Helio Moraes-Souza
Coordenação de Sangue e Hemoderivados, SPS, MS e
Hemocentros Regional de Uberaba, Fundação Hemominas,
Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco G, 6º Andar, 70058-900
Brasília, DF, Brasil
Fax: +55-61-447.1672
Received 9 June 1999
Accepted 9 August 1999
Code Number:OC99214
The transmission of the transfusion-associated Chagas disease
is an important mechanism of its dissemination in several Latin
American countries. The transmission risk depends on five factors:
prevalence of infection in blood donors, degree of serological
coverage, sensibility of used tests, safety of obtained results and
infection risk. The Southern Cone Iniciative set off by the
Pan-American Health Organization, in 1991, is contributing to the
implementation of blood law in each endemic country, and to
reduce the risk of transfusional transmission of this horrible
disease. Despite the clear improvement of Brasilian hemotherapy
after 1980 (with the creation of the Blood National Program -
Pró-Sangue) and the significant reduction of the
chagasic infection among its blood donors; socio-economic, politic
and cultural unlevels, prevent it from reaching the necessary
universality and security. In order to assure both, the Brazilian
Ministry of Health decided to restructure its blood system. In May,
1998, a great program was launched, to reach a specific goal:
Blood - 100% with quality safety in all its process until
2003. It was divided in 12 projects, intends to guarantee the
quality and self sufficiency in blood and hemoderivates.
Key words: Chagas disease by transfusion - blood transfusion
- Chagas disease - control measure
When Carlos Justiano das Chagas discovered a human disease
caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, 90 years ago, a continental
tragedy was opened and unfortunately is enduring until our days.
Despite there is no current inquiry, covering all endemic area
in American Continent, it is estimated that there are approximately
15 million to 18 million T. cruzi infected individuals; 60%
living in urban areas and 50% of this group is in latent period,
therefore are blood donors in potential (Schmunis 1991, Moncayo
1992, Moraes-Souza & Bordin 1996, Dias & Schofield 1998).
The possibility of blood transfusion as a route of Chagas
disease transmission had been insinuated six decades ago (Mazza et
al. 1936) and confirmed approximately 50 years ago (Freitas et al.
1952) when control measures were proposed, which are up-to-date
until our days (Soto 1940, Pellegrino 1949, Nussenzweig et al.
1953, Moraes-Souza & Bordin 1996). Nowadays, the estimated
transmission risk of nosology for each unit of infected blood
transfusion is about 14 to 49% (Schmunis 1991).
Despite the awareness about this problem complexity and the
mechanisms to control it, the knowledge about the actual situation
of hemotherapy and transfusional Chagas disease in Brazil and Latin
America, till early 80's, was practically restrict to isolated
serological inquiries and to few reports related by the infected
blood receivers. The first Brazilian study that tried to analyze
the problem in a more complex way, was developed by the Secretary
of Health in the State of Minas Gerais. According to the above
mentioned inquiry, made in 613 of the 723 existing cities and
towns, only 268 (43.7%) performed blood transfusion and, only 121
(41.5%) of them, carried on the serological screening to Chagas
disease in their donors (Dias & Brener 1984).
In spite of prohibiting the paid donation, introducing the Blood
National Program by Brazilian Government, in April 1980 (Portaria
no. 07/80) and required the compulsory need of performing two
serological screening testes anti-T. cruzi for donors, till
the end of the 80's, it was not known the true situation of
hemotherapy in Brazil. We were stimulated by this situation to
carry out a large national inquiry. In this inquiry, 850
communities and 22 states were analyzed. From them, 585 (68.8%)
conducted blood transfusion, involving 1,525 hospitals and/or
hemotherapy services; 44.5% performed only urgency transfusion and
42.2% transfused only total blood. Serological screening for Chagas
disease, syphilis, B hepatitis, Aids and malaria was performed,
respectively, by 68.8%, 75.2%, 65.4%, 53.8% and 26% of all
services. Particularly related to Chagas disease, we observed that
the range of covering varied according to the studied city's
population, being it of 33.3% in cities that have around 10
thousand inhabitants, 68.2% between 10 and 50 thousand and 92.5% in
that cities with more than 50 thousand inhabitants. We were also
able to see that 53.3% of services that tested their donors
achieved only one single serological test for the T. cruzi,
the covering of the public blood services was only 13% and
arm-to-arm transfusion was performed by 18% of all services (Moraes
Souza et al. 1994).
