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Received 12 September 1995, Accepted 22 April 1996
Forest Culicinae Mosquitoes in the Environs of Samuel Hydroeletric Plant, State of Rondonia, Brazil
SLB Luz^+, R Lourenco-de-Oliveira
Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av.
Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Code Number: OC96085
Size of Files:
Text: 29K
Graphics: line drawing (gif) - 16.2K[TABLES AND FIGURES AT END OF TEXT] Data on frequency and seasonal distribution of culicinae were recorded in the forest near a recently constructed hydroelectric plant - Samuel, in the State of Rondonia, Brazilian Amazon. Collections were performed almost daily from August 1990 to July 1991, between 6 and 9 p.m., using human bait. A total of 3,769 mosquitoes was collected, representing 21 species, including seven new records for the State of Rondonia. The most frequently collected species were Aedes fulvus (25%) and Ae. pennai (12.3%). The highest density for the majority of mosquito species coincided with the rainy season.
Key words: Diptera: Culicidae - Culicinae mosquitoes - seasonal frequence - hydroeletric plant The major objectives of the entomological surveys carried out during the last decades in the Brazilian Amazon, mainly in the State of Rondonia, were to investigate the biology of local anophelines and determine the vectors of human malaria parasites. Few data on the Amazonian Culicinae have been obtained during these malaria surveys. Surveys of Culicinae mosquitoes in the State of Rondonia were first performed by Degallier and Travassos-da-Rosa (1989) to assess the risk of arbovirus transmission near the Samuel hydroelectric plant and by Xavier and Mattos (1989) on the geographical distribution of mosquitoes at Porto Velho and Guajara-Mirim. The biology of culicines was studied in both rural and urban areas in Costa Marques, southwestern Rondonia (Klein et al. 1992) and in rural settlements in the municipality of Porto Velho (Tubaki & Barata 1993). Culicinae mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal diseases such as Bancroftian filariasis, dengue and yellow fever as well as more than 150 arboviruses. These diseases represent a problem to rural development, particularly in the Amazon Region of Brazil. An entomological survey was conducted in primary forest near the Samuel hydroeletric plant in order to assess the frequency of mosquito species and their seasonal distribution. Materials and methods Description of the study area - The studies were performed from August 1990 to July 1991 at the Ecological Station of Samuel, in the municipality of Candeias do Jamari, State of Rondonia, Brazil (8^o 50'S 9^o 04,S and 63^o 08'W 63^o 19'W), nearly one year after the construction of the Samuel Hydroelectric plant, when the reservoir had already been filled up. The study site is bounded to the west by the Jamari River and the reservoir of the Samuel Hydroelectric plant, and is contiguous with the Jamari National Forest. The Ecological Station of Samuel comprises an area of primary forest. The vegetation is peculiar, with predominance of the dense "terra firme" (dry land) forest, interspersed "varzea" (seasonally flooded) forest, as well as flooded forest along the streams. The forest is uninhabited, and the nearest human settlement is the village of Itapo do Oeste, about 20 km from the centre of the Ecological Station of Samuel . The local climate is tropical, with the dry season from June to August, and the wet season from December to March. The local temperature oscillates between 21 C and 32 C, with an annual average of 25.5 C. The relative humidity varies from 74% to 90.8%, with an annual average of 82% (Lisboa 1990). Other data on the Samuel Ecological Station, such as details about climate, vegetation and fauna, were published elsewhere (ELETRONORTE 1988, Lourenco-de-Oliveira & Deane 1995) and the sites where mosquitoes have been surveyed were spotted on a map presented in Lourenco-de-Oliveira and Deane (1995: 333). Mosquito collections and identification - Mosquito collections were performed at three sites 1km apart in the Ecological Station of Samuel, nearly 50km from the dam. Collections were carried out at each site on alternate days. Mosquitoes were collected on a human bait (on his own legs) at least three times a week, from 6 to 9 p.m, using an aspirator tube, and preserved in numbered plastic vials, containing superimposed layers of naphthalene, cotton and filter paper. Most of the Culicines were identified by the keys of Lane and Cerqueira (1942), Lane (1953) and Forattini (1965a,b). Some of the less common species were identified by the comparison of caught female specimens with those deposited in collections at the Department of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro and the Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, University of S o Paulo. The identifications were also confirmed after examining genitalia of eventually wild-caught males. The taxonomic organization and nomenclature followed that of Knight and Stone (1977) and the abbreviations of genera and subgenera are those of Reinert (1975). Results Frequency of Culicinae mosquito species - The frequency of each mosquito species at the Ecological Station of Samuel is shown in Table I. A total of 3,769 mosquitoes was collected, in which 9 genera and 21 species of Culicinae were recognized. Seven species accounted for 84% of the total collected: Ae. fulvus (25%), Ae. pennai (12.3%), Psorophora dimidiata (12.3%), Coquillettidia lynchi (9.7%), Ae. serratus (9.6%), Culex bastagarius (9%) and Cx. chrysonotum (6.5%). The other species were less frequent or rare, each one accounting for less than 5% of the total (Table I). Ae. fulvus was the most frequent culicine mosquito collected at the Ecological Station of Samuel, with a total of 932 specimens, approximately double the number of the second and third most abundant species: Ae. pennai (475 specimens) and Ps. dimidiata (463). These three species together accounted for 50% of the total mosquitoes collected in the area. Monthly frequency - Mosquito frequency was highest in April, with 154.3 specimens/ man-10hr and lowest in August, with 26.2 mosq./man- 10 hr (Table III). The highest numbers of culicines were recorded during the period of February, March and April (Tables II, III). This period of high mosquito density occurred after the second peak of rain (January - Febuary) and termined at the beginning of the dry season in May (Fig.). Most mosquito species (e.g. Ae. fulvus, Ae. serratus and Ae. pennai) showed highest biting densites during the rainy season (February - April). However, Cq. lynchi and Cx. bastagarius were less abundant during the rainy period (Fig.). Ps. dimidiata was collected throughout the year, except in January, but its density increased in February, in association with increasing rainfall. In contrast the annual distribution of Cx. chrysonotum did not seem to be related to the rainfall (Tables II, III, Fig.). Discussion Culicinae of Samuel - Seven species are here recorded for the first time from the State of Rondonia: Ae. pennai, Cq. lynchi, Cx. mollis, Cx. bastagarius, Cx. chrysonotum, Cx. pedroi and Ps. dimidiata. Members of the genus Aedes were the most common culicine at Samuel. Ae. fulvus has been found elsewhere in the State of Rondonia, such as Guajara-Mirim (Xavier & Mattos 1989) on human bait, and using the CDC light-traps near the Samuel dam (Degallier & Travassos-da-Rosa 1989). During the studies on malaria in rural and urban areas in Costa Marques, this species was more frequent in rural and extra- domiciliary environments close to the forest (Klein et al. 1992). Ae. serratus has a similar distribution in the state and has been found by Klein et al. (1992) to be more frequent outdoors in rural areas. In southern and southeast Brazil, Forattini et al. (1968, 1981, 1986a,b) collected these two Aedes species in higher numbers on human bait than by CDC light-traps. Forattini et al. (1978) and Guimar es et al. (1989) observed the increased abundance of Ae. fulvus and Ae. serratus in the extra-domiciliary environment. Ps. ferox has been found in the municipalities of Guajara-Mirim, Abun , Porto Velho (Xavier & Mattos 1989), Costa Marques (Klein et al. 1992) and Candeias do Jamari- Samuel (Degallier & Travassos-da-Rosa 1989) in the State of Rondonia. Ps. albipes was recorded from Candeias do Jamari-Samuel (Degallier & Travassos-da-Rosa 1989) and Costa Marques (Klein et al. 1992). Both species occur predominantly in the forest, in rural areas and feed on humans outdoors (Forattini et al. 1968, 1978, 1981, Guimar es et al. 1989). Monthly frequency - In tropical regions the seasonal distribuition of mosquitoes is controlled by the dry and rainy periods (Bates 1949). These two periods are very evident at Samuel (Fig). The rainy/dry seasons determine the water volume in the Jamari River basin thereby influencing the abundance of breeding places. The sites of mosquito collections at the Ecological Station of Samuel are located near the Japiim stream, a tributary of the Jamari River. During the rainy season, when the water level is high in the Jamari basin, the Japiim stream floods the marginal terrain and forms small lakes and swamps. In the dry period, when the water level is low only small pools with muddy ground remain at the stream margins. Ae. fulvus females were collected throughout the year, but with a reduced frequency between July and January. On the other hand, collection frequency quickly increased in February and then gradually diminished until June (Table II, Fig.). The abundance of Ae. fulvus closely coincided with the beginning of the rainy season in October. One may presume that the larval breeding-places of Ae. fulvus at Samuel should be abundant when the lowland terrains at the river margins are flooded. At this time the river water reaches eggs that have been laid on the ground during the dryer times of the year, and consequently the adult population increases rapidly. The heavy rains in March may interfer with larval and pupal development. In April when heavy rains were rare another peak of density was observed (Fig.). The frequency of Ae. fulvus decreased as rainfall (after April) suggesting the eggs laid by females emerging from February to April would hatch during the next rainy season. Ae. pennai was also more frequent during the rainy season, but its highest density was observed in April. The species was absent during the collections made from August to October. The only peak observed in April coincided with the end of the heavy rains, when most of the river margins were flooded. This suggests that the breeding-sites of Ae. pennai were sufficiently flooded when the river's level was high. According to Belkin et al. (1971) the larval habitats of Ae. pennai are forest rain pools. It may also be speculated that eggs of this species need several or intermittent contacts with water to hatch, as already verified for other Aedini mosquitoes. Ae. serratus was collected throughout the year with a peak in February, after the two peaks of high rainfall (November and January). Its frequency diminished during March when heavy rains were more common. Cq. lynchi was more frequently collected in September, at the beginning of the rainy season but was rare during the rainiest months, disappearing in January. The abundance of Cq. lynchi was higest during the drier periods in the year (Fig.). The breeding sites of Mansoniini mosquitoes may be disturbed by torrents. Mansonia titillans, a species belonging to this tribe, has been more abundant during the dry season (Lourenco-de-Oliveira 1984). Studies on the culicine fauna associated with hydroelectric plants must be performed before, during and after their construction. The anthropic changes brought by new settlements should also be studied. Besides biting nuisance, these changes in the environment may favour the development and abundance of mosquito vectors of disease. Some mosquito species may be very numerous around hydroelectric plants, like near Tucurui, State of Para, Brazil, where a mean of 500 mosquito/man-hr was recorded (ELETRONORTE 1989). Acknowledgements To "Centrais Eletricas do Norte do Brasil S/A" (ELETRONORTE) for the support in the field; to "Fundac o Nacional de Saude" (FNS), especially to entomological group from the State of Rondonia for the help in the collections; to "Fundac o Oswaldo Cruz" (FIOCRUZ) and "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi- mento Cientifico e Tecnologico" (CNPq) for the support on the project. Supported by CNPq, ELETRONORTE, FNS and FIOCRUZ.
