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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 91, Num. 3, 1996, pp. 301-306
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ÌÌò òParasites€of€the€Flatfish€òòParalichthys€adspersusÐ ˜è Ðóó(Steindachner,€1867)€(Pleuronectiformes)€from€NorthernÏChile

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ÌInstituto€de€Investigaciones€Oceanologicas€^*Departamento€deÏAcuicultura,€FAREMAR,€Universidad€de€Antofagasta,€Casilla€PostalÏ170,€Antofagasta,€Chile

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Ì̀€òòThree€species€of€protistan€and€22€species€of€metazoanÏparasites€were€obtained€from€a€sample€of€179€flatfish,Ï(óóParalichthys€adspersusòò)€taken„off€Antofagasta,€northernÏChile.€Prevalence€of€infection€of€seven€parasites€(Protista:€1,ÏCopepoda:€2,€Digenea:€1,€Acantocephala:€1,€Nematoda:€2)€wasÏsignificantly€and€positively€correlated€with€host€size.€Host'sÏsex€do€not€seem€to€affect€prevalence€of€infection,€except€forÏóóNybelinia€surmenicolaòò,€óóCapillaria€òòsp.€andÏóóAnisakis€òòsp.€(prevalence€of€infection€significantlyÏgreater€in€males€than€€females)€and€óóPhilometra€òòsp.Ï(prevalence€higher€in€females).€Mean€abundance€is€correlated€withÏsize€in€nine€species€(Protista:€1,€Copepoda:€2,€Digenea:€3,ÏAcantocephala:€1,€Nematoda:€2).€Host's€sex€do€not€affect€meanÏabundance,€except€for€óóCainocreadium€òòsp.€and€ÏóóPhilometra€òòsp.(mean€abundance€higher€in€females)€andÏóóNybelinia€surmenicolaòò,€óóCapillaria€òòsp.€andÏóóAnisakis€òòsp.€(mean€abundance€higher€in€males).€óó

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ÌKey€word:€parasites€„€marine€fishes€„€ecology€„€northern€Chile

̀€òòParalichthys€adspersusóó€is€a€flatfish€inhabiting€theÏPacific€coast€of€South€America,€from€Paita€(northern€Peru)€toÏLota€(central€Chile)€(Chirichigno€1974).€Parasite€fauna€of€òòP.Ïadspersusóó,€like€other€flatfishes€from€Chile€is€poorly€known.ÏCurrently,€the€copepods€òòLepeophtheirus€edwardsiióó€CastroÏ&€Baeza,€1980€and€òòNeobrachiella€paralichthyosóó€Castro€&ÏBaeza€1986€are€the€only€known€parasites€of€this€fish€in€ChileanÏwaters.€The€objective€of€this€study€is€to€examine€the€impact€ofÏhost's€sex€and€size€on€some€demographic€characteristics€of€theÏinfection,€such€as€prevalence€and€abundance.

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Ìò òMATERIALS€AND€METHODSó ó

Ð À+'2 Ð̀€A€total€of€179€flatfish€were€collected€between€April€1993€andÏJune€1994€from€sandy€beaches€near€Antofagasta€(23€degrees€24'€SÏ70€degrees€36'€W)€with€gill€nets,€beach€seine,€or€hand€line.ÏFishes€were€carried€to€laboratory,€dissected,€and€examined€forÏecto€and€endoparasites.€Each€fish€was€measured€(total€length€toÏnearest€€mm)€and€the€sex€was€determined.€A€record€of€parasitesÐ 81ˆ,9 Ð(species,€number€and€location€in€host)€for€each€fish€was€made.ÏQuantification€of€protistan€was€made€according€to€an€empiricalÏscale€obtained€from€the€average€of€counts€of€spores€in€at€leastÏfive€fields€of€a€microscope€at€400€magnifications:€1€(less€5Ïspores),€2€(6€to€10€spores)€and€3€(more€than€11€spores).€An€ANOVAÏwas€performed€to€test€if€mean€size€of€male€and€female€flatfishesÏwere€significantly€different.€The€Mann„Whitney€'U'€test€and€theÏlog„likelihood€'G'€test€were€performed€to€evaluate€if€abundanceÏand€prevalence€of€infection€were€affected€by€host's€sex,Ïrespectively.€Finally,€the€Spearman€correlation€coefficient€wasÏcalculated€to€evaluate€if€mean€abundance€and€prevalence€areÏaffected€by€host's€sex.€Significance€was€considered€at€alpha€=Ï0.05.€Statistical€analysis€follows€Willkinson€(1990).€EcologicalÏterminology€follows€Margolis€et€al.€(1982)