CONTROL MEASURES
The eradication of the main vector of T. cruzi to man,
Triatoma infestants, in spite of being the most efficient
form to reduce human infection, does not present immediate result
in reducing and/or controlling transfusion-associated Chagas
disease. The reason is that an individual infected during his
childhood or adolescence, that maintains the asymptomatic phase of
the disease, could be a potential donor till 60 years old according
to current Brazilian Legislation or until 65, as some other
countries regulation and will be added to Mercosul agreement
(Portaria 1376/93 and Resolução 130/Mercosul).
This important job of eradicating the vector, associated with
control measures of hemotherapy services level, have resulted
positively in the reduction of infected blood donors number. So, in
the early 80's the average prevalence of positive results for T.
cruzi in Brazil was 7.% and in the other countries it was 6.8%
(Moraes-Souza 1985). In the 90's (two decades after the
introduction of the main vector control programs), these index
decreased respectively to 3.2% and 2.6%, despite of very high
values as 62.1% were found in one of the countries analyzed, in
which the disease control had not been introduced (Schmunis 1991,
Dias & Schofield 1998).
Obviously, like any other transmissible nosology by blood
transfusion, the transfusional transmission control of Chagas
disease, is more directly linked to the selection of the donor and
the blood, than to natural mechanisms of transmission and/or the
vector itself.
There are three basic measures to prevent transfusional
transmission of Chagas disease: the judicious selection of the
candidate as donor; serological screening tests, specific and
reproducible (serologic survey) and the treatment of the collected
blood with gentian violet (Moraes-Souza & Bordin 1996).
TRANSMISSION RISK
The probability of concerning Chagas disease through blood
transfusion, depends on five factors: prevalence of infection in
blood donors, degree of serological coverage, sensibility of used
tests, safety of obtained results and risk of infection.
Schumuñis and colleagues (1998), when studied the
infectivity risk for transfusion-transmitted of infectious diseases
through blood transfusion in twelve countries of Central and South
America, found, considering the factors referred above, values
ranged from 2.06 x 104 (in Equador) to 219.28 x
104 (in Bolivia). Based on these parameters, on the 1988
National Inquire data (Moraes-Souza et al. 1994); on the current
prevalence infection among donors (0.8% - 1997 data) and on the
results of the sanitary surveillance in hemotherapy services (less
than 2% of blood services with no working conditions), we can infer
to Brazil that the probability of getting transfusion-transmitted
Chagas disease is of 0.091 x 104, which would represent
approximately thirty yearly; quite inferior values than those
estimated at the end of the 70's (10 thousand yearly, Dias 1987).
SOUTHERN CONE FIRST INITIATIVE
The role played by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO)
to control transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease and the
development of hemotherapy in all South America, through the
implementation of the program "Southern Cone Initiative", is fully
known.
Under this Organization's support, the ministries of health from
the countries that belong to the South Cone, during a meeting in
Brasília, in July 1991, recognized the huge size of the
problem and committed themselves to the eradication of T.
infestants on the region and also to eliminate the
transfusional transmission of T. cruzi, through
strengthening the blood banks and through the effective control of
donors (OPAS 1992, Dias & Schofield 1998).