References Bates M 1949. The Natural History of Mosquitoes. The Macmillan Company, New York, 379pp. Belkin JN, Shick RX, Heinemann SJ 1971. Mosquitoes originally described from Brazil. Contrib Amer Ent Inst 5: 64. Degallier N, Travassos da Rosa APA 1989. Relatorio sobre um inquerito realizado de 29 de novembro a 12 de dezembro de 1988, para avaliar o risco de contaminac o com arboviroses na regi o da UHE de Samuel, Municipio de Porto Velho (Rondonia). Mimeografado. Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem. 11p. ELETRONORTE 1988. Relatorio da Operac o Jamari. Departamento de Estudos de Efeitos Ambientais. Min. Minas e Energia. Brasilia, 165pp. ELETRONORTE 1989. Relatorio da Comiss o de Estudos da Proliferac o de Mosquitos a Montante de Tucurui - Setembro/Dezembro-1989. Min. Minas e Energia. Brasilia, 39pp. Forattini OP 1965a. Entomologia Medica. Univ. de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. Vol. II, 506pp. Forattini OP 1965b. Entomologia Medica. Univ. de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. Vol. III, 416pp. Forattini OP, Gomes AC, Galati EAB, Rabello EX, Iversson LB 1978. Estudos ecologicos sobre mosquitos culicidae no sistema da Serra do Mar, Brasil. Observac es no ambiente extradomiciliar. Rev Saude Publ 12: 297-325. Forattini OP, Gomes AC, Natal D, Santos JLF 1986a. Observac es sobre atividade de mosquitos Culicidae em mata primitiva da encosta no Vale do Ribeira, S o Paulo, Brasil. Rev Saude Publ 20: 1-20. Forattini OP, Gomes AC, Natal D, Santos JLF 1986b. Observac es sobre atividade de mosquitos Culicidae em matas primitivas da planicie e perfis epidemiologicos de varios ambientes no Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Rev Saude Publ 20: 178-203. Forattini OP, Gomes AC, Santos JLF, Galati EAB, Rabello EX, Natal D 1981. Observac es sobre atividade de mosquitos Culicidae, em mata residual no Vale do Ribeira, S. Paulo, Brasil. Rev Saude Publ 15: 557-586. Forattini OP, Lopes OS, Rabello EX 1968. Investigac es sobre o comportamento de formas adultas de mosquitos silvestres no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Rev Saude Publ 2: 111- 173. Guimar es AE, Motta MA, Arle M, Machado RNM, Goncalves LD 1989. Bionomia dos mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) em areas da mata atlantica no Municipio de Itaguai, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. I. Frequencia intra, peri e extradomiciliar. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 84: 243-254. Klein TA, Lima JBP, Toda AT 1992. Seasonal distribuition and diet biting patterns of Culicinae mosquitoes in Costa Marques, Rondonia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87: 141-149. Knight KL, Stone A 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol Soc Am Thomas Say Foundation, vol. 6, 611pp. Lane J 1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. Vol. I e II, 1112pp. Lane J, Cerqueira NL 1942. Os Sabetineos da America (Diptera, Culicidae). Arq Zool Est S Paulo 3: 473-849. Lisboa PLB 1990. "Rondonia: colonizac o e floresta". Programa Polonoroeste. Relatorio de pesquisa no. 9, CNPq. Brasilia, 212pp. Lourenco-de-Oliveira R 1984. Estudo sobre a sistematica e alguns aspectos da ecologia dos mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) de uma area de planicie (Granjas Calabria) em Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro. MSc Thesis. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, 185pp. Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, Deane LM 1995. Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. I - The infection rates of Plasmodium brasilianum in non human primates. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90: 331-339. Reinert JF 1975. Mosquitoes generic and subgeneric abbreviations (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito System 7: 105-110. Tubaki RM, Barata JMS 1993. Atividade de anofelinos com os metodos CDC-CO2 e isca humana em area endemica de Malaria em Porto Velho, Ro. IV Reuni o Nacional dos Pesquisadores em malaria. Manaus - Amazonas, p 17. Xavier SH, Mattos SS 1989. Lista das especies e generos de Culicideos encontradas nos estados do Brasil. VIII. Rondonia (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta Amazonica 19: 285-295.
Monthly rainfall (mm) and average number of particular taxa collected on human bait (mosquitoes/ man-10hr) in the forest of the Ecological Station of Samuel, State of Rondonia from August 1990 to July 1991.
Table I. Culicinae mosquito species in decreasing
order of frequency, collected from human bait in the forest of
the Ecological Station of Samuel, State of Rondonia, western
Amazon region of Brazil, from August 1990 to July 1991
------------------------------------------------------------
Species Number %
-------------------------------------------------------------
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fulvus (Wiedmann, 1828) 932 25.0
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pennai
Antunes and Lane, 1938 475 12.3
Psorophora (Grabhamia) dimidiata Cerqueira,1943 463 12.3
Coquillettidia (Rhynchotaenia) lynchi
(Shannon, 1931) 365 9.7
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus (Theobald, 1901) 361 9.6
Culex (Melanoconion) bastagarius
Dyar & Knab, 1906 340 9.0
Culex (Melanoconion) chrysonotum
Dyar & Knab, 1908 245 6.5
Culex (Melanoconion) spp.^a 181 4.8
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) albipes
(Theobald, 1907) 145 3.8
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox
(Von Humboldt, 1819) 83 2.2
Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi
Sirivanakarn & Belkin, 1980 76 2.0
Culex (Culex) coronator Dyar & Knab, 1906 65 1.7
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) spp.^a 12 0.3
Culex (Culex) mollis Dyar & Knab, 1906 10 0.3
Culex (Culex) spp.^a 6 0.2
Mansonia (Mansonia) titillans (Walker, 1848) 3 0.1
Psorophora (Psorophora) cilipes (Fabricius, 1805) 2 0.0
Trichoprosopon (Trichoprosopon) digitatum
(Rondani, 1848) 2 0.0
Orthopodomyia fascipes (Coquillett, 1905) 1 0.0
Sabethes (Sabethoides) chloropterus
(Von Humbolt, 1819) 1 0.0
Uranotaenia sp.^a 1 0.0
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 3,769 100
--------------------------------------------------------------
a: non identifiable specimens
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table II Number of Culicinae mosquitoes collected
monthly on human bait in the forest of the Ecological
Station of Samuel, State of Rondonia, western Amazon region
of Brazil, from August 1990 to July 1991
--------------------------------------------------------------
Species 1990
Aug . Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Aedes fulvus 3 1 6 14 9
Aedes pennai - - - 2 3
Aedes serratus 1 2 3 12 31
Coquillettidia lynchi 41 85 43 18 21
Culex coronator - - - 8 8
Culex mollis 1 1 - - -
Culex (Culex) spp. - 1 1 - -
Culex bastagarius 49 23 38 53 81
Culex chrysonotum 20 31 24 15 12
Culex pedroi - 1 - 8 10
Culex (Melanoconion) pp. - 3 2 50 37
Mansonia titillans - - - 1 1
Orthopodomyia fascipes - - - 1 -
Psorophora albipes - 1 1 2 4
Psorophora cilipes - - - - -
Psorophora dimidiata 41 6 33 17 12
Psorophora ferox - - 1 - -
Psorophora(Janthinosoma)spp. - - - - -
Sabethes chloropterus - - - - 1
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - - - -
Uranotaenia sp. 1 - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 157 155 152 201 230
--------------------------------------------------------------
Hours spent in captures 60 50 38 44 40
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table II (continued)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Species 1991
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.
Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.
--------------------------------------------------------------
-
Aedes fulvus 16 219 140 314 127 75 8
Aedes pennai 2 1 18 325 93 27 4
Aedes serratus 80 88 77 32 15 12 8
Coquillettidia lynchi - 7 5 17 13 58 57
Culex coronator 8 4 10 16 6 4 1
Culex mollis 1 1 1 22 1 1 1
Culex (Culex) spp. - 1 2 - 1 - -
Culex bastagarius 13 1 7 10 7 27 31
Culex chrysonotum 22 5 13 52 6 25 20
Culex pedroi 12 2 6 16 2 8 11
Culex (Melanoconion) pp. 47 2 12 - 5 10 13
Mansonia titillans - - 1 - - - -
Orthopodomyia fascipes - - - - - - -
Psorophora albipes - 20 28 60 14 12 3
Psorophora cilipes - - 1 1 - - -
Psorophora dimidiata - 61 75 57 20 73 68
Psorophora ferox - 8 17 23 15 15 4
Psorophora(Janthinosoma) - 8 4 - - - -
spp.
Sabethes chloropterus - - - - - - -
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - 1 1 - - -
Uranotaenia sp. - - - - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 201 428 418 926 325 347 229
--------------------------------------------------------------
Hours spent in captures 40 28 32 60 60 56 42
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table III. Number of mosquitoes/man-10 hours monthly
collected in the forest of the Ecological Station of Samuel,
State of Rondonia, western Amazon region of Brazil, from
August 1990 to
--------------------------------------------------------------
Species 1990
Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov Dec.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Aedes fulvus 0.5 0.2 1.6 3.2 2.3
Aedes pennai - - - 0.5 0.8
Aedes serratus 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.8 7.8
Coquillettidia lynchi 6.8 17.0 11.3 4.1 5.3
Culex coronator - - - 1.8 2.0
Culex mollis 0.2 0.2 - - -
Culex (Culex) spp. - 0.2 0.3 - -
Culex bastagarius 8.2 4.6 10.0 12.0 20.3
Culex chrysonotum 3.3 6.2 6.3 3.4 3.0
Culex pedroi - 0.2 - 1.8 2.5
Culex (Melanoconion) spp. - 0.6 0.5 1.4 9.3
Mansonia titillans - - - 0.2 0.3
Orthopodomyia fascipes - - - 0.2 -
Psorophora albipes - 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0
Psorophora cilipes - - - - -
Psorophora dimidiata 6.8 1.2 8.7 0.4 3.0
Psorophora ferox - - 0.3 - -
Psorophora(Janthinosoma)spp. - - - - -
Sabethes chloropterus - - - - 0.3
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - - - -
Uranotaenia sp. 0.2 - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 26.2 31.0 40.0 46.0 57.5
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table III (continued)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Species 1991
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Aedes fulvus 4.0 78.2 43.8 52.3 21.2 3.4 2.0
Aedes pennai 0.5 0.4 5.6 54.2 15.5 4.8 1.0
Aedes serratus 20.0 31.4 24.0 5.3 2.5 2.1 2.0
Coquillettidia lynchi - 2.5 1.6 2.8 2.2 10.3 13.6
Culex coronator 2.0 1.4 3.1 2.7 1.0 0.7 0.2
Culex mollis 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Culex (Culex) spp. - 0.4 0.6 - 0.2 - -
Culex bastagarius 3.3 0.4 2.2 1.7 1.2 4.8 7.4
Culex chrysonotum 5.5 1.8 4.0 8.7 1.0 4.5 4.8
Culex pedroi 3.0 0.7 1.9 2.7 0.3 1.4 2.6
Culex (Melanoconion) 11.8 0.7 3.8 - 0.8 2.0 3.1
spp.
Mansonia titillans - - 0.3 - - - -
Orthopodomyia fascipes - - - - - - -
Psorophora albipes - 7.1 8.8 10.0 2.3 2.3 0.7
Psorophora cilipes - - 0.3 0.2 - - -
Psorophora dimidiata - 21.8 23.4 9.5 3.3 3.3 16.2
Psorophora ferox - 3.0 5.3 3.8 2.5 2.5 1.0
Psorophora(Janthinosoma)- 3.0 1.3 - - - -
spp.
Sabethes chloropterus - - - - - - -
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - 0.3 0.2 - - -
Uranotaenia sp. - - - - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 50.3 53.0 30.6 154.3 54.2 62.0 54.5
--------------------------------------------------------------
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