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Ìò òRESULTSó ó

Ð h¸  Ð̀€One€hundred€and€seventy€six€flatfish€were€analyzed.€The€sizeÏof€three€fishes€could€not€be€accurately€determined€becauseÏinjuries€in€the€tail,€thus€those€fishes€were€eliminated€fromÏquantitative€but€not€qualitative€analysis.€Females€wereÏsignificantly€greater€than€males€(females€34.2€cm,€males€31.2€cm€ÏF=€12.79,€GL=€1,174,€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001).€Twenty€five€parasitic€speciesÏwere€obtained€(Protista:€3,€Metazoan:€22).€Parasite€species,Ïdevelopmental€stages,€location€in€host€body,€prevalence€and€meanÏabundance€are€presented€in€Table€I.€Statistical€analysis€wereÏperformed€only€for€those€parasites€considered€common€(prevalenceÏof€infection€€ðð€5%).€Values€of€Spearman€correlation€coefficientsÏfor€the€relation€size„abundance€(Table€II)€show€positive€andÏsignificant€correlation€only€for€the€protista€òòCeratomyxaÏóóspòò.óó,€the€copepods,€òòL.€edwardssióó€and€òòCh.Ïpsettióó,€the€digeneans,€òòCainocreadium€óósp.€andÏòòProsorhynchus€óósp.,€the€Acanthocephala,€òòC.€australisÏóóand€the€nematodes€òòP.€decipiensóó€and€òòAnisakis€óósp.ÏTable€II€also€shows€values€of€the€Spearman€correlationÏcoefficient€for€the€relation€between€prevalence€and€mean€hostÏsize.€Prevalence€is€positively€and€significantly€correlated€withÏsize€only€for€the€following€parasites:€òòCeratomyxa€óósp.,ÏòòL.€edwardssióó,òò€Ch.€psettióó,€òòCainocreadium€óósp.,ÏOpecoelidae€(Metacercariae),€òòC.€australisóó,€òòP.Ïdecipiensóó€and€òòAnisakis€óósp.

̀€Table€III€shows€values€of€the€X^2€approximation€to€the€Mann„¼ññ¼ññWhitney€'U'€test.€The€hypothesis€of€effect€of€the€sex€on€meanÏabundance€was€not€rejected€for€the€following€five€species:ÏòòCainocreadium€óósp.,€òòProsorhynchus€óósp.€andÏòòPhilometra€óósp.€(with€mean€abundance€greater€in€femalesÏthan€in€males)€and€òòN.€€surmenicolaóó€and€òòCapillariaÏóó(higher€mean€abundance€in€females).€The€same€Table€shows€'G'Ïvalues€that€demonstrates€the€evidence€of€effect€of€host's€sex€onÏprevalence€of€infection€for€the€following€parasites:€N.Ïòòsurmenicolaóó,€òòCapillaria€óósp.€and€òòAnisakis€óósp.Ïwith€€higher€prevalence€in€males€and€òòPhilometra€óósp.€withÏprevalence€in€female€greater€than€in€males.

ÌÌò òDISCUSSIONó ó

Ð à.0*6 Ѐ€

̀€As€a€rule,€in€all€host€species€that€have€been€accuratelyÏstudied€for€parasites,€infection€changes€with€age€(Rohde€1984).Ð 81ˆ,9 ÐThis€is€true€for€both€qualitative€and€quantitative€changes€in€theÏparasite€fauna.€As€have€been€pointed€by€Polyansky€(1961),€as€aÏfish€grows,€the€diet€normally€changes€and€consequently,€the€faunaÏof€trophically€transmitted€parasites€will€be€replaced€by€newÏspecies€of€parasites.€Quantitative€differences€in€parasiteÏinfection€between€sex€can€be€expected€and€are€explained€as€aÏconsequence€of€different€habitat€occupied€by€males€and€females,Ïdifferences€in€the€diet€and/or€physiology€(Kennedy€1975).€OurÏresults€show€absence€of€a€common€pattern€of€infection€for€all€theÏparasitic€species.€Prevalence€of€infection€was€significantly€andÏpositively€correlated€with€size€for€the€monoxenics€òòCeratomyxaÏóósp.,€òòL.€edwardsii,€Ch.€psettióó,€and€the€heteroxenicsÏòòCainocreadium€óósp.,€òòC.€australis,€P.€decipiens,ÏAnisakisóó€sp.€and€€metacercariae€of€an€unidentified€opecoelid.ÏAbundance€also€increases€with€size€for€the€same€parasites€andÏòòProsorhynchus€óósp.€but€not€for€the€opecoelid€metacercaria.ÏThis€means€that,€as€fishes€in€the€population€grow,€chances€ofÏinfection€increase€for€those€parasites,€due€to€a€long€period€ofÏexposition€to€free€living€infective€stages€of€the€monoxenicÏparasites€and€an€increased€use,€as€€food,€of€the€intermediateÏhost€of€the€heteroxenic€parasites€(Polyansky€1961,€Rohde€1993).ÏSex€affects€mean€abundance€and€prevalence€only€for€six€species,Ïall€of€them€are€trophically€transmitted€parasites,€this€meansÏthat€differences€are€due€mainly€to€diet€and€or€physiology,€butÏno€differences€in€habitat€could€be€expected€for€male€and€femaleÏflatfishes,€as€suggested€by€the€absence€of€differences€inÏmonoxenic€parasites.€Moreover,€Kong€et€al.€(1995)€were€unable€toÏfound€differences€in€diet€of€male€and€females€òòP.Ïadspersus.óó€Thus,€differences€in€some€ecological€parametersÏof€the€infectious€process€could€be€a€consequence€of€differentialÏphysiology€of€male€and€females€flatfishes.€

̀€The€characteristic€of€òòP.€adspersusóó,€when€compared€withÏother€flatfishes,€is€the€sparse€of€the€parasite€fauna.€Table€IVÏshows€composition€of€the€parasite€fauna€of€some€related€fish,Ïincluding€complete€and€partial€(only€gastrointestinal€parasites)Ïparasitological€analysis.€Our€data€shows€a€poor€digenea€fauna,Ïthat€is€evident€for€the€other€chilean€flatfish€whose€parasitesÏare€known.€It€has€been€demonstrated€that€digenea€are€goodÏindicators€of€the€diet€of€the€host€(Gaevskaya€&€Kovaleva€1982)Ïand€acquisition€of€the€parasite€by€a€definitive€host€is€aÏconsequence€of€the€ingestion€of€the€intermediate€host€(mainlyÏinvertebrates)€but€a€postcyclic€parasitism€(transference€fromÏfish€to€fish€via€predation)€can€also€occur€(Arthur€&€AlbertÏ1994).€The€bulk€of€the€diet€of€òòP.€adspersusóó€in€northernÏChile€are€the€anchovy€òòEngraulis€ringensóó,€the€silver€sideÏòòAustromenidia€laticlaviaóó€and€the€sand€crab€òòEmeritaÏanalogaóó,€that€explain€the€95%€of€the€IRR€(index€of€relativeÏimportance)€(Kong€et€al.€1995).€Parasites€of€òòE.€ringensóóÏfrom€Chile€were€studied€by€Riffo€(1990)€who€was€unable€to€foundÏdigenea€(both€larval€or€adult),€there€are€not€studies€ofÏparasites€of€òòA.€laticlaviaóó€and€parasites€of€the€sand€crabÏdo€not€includes€larval€or€adult€digenea€(Oliva€et€al.€1992).€ThusÏthe€poor€digenea€fauna€of€òòP.€adspersus€óócan€be€aÏconsequence€of€the€monotonous€diet€€(number€of€digenea€speciesÏin€flatfishes€is€not€affected€by€host€sample€size,€r:€0.313,€0.5>ÏP€>€0.20,€df=€6).€The€poor€digenean€fauna€of€fishes€from€theÏSouth€Pacific€coast€of€America€(central€and€northern€Chile€andÏsouthern€and€central€Peru)€mainly€influenced€by€the€Peruvian€coolÐ 81ˆ,9 Ðcurrent,€is€a€characteristic€of€all€the€host„parasite€systemÏquantitatively€studied€to€date€(Table€V).€€Unfortunately,€noÏaccurately€studies€at€community€levels€of€pelagic€and€benthonicÏcommunities€are€available€from€this€area.€Studies€at€communityÏlevels€from€this€particular€area€must€be€done€in€order€toÏevaluate€the€role€of€highly€productive€but€unstable€system€suchÏas€the€'upwelling€eco„system'€on€the€parasite€fauna€of€fishes.

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ÌSupported€by€DINV€„€Universidad€de€Antofagasta

Ì^+Corresponding€author.€€Fax:€56„55„24.7542

ÌReceived€€8€August€1995

ÌAccepted€29€January€1996

ÌÌò òTABLE€Ió ó

Ð `  ÐÌParasites,€developmental€stage,€location€in€the€host,€prevalenceÏand€mean€abundance

̀€€

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ÌT:€trophozoite,€P:€plasmodia,€S:€spore,€A:€adult,€L:€larvae,€C:Ïchalimus,€M:€metacercariae,€Gb:€gall„bladder,€Ub:€urinaryÏbladder,€Bs:€body€surface,€€G:€gills,€Mo:€mouth,€Go:€gonads,€O:Ïoperculum,€In:€intestine,€Pc:€piloric€caeca,€€Cc:€coelomicÏcavity,€S:€stomach,€Mu:€muscle€

ÌÌò òTABLE€IIó ó

Ð h¸  ÐÌEffect€of€host€size€on€mean€abundance€and€prevalence€of€infection€π€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï

̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Mean€abundance^òòaóó€€€€€€€€ÏPrevalence^òòbóó̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€π€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€r€€€€€€€€€p€€€€€€€€€r€€€€€€€€€€€p̄„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€ÏòòCeratomyxa€óósp.€€€€.32€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001€€€0.98€€€€0.001>€PÌòòSinuolinea€óósp.€€€€.09€€€€P€>€0.20€€€€0.69€€€€0.20€>€P€>Ï0.10ÌòòChloromyxum€óósp.€€„.097€€€P€>€0.10€€€€0.44€€€€0.50€>€P€>Ï0.20ÌòòL.€edwardsiióó€€€€€€.28€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001€€€0.91€€€€0.02€>€P€>Ï0.01ÌòòN.€paralychthyosóó€€.05€€€€P€>€0.50€€€€0.55€€€€0.50€>€P€>Ï0.20ÌòòC.€psettióó€€€€€€€€€.22€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.005€€€0.94€€€€0.01€>€P€>Ï0.005ÌòòCainocreadium€óósp.€.28€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001€€€0.89€€€€0.02€>€P€>Ï0.01ÌòòProsorhynchus€óósp.€.25€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001€€€0.75€€€€0.10€>€P€>Ï0.05ÌOpecoelidae€€€€€€€.12€€€€P€>€0.10€€€€0.92€€€€0.01€>€P€>€0.005ÌòòN.€surmenicolaóó€€€€.07€€€€P€>€0.20€€€€0.81€€€€0.10€>€P€>Ï0.05ÌòòS.€pleuronectisó󀀄.082€€€P€>€0.20€€€€0.13€€€€€€€P€>€0.5ÌòòL.€dollfusióó€€€€€€„.028€€€P€>€0.50€€€€0.54€€€€0.5€€>€P€>Ï0.20ÌòòC.€australisóó€€€€€€.38€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001€€€0.88€€€€0.05€>€P€>Ï0.02ÌòòCapillaria€óósp.€€€„.121€€€P€>€0.10€€€€0.7€€€€€0.20€>€P€>Ï.10ÌòòPhilometra€óósp.€€€€.05€€€€P€>€0.5€€€€€0.23€€€€€€€P€>€0.5ÌòòP.€decipiensóó€€€€€€.16€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.05€€€€0.83€€€€0.05€>€P€>Ï0.02ÌòòAnisakis€€óósp.€€€€€.17€€€€P€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.05€€€€0.89€€€€0.02€>€P€>Ï0.01Ì
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïr:€Spearman€correlation€coefficient,€€p:€probability,€òò€aóó:Ïdegree€of€freedom€=€166€for€protistan€and€174€for€metazoan,€òòÐ 81ˆ,9 Ð

Ìbóó:€degree€of€freedom€=€4€for€all€parasites

ÌÌò òTABLE€IIIó ó

Ð X Ð

ÌEffect€of€sex€on€abundance€and€prevalence€of€infectioǹ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Abundance€€€€€€€€€€Prevalenc耀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€€€€€€π€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€X^2€€€€p€€€€€€€G€€€€€€€€€€€€p̄„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„€€€€€€€ÏòòCeratomyxa€óósp.€€€€0.73€€€0.39€€€€0.34€€€€0.75€>€P€>€0.50€ÌòòSinuolinea€óósp.€€€€1.1€€€€0.3€€€€€2.33€€€€0.25€>€P€>€0.10€ÌòòChloromyxum€óósp.€€€0.1€€€€0.74€€€€0.12€€€€0.75€>€P€>€0.50€ÌòòL.€edwardsiióó€€€€€€0.6€€€€0.43€€€€0.29€€€€0.75€>€P€>€0.50€ÌòòN.€paralichthyosóó€€0.1€€€€0.76€€€€0.04€€€€0.90€>€P€>€0.75€ÌòòC.€psettióó€€€€€€€€€0.2€€€€0.63€€€€0.21€€€€0.75€>€P€>€0.50€ÌòòCainocreadium€óósp.€3.9€€€€(*)€€€€€0.3€€€€€0.75€>€P€>€0.50€ÌòòProsorynchus€óósp.€€3.5€€€€0.06€€€€1.46€€€€0.25€>€P€>€0.10€ÌOpecoelidae€(Metacercaria)€€€€̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.1€€€€0.3€€€€€1.0€€€€€0.50€>€P€>€.25ÌòòNybelinia€óósp.€€€€€4.0€€€€0.04€€€€3.88€€€€0.05€>€P€>€0.03€ÌòòS.€pleuronectisóó€€€0.9€€€€0.33€€€€0.9€€€€€0.50€>€P€>€0.25€ÌòòL.€dollfusióó€€€€€€€0.66€€€0.42€€€€0.59€€€€0.50€>€P€>€0.25€ÌòòC.€australisóó€€€€€€1.97€€€0.16€€€€0.84€€€€0.50€>€P€>€0.25€ÌòòCapillaria€óósp.€€€€5.65€€€0.02€€€€5.42€€€€0.025>€P€>€0.01€ÌòòPhilometra€óósp.€€€13.18€€€(*)€€€€14.3€€€€€0.001>€PÌòòP.€decipiensóó€€€€€€0.89€€€0.34€€€€0.82€€€€0.50€>€P€>€0.25€ÌòòAnisakis€óósp.€€€€€€4.62€€€0.03€€€€3.86€€€€0.05€>€P€>0.025€Ï
Ì
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€€€€Ì^2:€Chi„square€aproximation€to€Mann„Whitney€'U'€test,€€G:€valueÏof€the€Log„likelihood€'G'€test,€€p:€probability€(*)€=€ññ<ññññ<ññ€0.001

ÌÌò òTABLE€IVó ó

Ð  X# ÐÌNumber€of€parasites€(by€major€taxonomic€groups)€in€some€relatedÏflatfish€(Pleuronectiformes)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€

̀€€€€€

€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€€€€PV€€€€HM^òòaóó€€€€LP€€€€HP^òòbóó€€€€HH^òòbóó€€€ÏRH1^òòbóó€€€€RH2€€€€RH3€€€€PA€€̄„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ÏProtista€€€€Ì1€€€€€€€0€€€€€€7€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€4€€€€€€10€€€€3€€ÌMonogenea€€€€Ì0€€€€€€€1€€€€€€2€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€3€€€€1€€ÌDigenea€€€€Ì10€€€€€€1€€€€€€9€€€€€7€€€€€€16€€€€€€€11€€€€€€18€€€€€€28€€€€3€ÌCestoda€€€€Ì1€€€€€€€3€€€€€€1€€€€€1€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€9€€€€4ÌAcantocephala€€€€Ì1€€€€€€€1€€€€€€1€€€€€2€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€8€€€€2ÌNematoda€€€€Ì5€€€€€€€2€€€€€€2€€€€€0€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€8€€€€€€€8€€€€6ÌCrustacea€€€€Ì3€€€€€€€3€€€€€€2€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€8€€€€4ÌHirudinea€€€€Ð	81ˆ,9 Ð1€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€2€€€€1ÌÌSample€size€€€€Ì628€€€€60€€€€526€€€€74€€€€€272€€€€€€€71€€€€€350€€€€€€(*)€€179̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€
ÌPV:€òòParophrys€vetulusóó,€HM:€òòHippoglossina€macrops,óóÏLP:€òòLiopsetta€putnamióó,€HP:€òòHippoglossoidesÏplatessoides,óó€HH:€òòHippoglossus€hippoglossusóó,€RH:ÏòòReinhardius€hippoglossoidesóó,€PA:€òòParalichthysÏadspersusóó.€òòaóó:€only€metazoan€studied,€òòbóó:€onlyÏgastrointestinal€studied.€RH1:€according€to€Scott€&€Bray€(1989),ÏRH2:€according€to€€Arthur€&€Albert€(1994),€RH3€(*):€a€checklistÏfrom€Arthur€&€Albert€(1994)€includes€all€the€known€parasitesÏforòò€R.€hippoglossoides,óó€€€References:€Olson€1978,€BurnÏ1980,€Scott€&€Bray€1989,€Riffo€1991,€Arthur€&€Albert€1994,ÏSiddall€et€al.€1994

ÌÌò òTABLE€Vó ó

Ð À ÐÌNumber€of€digenean€parasitic€in€marine€fishes€from€the€PeruvianÏfaunistic€province€(only€data€on€quantitative€surveys€€areÏconsidered)€

̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï

̀€€€Host€species€€€€ND€€€€SS€€€€GL€€€€Author€€€€€€€€€€€€̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€πÌòò€€€€H.€macropsóó€€€€€€€1€€€€60€€€€CC€€€€Riffo€1991€€€€€€Ìòò€€€€E.€ringensóó€€€€€€€0€€€€70€€€€CC€€€€Riffo€1990€€€€€€Ìòò€€€€S.€bentickióó€€€€€€0€€€€50€€€€CC€€€€Riffo€1990€€€€€€Ìòò€€€€M.€cephalusóó€€€€€€7€€€107€€€€CC€€€€Fernandez€1987€Ìòò€€€€H.€lengerichióó€€€€4€€€€30€€€€CC€€€€George„NascimentoÏ&€Iriarte€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€€€€€€1989€€òò€€€€C.€callorhynchusóó€0€€€€55€€€€CC€€€ÏFernandez€et€al.1986€€€€€€òò€€€€M.€gayióó€€€€€€€€€€3€€€140€€πCP€€€€Duran€&€Oliva€1980Ìòò€€€€M.€australisóó€€€€€2€€€100€€€€SC€€€€Fernandez€1985€€€Ìòò€€€€G.€chilensisóó€€€€€1€€€€80€€€€CC€€€€Vergara€&€George„¼ññ¼ññNascimento€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€π€€€€€€€1982€€€€€€T.€murphy€€€€€€€€1€€€€78€€€€NC€€€€Oliva€1994€π€€€€Ìòò€€€€P.€peruanusóó€€€€€€1€€€124€€€€CP€€€€Luque€&€Oliva€1993Ìòò€€€€S.€minoróó€€€€€€€€€1€€€311€€€€CP€€€€Oliva€et€al.€1990€Ìòò€€€€M.€ophicephalusóó€€1€€€237€€€€CP€€€€Luque€1994€€̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
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ÌND:€number€of€digenean€species€per€host€species,€SS:€sample€size.ÏGL:€geographic€locality€(CP:€central€Peru,€NC:€northern€Chile,ÏCC:€central€Chile,€SC:€southern€Chile)

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