The South Cone Initiative defined that the pre-transfusional
serological control was mandatory in all countries, reserving the
chemoprophylaxis practice (with gentian violet) to the
hiper-endemic areas. To do so, it stimulated the creation of the
blood law in each country, the increasing of serological
screening coverage, the usage of two serological techniques of
different principles, and the improvement of the achieved serology
pattern. At least one annual technical meeting to assess the
program was also established (Dias & Schofield 1998).
When the program started in 1991, only Brazil, Argentina and
Uruguay had legislation that compelled the donor's serological
trial, although no one of them showed 100% of coverage. In Chile,
where serology started being an obligation only in endemic areas;
the serological screening coverage in 1996 was of 98.9% in these
areas and 76.9% all the country taken into consideration. Paraguay,
little by little incorporated to the program its blood law being
promulgated in 1996 (Dias & Schofield 1998).
Bolivia showed the biggest number of positive blood donors in
Latin America, only recently started to develop its program to
control the vector and is on its first steps to organize its blood
program (The Regional Blood Bank of Santa Cruz de La Sierra, the
most endemic area was only opened last December). This view was
very well assessed by Dias and Schofield in 1998 and during the
VIII South Cone Intergovernmental Committee Meeting to eliminate
the T. infestants and to control transfusion-transmitted
Chagas disease, in Tarija, Bolívia (pers. inform.).
The work developed along this decade in the Southern Cone,
changed the view of Chagas disease in the area and reduced very
much the risk of transfusional transmission of this horrible
disease.
BRAZILIAN POLICY PROGRAM FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSION SAFETY
Despite the clear improvement of our hemotherapy, socio-economic
and cultural unlevels and the lack of commitment from our govern,
we live, by one side, with the technical scientific excellency of
several hemocenters, and some of the blood banks existing nowadays
and, on the other side, the event of arm-to-arm transfusion in P
communities and/or hospitals in Brazil.
The evolution of Brazilian public blood service, stimulated by
financial resources, that, for the last three years summed up 56
millions dollars, make the bloodcenters and other hemotherapy
services linked to them, be responsible for nearly 60% of all blood
transfusion in the country.
The Brazilian Ministry of Health (through of Technical Advisory
Committe/Cosah, from the Secretary of Policy _ responsible for
political structure regulation and implementation of the National
Blood Program and of Federal Surveillance Group/DISAH, from
Secretary of Sanitary Surveillance, responsible for its inspection)
goes through the strengthening of the structures responsible for
formulation, regulation and control of activities (on a state and
federal level), and above all, the units responsible for blood
services (hemocenters, blood banks, transfusional agencies, etc.).
So this is that, to assure the transfusion safety, the Ministry
of Health elected the blood quality its National Mobilizing Goal in
Health Area, when the Federal Government re-launched the Brazilian
Quality and Productivity Program (PBQP), on May 18, 1998. It was
defined as follows: "Blood - 100% with quality safety in all its
process until 2003" (Cosah 1998).
For the ministry goal's choice, as well as its complete
formulation, it was very important to mobilize and make all the
community participate. The community represented by the managing
agencies of the system on a federal and state level (Ministry of
Health, through the secretaries that are closer linked to the
National Health Blood Program and the State Secretaries of Health,
through their State Blood Coordinations); by the blood services
(directors and technicians from hemocenters and blood banks) the
society (Colégio Brasileiro de Hematologia, Sociedade
Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Sociedade Brasileira de
Ta-lassémicos and Federação Brasileira de
Hemofilia); besides technicians from Instituto Nacional de Controle
de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Informática do
Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus),
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. More than a hundred of
technicians from these agencies gave and are giving their
contribution for this ambitious goal; that doesn't have any other
objective than to give to all Brazilian people equal rights to the
blood transfusion with quality.
