, but they were unable to identify the parasite further. Minter and Fraiha (unpublished data) identified seven species among sandflies collected on a short visit to Suriname in 1973. Hudson collected sandflies during surveys of malaria vectors from 1979-1982, and from these collections Hudson and Young (1985) reported 16 species, of which 11 were new records for Suriname.
In 1983 and 1984, Burgos used CDC miniature light traps to collect sandflies in primary and secondary rainforest at Patamacca, where cutaneous leishmaniasis was endemic, and at ten other localities in the savanna and rainforest areas of eastern Suriname. These collections included 25 species, of which 10 were new records. Burgos and DG Young have also reexamined sandflies collected by DW Heinemann of the Bureau of Public Health, Paramaribo, from 1971-73, and found three new records. The following list of species is based on all the above-mentioned collections.
Collection sites - The locations of all but two of the collection sites are shown on the map. Most of them are in the hilly interior of the country, which accounts for 75% of the total area. It is covered mostly with mesophytic rainforest, part of the northern Amazon forest system, and inhabited by about 32,000 maroons (the descendants of escaped African slaves) and 2,000 Amerindians, who live in scattered villages along the major rivers, or in camps near their garden plots . Some collections were also made in the savanna region, a narrow belt of white sand with low, sparse vegetation except for some gallery forest beside the rivers. It is thinly populated except for a few Amerindian villages. Sandflies have been collected at few sites in the coastal plain region, north of the savanna, except in the forests near the mining town of Moengo and the oil palm plantation of Patamacca. Most of the population of Suriname (425,000 in 1988) lives in the capital, Paramaribo, and the cultivated areas of the coastal plain. Some of the reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis have been in people from this region, but they were all people who had visited the forest for activities such as hunting, logging, soldiering and tourism.
Two of the collection sites are not shown on the map because could not be located precisely. Foengoe Island is in the Coppename river somewhere between Bitagron and Raleigh Falls. `Marchall Creek' may be near Marechals-Kondre, which is on the west bank of the Suriname river, north of Berg en Dal. Bruijning (1957) collected at several sites on the upper Paloemeu river, such as Apsike and Krapawaka Creek, which we have also been unable to locate precisely.
The climate of Suriname is hot and humid, with a heavy rainfall (mean values 27.3 oC, 80% RH and 2,210 mm per year for Paramaribo). There are four seasons: the long rainy (April-July), the long dry (August-November), the short rainy (December-January) and the short dry (February-March), but they vary in times of onset and duration, and there is some rain every month.
Collection, processing and identification of specimens - Female sandflies were taken in human bait catches at night near houses or in primary and secondary forest. A few specimens were caught at Matta on paddle traps, which were small rectangles of plastic flyscreen covered with cooking oil, mounted on sticks and whirled around the collectors. Resting adults were caught by aspirator, mainly from the bases of tree trunks. Many of Heinemann's specimens and ours were caught with CDC miniature light traps (Hausherr's Machine Works, Toms River, New Jersey, USA). For our collections, the standard holding cages were replaced by ones with meshes too small to let sandflies through. The traps were hung from trees at about 1.5 m above ground, and run from 18:00-06:00 hr. Most of our CDC trap catches were made at Aseli Kamp (14 trap-nights in 1981) and at Patamacca (45 trap-nights in 1983-84).
Our specimens were prepared according to the methods described by Young (1979) and identified with the aid of publications by Floch and Abonnenc (1952), Forattini (1973) and Young (1979). Dr DG Young of Gainesville, Florida, USA, identified or corrected our identifications of many of our specimens, and also some of the specimens collected by Heinemann from 1971-73. Some of our specimens were retained by Dr Young, and the rest were left at the Bureau of Public Health, Paramaribo. All previous records were taken from published and unpublished reports, and we have not examined any of the specimens. If any of the earlier specimens remain, they are most likely to be at the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden (Bonne-Wepster), the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (Wijers and Linger) or at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem (Minter and Fraiha).
List of specimens collected - The nomenclature and arrangement of genera, subgenera, species groups and species follows that of Martins et al. (1978), with later amendments as given by Lebbe et al. (1987). The following abbreviations are used for collectors or authors: Br = Bruijning (1957); Bu = Burgos, unpublished records; Bu+Y = Burgos and Young, unpublished records; Hd = Hudson (1988); Hd+Bu = Hudson and Burgos, unpublished records; Hd+Y = Hudson and Young (1985); Hn+Bu = Collection of Heinemann, reidentified by Burgos; Hn+Y = Collection of Heinemann, identified by Young; Mn+Fr = Minter and Fraiha, unpublished records; W+Hs = Wijers and Huisenga (1967); W+L = Wijers and Linger (1966); W+Mn = Wijers and Minter, unpublished record. New records for Suriname are indicated by an asterisk (*) before the specific name.
The records of Phlebotomines collected at human bait, in CDC traps and on tree trunks are summarized in the Table. Some records where other methods of collection were used, or where the method of collection was not recorded, are not shown in the Table but are included in the list below.
Genus: Brumptomyia Franca and Parrot, 1921
* pintoi (Costa Lima, 1932) Brownsberg, 1973, CDC trap in forest, 1male (Hn+Bu).
* travassosi (Mangabeira, 1942) Powaka, 1973, armadillo burrow, 1 female (Hn+Bu).
sp. indet. Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 1 female (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 male (Bu).
Genus: Lutzomyia Franca, 1924
Species group: aragaoi (Theodor, 1965)
barrettoi barrettoi (Mangabeira, 1942), Aseli Kamp 1981, CDC trap, 3 female, 2 male (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female, 5 male (Bu)
Species group: dreisbachi (Lewis et al. 1977)
* dreisbachi (Causey and Damasceno, 1945) Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 5 female, 8 male (Bu).
Subgenus: Evandromyia Mangabeira, 1941
infraspinosa Mangabeira, 1941. Berg en Dal, 1965, human bait catch, 11 female (W+L); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 4 female, 2 male (Hd+Y); Poika, 1982, CDC trap, 2 female, 1 male (Hd+Bu); Kabo, 1982, CDC trap, 2 male (Hd+Bu); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 152 female, 175 male (Bu); Blakawatra, 1983, CDC trap, 5 female, 7 male (Bu); Nieuw Aurora, 1983, CDC trap, 4 female, 6 male (Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 10 female, 17 male (Bu).
* monstruosa (Floch and Abonnenc, 1944) Brownsweg, 1973, CDC trap, 1 female (Hn+Bu); Poika, 1982, CDC trap, 1 male (Hd+Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female (Bu); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female, 2 male (Bu).
Species group: migonei (Theodor, 1965)
* lenti (Mangabeira, 1938) Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 male (Bu).
pacae (Floch and Abonnenc, 1943) Berg en Dal, 1965, human bait catch, 4 female (W+L).
* sericea (Floch and Abonnenc, 1944) Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 4 female , 1 male (Bu).
Subgenus: Nyssomyia Barretto, 1962
antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 1 female, on tree trunks, 45 female (W+L); Aseli Kamp, 1979, CDC trap, 1 male (Hd+Bu); Pakira Creek, 1985, CDC trap at forest edge, 3 male (Bu).
flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 30 female (W+L, as P. apicalis. We have not examined any of these specimens, which may have included some Lu. olmeca); Aseli Kamp, 1982, CDC trap, 3 female, 11 male (Hd+Y); Poika, 1982, CDC trap, 3 female (Hd+Bu); Tonka, 1982, on human bait, 1 female (Hd+Y); Poesoegroenoe, 1981, on human bait in village, 1 female (Hd+Y); Matta, 1981-82, paddle trap, 4 female, 2 male, CDC trap, 1 female (Hd); Patamacca, CDC traps, 37 male, 21 female (Bu); Blakawatra, 1983, CDC trap, 6 female, 1 male (Bu); Stoelmans Eiland, 1983, CDC trap in village, 2 female (Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap in village, 10 female, 17 male, on human bait, 1 female (Bu).
umbratilis Ward and Fraiha, 1977 Note: We have not examined specimens for any of the records before 1981, and some of them may have included Lu. anduzei (Rozeboom, 1942). Drietabbetje, 1952, on human bait, 2 female (Br, as P. intermedius); upper Paloemeu river, 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br, as P. intermedius); Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 37 female, on tree trunks, 1213 female (W+L, as P. intermedius and P.anduzei); Moengo, 1965, on tree trunks, 270 female (W+L, as P. anduzei); Brownsweg, 1973, on tree trunks, 5 female, 6 male (Mn+Fr, as L. anduzei); Bitagron, 1973, on trees, 1 female, 3 male (Mn+Fr, as L. anduzei); Foengoe Island (Coppename River), 1973, on trees, 2 female, 4 male (Mn+Fr, as L. anduzei); Marchall Creek, 1973, method of capture unknown, 2 male (W+Mn, as L. anduzei); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 2 female, 1 male (Hd+Y); Pikien Saron, 1982, on human bait, 2 female (Hd+Y); Kabo, 1982, on human bait, 1female (Hd+Y); Tonka, 1982, on human bait, 3 female (Hd+Y); Poika, 1982, on human bait, 1 female , CDC trap, 1 female (Hd+Bu); Blakawatra, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 12 female, 5 male (Bu); Nieuw Aurora, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female, 1 male (Bu); Stoelmans Island, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap in village, 2 male (Bu); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC traps in forest and village, 184 female, 198 male (Bu).
whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho, 1939) Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 1 female, on tree trunks, 94 female; Moengo, 1965, on tree trunks, 27 female (W+L, as P. elongatus/whitmani).
yuilli pajoti Abonnenc, Leger and Fauran, 1978 Bitagron, 1973, on tree, 1 male (Mn+Fr, as L. yuilli); Aseli Kamp, 1982, CDC trap, 21 female, 2 male (Hd+Y).
Species group: oswaldoi (Theodor, 1965)
* rorotaensis (Floch and Abonnenc, 1944)
Blakawatra, 1964, 14 male; Kwakoegron, 1964, 2 female, 9 male, methods of collection unknown (W+Mn); Raleigh Falls (Coppename River), 1973, in rock hole, 1 female (Mn+Fr); Foengoe Island, 1973, on tree trunk, 10 male (Mn+Fr); Bitagron, 1973, on tree trunk, 1 female, 4 male (Mn+Fr); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 4 female (Bu); Cola Kreek, 1983, CDC trap, 3 female (Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 1 male (Bu).
* trinidadensis (Newstead, 1922) Matta, 1982, paddle trap, 1 female (Hd); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 14 female, 2 male (Bu); Nieuw Aurora, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female, 9 male (Bu); Skientabbetje, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female (Bu).
Species group: pilosa (Theodor, 1965)
* chassigneti (Floch and Abonnenc, 1944) Blakawatra, 1964, on human bait, 2 female (W+Mn); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 10 female, 2 male (Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu).
Subgenus: Pressatia Mangabeira, 1942
* choti (Floch and Abonnenc, 1941) Brownsberg, 1973, CDC trap, 1 male (Hn+Bu); Aseli Kamp, 1979, CDC trap, 2 male (Hd+Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 4 female (Bu); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 3 female, 1 male (Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 2 male (Bu).
Subgenus: Psathyromyia Barretto, 1962
* abonnenci (Floch and Chassignet, 1947) Brownsweg, 1973, on tree trunk, 3 female (Mn+Fr).
* dendrophyla (Mangabeira, 1942) Brownsweg, 1973, on tree trunk, 1 female, 1 male (Mn+Fr); Foengoe Island, 1973, on tree, 2 male (Mn+Fr).
* lutziana (Costa Lima, 1932) Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 3 female, m (Bu); Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 1 male (Bu).
* punctigeniculata (Floch and Abonnenc, 1944) Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female (Bu).
* scaffi (Damasceno and Arouck, 1956) Brownsweg, 1973, on tree, 1 male (Hn+Y).
shannoni (Dyar, 1929) Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 2 female, on tree trunks, 65 female (W+L); Moengo, 1965, on tree trunks, 10 female (W+L); Foengoe Island, 1973, on tree, 1 female, 1 male (Mn+Fr); Kabo, 1982, on human bait, 1 female (Hd+Bu); Tonka, 1982, on human bait, 2 female (Hd+Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 1 male (Bu).
Subgenus: Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941
amazonensis (Root, 1934) Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 4 female (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 3 female, 2 male (Bu); Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 2 male (Bu).
* bispinosa (Fairchild and Hertig, 1951) Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu+Y).
claustrei Abonnenc, Leger and Fauran, 1971 Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 10 female, 26 male (Hd+Y); Kabo, 1982, on human bait, 1 female (Hd+Y).
corossoniensis Le Pont and Pajot, 1978 Aseli Kamp, CDC trap, 11 female, 2 male (Hd+Y).
* davisi (Root, 1934) Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 3 female, 30 male (Bu); Nieuw Aurora, 1983, CDC trap, 2 male (Bu); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female, 59 male (Bu).
guyanensis (Floch and Abonnenc, 1941) Apsike (Paloemeu River), 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br, as P. geniculatus); Krapawaka Creek (tributary of Paloemeu, near Brazilian border), 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br, as P. geniculatus); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 11 female (Hd+Y, "near geniculata"); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu). [Note by Dr DG. Young (in litt., 1988): Forattini treated L. geniculata as a junior synonym for L. guyanensis. The holotype female of L. guyanensis is missing. Its description closely resembles the females of L. corossoniensis, L. dorlinensis and L. geniculata, and is probably conspecific with one of them, but the possibility that L.guyanensis and L. geniculata are separate species should not be excluded. Identifications should be based on males, but our specimens of L. guyanensis/L. geniculata were all females].
hirsuta hirsuta (Mangabeira, 1942) Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 5 female (Hd+Y); Kabo, 1982, on human bait, 1 female (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female, 18 male (Bu).
paraensis (Costa Lima, 1941) Pico Ricardo Franco (Brazilian border), 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br); Patamacca, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female, 1 male (Bu).
squamiventris maripaensis (Floch and Abonnenc, 1946) Brazilian border, 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br, as P. squamiventris); Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 414 female, on tree trunks, 2 female (W+L, as P. squamiventris); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 13 female, 2 male; Kabo, 1982, on human bait, 1 female; Tonka, 1982, on human bait, 2 female (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 31 female, 15 male; Ovia-Ollo, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female (Bu). Note: Our female specimens have not been measured, and we call them ssp. maripaensis on distributional grounds.
Subgenus: Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962
auraensis (Mangabeira, 1942) Tabiki, 1979, CDC trap, 2 male (Hd+Bu); Poika, 1982, CDC trap, 1 male (Hd+Bu); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 37 male, plus 25 female that might been L. auraensis or L. melloi, the female of which is undescribed (Hd+Y).
* ininii (Floch and Abonnenc, 1943) Aseli Kamp, 1979-81, CDC trap, 33 female, 19 male (Hd+Bu); Kabo, 1982, CDC trap, 5 female, 4 male (Hd+Bu); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 6 male, 8 female; Djoemoe, 1983, in water drum, 2 male; Nieuw Aurora, 1983, CDC trap, 8 female; Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 7 female, 2 male (Bu).
melloi (Causey and Damasceno, 1945) Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 2 male (Hd+Y). Note: Dr D.G. Young (in litt., 1988) states that L. melloi is probably a junior synonym for L. ininii.
* ubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) Kabo, 1982, CDC trap, 1 male; Poika, 1982, CDC trap, 4 male (Hd+Bu); Patamacca, 1983-84, CDC trap, 4 female, 4 male; Skientabbetje, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female; Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female (Bu).
Subgenus: Trichopygomyia Barretto, 1962
trichopyga (Floch and Abonnenc, 1945) Powaka, 1973, animal burrow, 1 female (Hn+Bu); Aseli Kamp, 1981, CDC trap, 1 female (Hd+Y); Patamacca, 1983-84, 43 female, 74 male; Debike, 1983, CDC trap, 6 female, 2 male; Ovia-Ollo, 1983, CDC trap, 1 female; Goensie, 1983, CDC trap, 2 female (Bu).
Subgenus: Viannamyia Mangabeira, 1941
tuberculata (Mangabeira, 1941) Berg en Dal, 1965, on human bait, 1 female, on tree trunk, 1 female; Moengo, 1965, on tree trunks, 11 female (W+L, as sp. nov.;W+Hs, as L. munangi); Brownsweg, 1973, CDC trap, 1 female (Hn+Bu).
Doubtful records
Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) arthuri (Fonseca, 1936) Krapawaka Creek (tributary of Paloemeu, near Brazilian border), 1952, on human bait, 1 female (Br). We have not seen Bruijning's specimen.
Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) panamensis (Shannon) Martins et al. (1978) include this among the 12 species of Phlebotomines they list for Suriname, but give no details.
According to Dr DG Young (in litt. 1984), both L. arthuri and L. panamensis are unlikely to occur in Suriname.
Relative abundance - The relative abundance of the 3911 sandflies of 39 species caught in different regions by the main collecting methods is shown in the Table. Most of the specimens (3865) were caught in the rainforest region at human bait (524 females), in CDC light traps (720 females, 837 males) and resting on the bases of tree trunks (1749 females, 35 males). Females of 14 species were taken on human bait, the most abundant being Lutzomyia squamiventris maripaensis (79.8%), Lu. umbratilis (8.4%) and Lu. flaviscutellata (6.3%). Males and females of 32 species were caught in the CDC light traps, the commonest being Lu. umbratilis (26.2%), Lu. infraspinosa (23.9%), Lu. trichopyga (8.3%), Lu. flaviscutellata (6.5%), Lu.guyanensis (6.1%) and Lu. ininii (5.9%). Sandflies of 10 species were caught resting on tree trunks, the most common being Lu. umbratilis (84.3%), Lu. whitmani (6.8%) and Lu. shannoni (4.3%). The relative abundance of different species by the three methods of capture was not the same, except that all three methods showed Lu. umbratilis among the three most abundant species.
TABLE
Number of Phlebotomine sandflies (both sexes) recorded from Suriname in the rainforest region (human bait, CDC traps and tree trunks) and the savanna region (all methods of capture). Combined records from all investigators, 1952-84
========================================================================
Genus, Rainforest
(Subgenus) ----------------------------------------------------
or [species Human bait CDC traps Tree trunks Savana Total
group], species ---------- --------- ----------- ------ -----
No. % No. % No. % No. No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brumptomyia
pintoi 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 1
travassosi 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1
Lutzomyia
[aragaoi]
barr. barrettoi 0 0.0 12 0.8 0 0.0 0 12
[dreisbachi]
dreisbachi 0 0.0 13 0.8 0 0.0 0 13
(Evandromyia)
infraspinosa 11 2.1 372 23.9 0 0.0 15 398
monstruosa 0 0.0 6 0.4 0 0.0 1 7
[migonei]
lenti 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 1
pacae 4 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 4
sericea 0 0.0 6 0.4 0 0.0 0 6
(Nyssomyia)
antunesi 1 0.2 4 0.3 45 2.5 0 50
flaviscutellata
33 6.3 101 6.5 0 0.0 17 151
umbratilis 44 8.4 408 26.2 1504 84.3 2 1958
whitmani 1 0.2 0 0.0 121 6.8 0 122
yuilli pajoti
0 0.0 33 2.1 0 0.0 0 33
[oswaldi]
rorotaensis 0 0.0 5 0.3 15 0.8 3 23
trinidadensis0 0.0 29 1.9 0 0.0 0 29
[pilosa]
chassigneti 0 0.0 13 0.8 0 0.0 2 15
(Pressatia)
choti 0 0.0 13 0.8 0 0.0 0 13
(Psathyromyia)
abonnenci 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.2 0 3
dendrophyla 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.2 0 4
lutziana 0 0.0 6 0.4 0 0.0 0 6
punctigeniculata
0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 2
scaffi 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 1
shannoni 5 1.0 1 0.1 77 4.3 0 83
(Psychodopygus)
amazonensis 0 0.0 11 0.7 0 0.0 0 11
bispinosa 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 1
claustrei 1 0.2 36 2.3 0 0.0 0 37
corossoniensis
0 0.0 13 0.8 0 0.0 0 13
davisi 0 0.0 95 6.1 0 0.0 0 95
guyanensis 2 0.4 12 0.8 0 0.0 0 14
hirsuta 1 0.2 25 1.6 0 0.0 0 26
paraensis 1 0.2 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 3
squamiventris
418 79.8 60 3.8 2 0.1 0 480
maripaensis
(Trichophoromyia)
auraensis 0 0.0 39 2.5 0 0.0 1 40
ininii 0 0.0 92 5.9 0 0.0 0 92
melloi 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 2
ubiquitalis 0 0.0 13 0.8 0 0.0 4 17
(Trichopygomyia)
trichopyga 0 0.0 129 8.3 0 0.0 1 130
(Viannamyia)
tuberculata 1 0.2 1 0.1 12 0.7 0 14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals 523 100.0 1557 100.0 1784 100.0 47 3911
=======================================================================
Only 47 sandflies of ten species were caught in the savanna region, including single specimens of two species caught resting in animal burrows. Brumptomyia travassosi (one male), was the only sandfly found exclusively in the savanna region. Of the four females caught at human bait in the savanna, two were Lu. umbratilis, both caught in the same patch of gallery forest on the same night; and of the 35 males and females caught in CDC light traps, 15 were Lu. infraspinosa and 12 were Lu. flaviscutellata.
Collections by Burgos at Patamacca in 1983-84 showed a unimodal seasonal distribution of female Lu. umbratilis in CDC traps at ground level, with a peak in July and a positive correlation with rainfall. Specimens of Lu. flaviscutellata were more often found in secondary forest (9.2% of total) than in primary forest (1.7% of total), and were never found resting on tree trunks.
Leishmaniasis in Suriname - Two of the most commonly collected sandflies in Suriname are known vectors of leishmaniasis to humans. Lu. flaviscutellata is a vector of Le. amazonensis, which causes cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lu. umbratilis is the principal vector of Le. (Viannia) guyanensis, which causes the simple cutaneous leishmaniasis known as "pian-bois" in French Guyana and "Bos Jaws" in Suriname. Some of the other sandflies that have been recorded in Suriname, such as Lu. amazonensis, Lu. paraensis, Lu. tuberculata and Lu. whitmani are suspected but not confirmed vectors of leishmaniasis (Killick-Kendrick 1990). There has been one reported case of visceral leishmaniasis in Suriname (Winckel and Aalstein 1953), which is caused by Le. infantum chagasi, but the principal vector, Lu. longipalpis, has never been recorded in Suriname.
Flu (1911), the first person to report the presence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Suriname, mentioned that the disease was contracted mainly in the rainy seasons. Epidemiological evidence to support this generalization was not obtained until the recent studies of Sabajo (1986) and Burgos (unpublished data). Sabajo reported an average annual incidence for the whole country of 0.66 per 1000 inhabitants for the years 1979 to 1984. The highest infection rate was in the age range 20-29 years, and the ratio of male to female patients was 5:1. The highest monthly incidence was in May, during the long rainy season. Burgos analysed the records from hospitals and clinics of the Medical Mission (Stichting Medische Zending Suriname) in the rainforest area for 1979-1985, and found an incidence of 4.9 per 1000 inhabitants, based on the 1984 population of 33,963, more than twice as high as previously estimated (Hudson and Young 1985). The highest seasonal incidence was in the sixth reporting period (24 May - 20 June), during the long rainy season, and a positive correlation was found between rainfall and leishmaniasis incidence.
Most of the observed cases of leishmaniasis in Suriname have been the simple cutaneous type. In 1986, parasites from wound tissue of maroon patients were identified by the Liverpool group as Le. (Viannia) guyanensis, using the DNA buoyant density method (Dr WJ Terpstra, in litt.). Cases have also been seen in Paramaribo with satellite lesions and mucocutaneous involvement, which suggest that other species of leishmaniae occur in Suriname.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To Mr H Emanuels and staff of the Anti-Malaria Campaign of Surinam, for help in the field; to Mrs CH Achthoven-Vrede for help in the laboratory; to Dr DM Minter for unpublished collection records; to Dr DG Young for help with identification and advice on nomenclature, and to Dr PD Ready for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
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