To reach the proposed objectives this ministry goal was divided
in twelve projects, that are:
Re-formulating Brazil's National Policy Program;
Implantation and Implementation of a National Blood Management
Information System;
Maintenance and Implementation of the Organizational and
Physical Infra-structure of the Public Blood System;
Implantation of Human Resources Qualification Program;
Implementation of National Volunteer Blood Donor Program;
Implementation and Implantation of Hemo-therapy Services
Credibility National Program;
Encourage the Implantation and Implementation of the Total
Quality Program and the Blood Quality National Award;
Implementation of an External Quality Control Program in
Imuno-hematology and Serology in Hemotherapy Services;
Increase the Number of Sanitary Inspection in Blood Services;
Quality Control Systematization of Used Testing Material and
Reagents in Hemotherapy commercialized in Brazil;
Re-structure the Sanitary Surveillance System.
The formulation of these projects is concluded and some of them
are already being implanted, among them, by its narrow relation to
the theme, we will point out the following:
Re-formulating Brazil's National Policy Program - Its aim
is to define a single blood policy program for the country, that
assures its availability, safety and quality, through the
explicitation of govern's intentions in this area and which
includes govern and society participation.
Implantation and implementation of a national blood
management information system - This program was developed
together with Datasus and it has as its aim create a National
Information Net referring to blood and hemoderivatives, that will
allow the various managers (federal, state, municipal) to reach the
data needed to make decisions referring the management of the
system, specially those concerning the public and private
hemotherapy services, its production reports, clinic epidemiology
and serologic profile of differed donors file and blood disease
victims, mostly hemophiliacs and hemoglobinopaths.
Maintenance and implementation of the public organizational
and physical infra-structure of public blood system - Nowadays,
the Minitry of Health, through Cosah, is giving resources of 76
million of "reais". These resources for more than two hundred
projects, defined and formulated by their respective federal units,
are destined to the construction, rebuild and functional and
managing modernization of the public blood services. This new
project is being implemented with the objective of making a
standard and redefining the increasing criteria of this National
Blood Service, so that, reaching the most distant communities,
assures the hemotherapy covering needed and the transfusion blood
quality.
Implantation of human resources qualification program -
This project has the aim of update and recycle the human resources
in the hemotherapy and hematology areas (through specialization,
improvement and recycling courses, in the country and abroad). It
is implementing the TELELAB-BLOOD _ distant training program, a
partnership with the DST/Aids Coordination (Aids -Sexually
Transmitted Diseases Coordination), supported by booklets and
video-tapes, the TELELAB-BLOOD is training, since 1999 nearly 30
thousand technicians all over the country. Fourteen courses will be
offered and the first ten from the following list are already being
used: (1) donors blood collecting; (2) hemocomponents preparation;
(3) Chagas disease: screening and serologic diagnosis in
hemotherapy services and public health laboratories; (4) viruses
hepatitis: screening and serologic diagnosis in hemotherapy
services and public health laboratories; (5) HTLV-I/II: screening
and serologic diagnosis in hemo-therapy services and public health
laboratories; (6) HIV serologic diagnosis (re-edition of
TELELAB-I); (7) syphilis serologic diagnosis (re-edition of
TELELAB-I); (8) serologic tests quality control in hemotherapy
services and public health laboratories; (9) equipment: usage and
monitoring in hemotherapy services and public health laboratories;
(10) bio-safety in hemotherapy services and public health
laboratories; (11) immuno-hematology: routine in hemotherapy
services; (12) donors attraction: 90% reliable volunteers, as
slogans; (13) hemotherapy: components and blood indication; (14)
hemotherapy: transfusion reactions _ how to identify and how to
treat.
The expectation is that, with the implementation of Health Area
National Mobilizing Goal, in Health Area, Brazil may count, in the
first years of next millennium, on a hemotherapy structure of
universal coverage, that will assure self-sufficiency in blood,
components and derivatives, with the quality standard from
developed countries, committed to the population's longings and
needs, and that the transmission of diseases, via blood
transfusion, as Chagas disease, will be a rare event, inherent only
to ineffability of biological procedures and processes.
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Copyright 1999 Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz