search
for
 About Bioline  All Journals  Testimonials  Membership  News


Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences
Piracicaba Dental School - UNICAMP
EISSN: 1677-3225
Vol. 5, Num. 19, 2006, pp. 1232 - 1238

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 19, October-December 2006, pp. 1232 - 1238

Satisfaction level and masticatory capacity in edentulous patients with conventional dentures and implant-retained overdentures

Rafael de Liz Pocztaruk1* , Luis Carlos da Fontoura Frasca2* , Elken Gomes Rivaldo3* , Paulo Roberto Castro Mattia4* , Rafael Araújo Vidal1* , Eduardo Fernandes3* , Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião5

1DDS, MS, Assistant Professor
2DDS, MS, PhD Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
3 DDS, MS, PhD
4 DDS, MS
5 DDS, MS PhD, Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas,Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
*Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Dental School of Lutheran University of Brazil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Correspondence to: Rafael de Liz Pocztaruk Rua Jaraguá, 518/302. Bela Vista. Porto Alegre ZIP code: 90450-140. Phone/Fax:55.51.3332.3002 E-mail: pocz@terra.com.br

Received for publication: September 14, 2006
Accepted: December 02, 2006

Code Number: os06042

Abstract

The difficulty of totally edentulous individual in performing the basic oral functions in a satisfactory and pleasant way directs the investigations for improvement of the rehabilitation techniques. This study aimed to perform an intra-patient analysis of the satisfaction level and masticatory capacity during the phases of the rehabilitation treatment with osseointegrated implants. Twelve edentulous patients (mean age: 61 years) participated. Satisfaction level and masticatory capacity were analyzed based on specific questionnaires for edentulous patients and by a verbal rating scale from 0 to 10, at three moments: with the old dentures, with conventional new ones after they had been received two osseointegrated implants in the mandible (after 60 days of use). After 5 months of the first surgical phase, gold cap ball attachments were adapted and the last evaluation was performed with the upper denture and the lower overdenture, after 30 days of use. The Friedman test was applied. The rehabilitation with implants produced a significant improvement in the satisfaction level (95.83%) and the masticatory capacity (94.07%). The new full dentures produced a better satisfaction and masticatory capacity than the old dentures. Besides, lower overdenture supported by two osseointegrated implants and a new upper conventional denture produced a higher scores than the conventional new dentures.

Key Words: denture, dental prosthesis, implant-supported, patient satisfaction, mastication

Introduction

In general, edentulous patients with mandibular bone resorption have difficulties of adaptation to mastication and often report dissatisfaction with their conventional full dentures1. For over a hundred years there was only one kind of treatment for this oral condition conventional dentures2. The rehabilitation of these patients by means of conventional full dentures, no matter how perfectly done, could not completely solve their problems, either of functional or psychological order. Besides, between 5% and 20% of the individuals remained dissatisfied after the treatment was concluded. The aesthetics of the upper denture and the lack of stability of the lower one were the main complaints of the patients3-4. One of the factors for the dissatisfaction related to the dentures may be attributed to the level of oral perception of each patient, a phenomenon known as oral stereognosis. Patients with a high level of oral perception would be more intolerant to the limitations of full dentures in general5. The success of the rehabilitation by means of conventional full dentures is variable, and depends on the capacity of adaptation to treatment limitations. The satisfaction level of the patient is influenced by several factors, including the dentures quality and the plated area, the quality of interaction in the patient-dentist relationship, past experiences with full dentures, and the psychological personality6. In harmony, such factors may promote the improvement of the mastication, the speech, and the aesthetics of the teeth, besides producing less discomfort and pain sensitivity, favoring the comminution of harder food7. The masticatory functions of these individuals are qualitatively worse in comparison to dentate individual8-9. Wearers of conventional full dentures have their masticatory functions reduced between 1/4 (one fourth) and 1/7 (one seventh) when compared to adults with natural teeth, depending on the age and the type of food8,10-11. Smith12 concluded that there was no correlation between the quality of the manufactured dentures and the satisfaction of the patient, but Van Waas3 and Fenlon et al.13 have observed a significant association between these factors.

The perception of the patient about oral health conditions has been considered by the prosthodontists as a factor with major relevance at the moment of choice of their treatment. According to John et al.14, the index Oral Health Related to Quality of Life (OHRQoL) characterizes a perception of the patients in relation to their oral health. Therefore, this index is able to measure the benefits created by prosthetic treatments. One technically sophisticated way to really measure the OHRQoL is by means of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), a questionnaire containing 49 items that portraits the different opinions of the patients about the treatment done, including functional, aesthetics, and even psychological questions15. Aiming to restrict and reduce the original version of the OHIP, producing an appropriate specific adaptation for totally edentulous patients, Allen and Locker16 developed the index Oral Heath Impact Profile in Edentulous Adults (OHIP-EDENT).

The improvement of satisfaction, capacity, efficiency, and masticatory performance in patients who were rehabilitated with new upper full dentures and lower overdentures has been reported along the years by several authors1,6-7,9,17-29. Besides providing an improvement in the masticatory efficiency21, the rehabilitation by means of a conventional denture stabilized by two osseointegrated implants is also responsible for the change in psychological aspects of the patients in relation to their oral condition30. In general, the main motivation of the patients who look forward mucous-supported implant rehabilitation is to increase the retention of the lower denture and to improve the masticatory capacity6,9. In spite of the existence of articles reporting an improvement in the patient's perception related to masticatory capacity after being rehabilitated with an overdenture31-32, it has also been shown that this improvement happens, several times, with individuals rehabilitated with new conventional full dentures only. However, this perception in relation to oral functions, either when they have been rehabilitated with a new lower overdenture or with a new conventional full denture, does not necessarily correlate with the real improvement of their masticatory ability32. Patients that are submitted to the treatment with implants have an expectation that their problems with the instability of the denture will be reduced or totally solved. The importance of finding out what the patients really feel after the treatment is, many times, as relevant as the survival rate of the implant or even as the measurement of masticatory functions. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the opinions of the patients about the efficacy of the treatment that the dentist is providing33. Therefore, besides the objective tests, subjective tests of the masticatory functions are necessary to check when the treatment is effectively changing the patient's functions.

Satisfaction and the masticatory capacity seem to be a combination between factors that are directly related to the proposed modality of treatment and factors not related with the technical part of the treatment34. The objective of this research was to perform, by means of a longitudinal prospective study, the intra-patient analysis of the satisfaction level and masticatory capacity of edentulous individuals, applying questionnaires adapted from the indexes OHIP15 and OHIP-EDENT16 during the phases of the rehabilitation treatment with osseointegrated implants. The tested null hypothesis was that there would be no statistically significant difference between the proposed ways of rehabilitation.

Material and Methods

Selection of Patients

Twelve patients, two males and ten females (mean age 61 years), who voluntarily searched for the services provided by the Department of Oral Prosthesis and Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School of Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil, and who were not satisfied with their full dentures, agreed in participate. The experimental design of the study had a prospective trait with longitudinal clinical follow up in patients by means of the convenience sample selection. The following inclusion criteria were adopted: being fully edentulous and user of old conventional removable full dentures for at least 5 years; having an adequate bone height and thickness allowing the insertion of two osseointegrated implants in the anterior region of the mandible between the mental foramens, confirmed by panoramic radiographs, varying from 10 to 15 mm high; not presenting any symptoms of temporomandibular disorder, bruxism, systemic and/or neurological disorders; being non smokers; possessing the ability to understand and to answer properly the proposed questionnaires. The work was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University (protocol 2004-391H). The patients signed the informed consent explaining all procedures that would be done during the research.

Surgical and Prosthetics Procedures

Patients received two osseointegrated implants (Replace® Select Tapered; Nobel BiocareTM; Gothenburg, Sweden), that were placed in the area between the mental foramens, according to the two-phase standardized surgical procedure35. All the surgeries were performed by the same skilled surgeon, who was not aware about the study. After healing of the soft tissues, new conventional full dentures were manufactured for both the upper and the lower jaw, considering the following procedures and materials: balanced bilateral occlusion, in centric relation position; Trilux acrylic teeth (Ruthibras, Pirassununga, Brazil); gingival color selection by the Tomáz Gomes scale (Vipi, Pirassununga, Brazil), and a colorless acrylic palate. All the new dentures were manufactured by the same laboratory technician. Patients started to use the dentures two months after the first surgical step, keeping it for a two month-period without the connection of the abutments. The second surgical phase was done 5 months after the insertion of the implants. Two small incisions were done to expose the head of the screws, and the 2 mm high ball abutments (Ball Attachment®; Nobel BiocareTM; Gothenburg, Sweden) were placed with a 15 N torque. By means of the gold cap ball attachments, the lower denture was connected to the ball abutments, performing a clinical capture procedure.

Satisfaction level and masticatory capacity

The satisfaction level and the masticatory capacity were evaluated by means of the questionnaire I (Table 1) and questionnaire II (Table 3) with the old dentures at least 5 years of use (before the first surgical phase), with the new dentures (after the first surgical phase - 60 days of use), and during the phases of the rehabilitation treatment with osseointegrated implants). Thus, the questionnaires were applied to verify the patient's satisfaction perception and the masticatory capacity facing the proposed treatment.

The patient answered the questions about the ability or lack of ability to comminute hard and soft foods, relating it with the discomfort and instability of the dentures, with perception of satisfaction in relation to the aesthetics, to the pleasure when eating, to the level of comfort, and to the assurance with them. The questionnaires were provide by one evaluator only, being this in charge only for the elucidation of possible doubts that could arise along the answers, therefore not interfering with their contents. The application of the questions started when the patient was comfortably sat in the chair. Individuals were invited to express their opinions about the conditions of their dentures through nine questions of the Questionnaire I, in a scale ranging from 0 (zero) to 4 (four), where 0 represents the total satisfaction and 4 represents the total dissatisfaction.

In the Questionnaire II, composed by thirteen items, the masticatory capacity was provided by the patient in a scale from 0 (zero) to 4 (four), where 0 represents never (no problems) and 4 represents always (with problems)16.

The means scores were calculated. The higher scores represented a poor perception of the oral conditions, therefore worse satisfaction levels and masticatory capacity.

After applied the questionnaires, patients were also asked to give a score from 0 to 10 by a verbal rating scale (VRS) or the satisfaction level (Table 2) and for the masticatory capacity in general (Table 4), where 0 (zero) represents very bad and 10 (ten) means excellent. After the data collection, the mean scores among the patients were calculated. The results mean the general satisfaction level and general masticatory capacity.

Statistical Analysis

For questionnaire I the maximal punctuation was 36, considered as 100% of the total dissatisfaction, and for questionnaire II the maximal punctuation was 52, considered as 100% of improper masticatory activity. After the patient's scores had been computed, the correspondent percentages were calculated, and subtracted from 100% in order to facilitate the interpretation of the results. Consequently, the largest percentages presented in the results mean better satisfaction level and masticatory capacity. For general satisfaction level and masticatory capacity, the VRS mean values were considered.

The data were analyzed by descriptive statistic (percentages, means, and standard deviation). The normality of the distribution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Questionnaire scores intra-patients, in percentage, were compared in the three distinct moments (old dentures, new dentures, and lower overdenture) by using Friedman non-parametric test. The statistic software SPSS version 10.0 was used for the processing and analysis of these data. The significant level was considered at p<0.05.

Results

None implant was lost nor it was any inflammation detected in the perimplantar region. In two patients only the second phase surgery had to be done again due to a small gingival hyperplasia that interfered in the clinical capture of the lower denture's female.

The null hypothesis was refused, since patients with old full dentures achieved, in average, a lower satisfaction level than with the new dentures, following by the overdentures. It was also observed that the difference was statistically significant among the three types of dentures at different times. The same was observed on comparing the three used dentures, the lower and upper olds, the new ones, and the lower overdenture with variation statistically significant (Figure 1). Results related to the masticatory capacity behaved in a similar way with statistical significant difference among the three types of dentures (Figure 3). The mean VRS scores for the satisfaction level and masticatory capacity in general increased significantly from the first to the last evaluation (Figures 2 and 4).

Discussion

The patients rehabilitated with a lower overdenture and a new upper conventional full denture showed more favorable results in terms of satisfaction and masticatory capacity than when they have been worn the old and new dentures (Figures 1 and 3). The treatment of edentulous individuals with a lower overdenture appears to be very efficient in relation to the reduction of problems originated from the conventional dentures36. Based on the results, we observed that the satisfaction and the masticatory capacity were related to the comfort and the stability of the denture, with improvement on chewing and speaking ability and on the aesthetics.

The selection of a sample by convenience could determine overestimate results, but we considered not viable to blind the patients to the treatment in this study, as they were looking for the improvement of their dentures. The amount of remaining bone tissue, despite the bone height and thickness properly for lower implants, and the capacity of adaptation with the old dentures (oral stereognosis) were reduced. Therefore, unconsciously the patients had the feeling that the rehabilitation with the osseointegrated implants, theoretically at the end of the treatment, would be the best kind of rehabilitation. Patient's preferences for a particular form of treatment must be taken into account in clinical trials37. It has been proposed that emotional responses following assignment of treatments, which may or may not be preferred, will strongly influence the outcomes, especially when they are based on self-reports of treatment satisfaction38. Thus, in order to reduce possible biases we provide to the subjects the same surgical procedures, dentures, and overdentures, making individual evaluations at three different times, being each one the control of him/herself.

The satisfaction level and the masticatory capacity increase with the rehabilitation by means of the osseointegrated implants, agreeing with others2,6-7,22,24-29,38-39. The new dentures manufactured with a higher aesthetic quality, due to the better quality teeth, gingival part characterized according to the Tomáz Gomes scale, and with a perfect determination of the plated area were factors that may have influenced the patients to provide higher scores of the questionnaires in relation to the time of the old dentures, even before the benefit of the anchoring by implants. Moreover, after this time, using lower overdenture, the patient scores were higher comparing with the first and second evaluations.

In several studies patients who received two implants had less difficulty to eat harder and more consistent foods, in relation to those who did not receive them6,26,31. In the present work, we also observed an improvement on the masticatory capacity after rehabilitation with implants (Figure 3), showing that the application of the adapted questionnaires was reliable, as found by Awad et al.37. Nevertheless, Cune et al.28 have reported that, with the analysis by means of an visual analogue scale (VAS), they were able to better represent the perceptions of the patients in relation to the scale by scores. The study of Heydecke et al.25 showed that the patients with the overdenture had a higher improvement in the OHRQoL than the patients rehabilitated with the conventional dentures. In this study it was used the VRS, since Cork et al.40 demonstrated that the VRS is a simple instrument that can save time and compares favorably to the VAS. All patients showed an improvement in the satisfaction level and masticatory capacity after the treatment with osseointegrated implants. There was a statistically significant difference between the studied groups, but some particular patients obtained results with smaller differences between the old and new dentures, probably associated to the short time of use that could lead some problem of adaptation. Meijer et al.26 believe that the satisfaction improves as the time of adaptation increases, having observed this in a 10 year-follow up study.

Concluding, the rehabilitation of totally edentulous patients by means of two osseointegrated implants placed in the region between the mental foramens, supporting a full denture by means of spherical abutments, satisfied better the patients in relation to conventional full dentures. In the same way, an increase of the masticatory capacity of edentulous patients who were rehabilitated with new full dentures supported by implants was observed.

References

  1. Kimoto K, Garrett NR. Effect of mandibular ridge height on masticatory performance with mandibular conventiontal and implant-assisted overdentures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003; 18: 523-30.
  2. Awad MA, Lund JP, Shapiro SH, Locker D, Klemetti E, Chehade A, et al. Oral health status and treatment satisfaction with mandibular implant overdentures and conventional dentures: a randomized clinical trial in a senior population. Int J Prosthodont. 2003; 16: 390-6.
  3. van Waas MA. The influence of psychologic factors on patient satisfaction with complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1990; 63: 545-8.
  4. Kalk W, de Baat C. Patients' complaints and satisfaction 5 years after complete denture treatment. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1990; 18: 27-31.
  5. van Aken AA, van Waas MA, Kalk W, van Rossum GM. Differences in oral stereognosis between complete denture wearers. Int J Prosthodont. 1991; 4: 75-9.
  6. Boerrigter EM, Geertman ME, van Oort RP, Bouma J, Raghoebar GM, van Waas MA, et al. Patient satisfaction with implant-retained mandibular overdentures. A comparison with new complete dentures not retained by implants—a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995; 33: 282-8.
  7. Thomason JM, Lund JP, Chehade A, Feine JS.Patient satisfaction with mandibular implant overdentures and conventional dentures 6 months after delivery. Int J Prosthodont. 2003; 16: 467-73.
  8. Slagter AP, Bosman F, Van der Bilt A. Comminution of two artificial test foods by dentate and edentulous subjects. J Oral Rehabil. 1993; 20: 159-76.
  9. Fontijn-Tekamp FA, Slagter AP, Van Der Bilt A, Van `T Hof MA, Witter DJ, Kalk W, Jansen JA.Biting and chewing in overdentures, full dentures, and natural dentitions. J Dent Res. 2000; 79: 1519-24.
  10. Kapur KK, Soman SD. Masticatory performance and efficiency in denture wearers. 1964. J Prosthet Dent. 2004; 92: 107-11.
  11. Slagter AP, Olthoff LW, Bosman F, Steen WH. Masticatory ability, denture quality, and oral conditions in edentulous subjects. J Prosthet Dent. 1992; 68: 299-307.
  12. Smith M. Measurement of personality traits and their relation to patient satisfaction with complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1976; 35: 492-503.
  13. Fenlon MR, Sherriff M, Walter JD. An investigation of factors influencing patients' use of new complete dentures using structural equation modelling techniques. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000; 28: 133-40.
  14. John MT, Slade GD, Szentpetery A, Setz JM. Oral health-related quality of life in patients treated with fixed, removable, and complete dentures 1 month and 6 to 12 months after treatment. Int J Prosthodont. 2004; 17: 503-11.
  15. Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Health. 1994; 11: 3-11.
  16. Allen F, Locker D. A modified short version of the oral health impact profile for assessing health-related quality of life in edentulous adults. Int J Prosthodont. 2002; 15: 446-50.
  17. Ueda M, Niimi A, Murakami I, Kaneda T. Masticatory improvement using osseointegrated implants: analysis of Japanese patients' responses through questionnaires. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993; 8: 568-72.
  18. Geertman ME, Slagter AP, van Waas MA, Kalk W. Comminution of food with mandibular implant-retained overdentures. J Dent Res. 1994; 73: 1858-64.
  19. Geertman ME, van Waas MA, van `t Hof MA, Kalk W. Denture satisfaction in a comparative study of implant-retained mandibular overdentures: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996; 11: 194-200.
  20. Kapur KK, Garrett NR, Hamada MO, Roumanas ED, Freymiller E, Han T, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part I: Methodology and clinical outcomes. J Prosthet Dent. 1998; 79: 555-69.
  21. Pera P, Bassi F, Schierano G, Appendino P, Preti G. Implant anchored complete mandibular denture: evaluation of masticatory efficiency, oral function and degree of satisfaction. J Oral Rehabil. 1998; 25: 462-7.
  22. Bakke M, Holm B, Gotfredsen K. Masticatory function and patient satisfaction with implant-supported mandibular overdentures: a prospective 5-year study. Int J Prosthodont. 2002; 15: 575-81.
  23. Roumanas ED, Garrett NR, Hamada MO, Diener RM, Kapur KK. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part V: food preference comparisons. J Prosthet Dent. 2002; 87: 62-73.
  24. Awad MA, Lund JP, Dufresne E, Feine JS. Comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-retained overdentures and conventional dentures among middle-aged edentulous patients: satisfaction and functional assessment. Int J Prosthodont. 2003; 16: 117-22.
  25. Heydecke G, Klemetti E, Awad MA, Lund JP, Feine JS. Relationship between prosthodontic evaluation and patient ratings of mandibular conventional and implant prostheses. Int J Prosthodont. 2003; 16: 307-12.
  26. Meijer HJ, Raghoebar GM, Van't Hof MA. Comparison of implant-retained mandibular overdentures and conventional complete dentures: a 10-year prospective study of clinical aspects and patient satisfaction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003; 18: 879-85.
  27. Raghoebar GM, Meijer HJ, van't Hof M, Stegenga B, Vissink A. A randomized prospective clinical trial on the effectiveness of three treatment modalities for patients with lower denture problems. A 10 year follow-up study on patient satisfaction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 32: 498-503.
  28. Cune M, van Kampen F, van der Bilt A, Bosman F. Patient satisfaction and preference with magnet, bar-clip, and ball-socket retained mandibular implant overdentures: a cross-over clinical trial. Int J Prosthodont. 2005; 18: 99-105.
  29. MacEntee MI, Walton JN, Glick N. A clinical trial of patient satisfaction and prosthodontic needs with ball and bar attachments for implant-retained complete overdentures: three-year results. J Prosthet Dent. 2005; 93: 28-37.
  30. Lamb DJ, Ellis B, Kent G. Measurement of changes in complete mandibular denture security using visual analogue scales. Int J Prosthodont. 1994; 7: 30-4.
  31. Geertman ME, Slagter AP, van `t Hof MA, van Waas MA, Kalk W. Masticatory performance and chewing experience with implant-retained mandibular overdentures. J Oral Rehabil. 1999; 26: 7-13.
  32. Kapur KK, Garrett NR, Hamada MO, Roumanas ED, Freymiller E, Han T, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part III: comparisons of patient satisfaction. J Prosthet Dent. 1999; 82: 416-27.
  33. Feine JS, Dufresne E, Boudrias P, Lund JP. Outcome assessment of implant-supported prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 1998; 79: 575-9.
  34. Vervoorn JM, Duinkerke AS, Luteijn F, van de Poel AC. Assessment of denture satisfaction. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1988; 16: 364-7.
  35. Branemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U, Lindstrom J, Hallen O, et al. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1977; 16: 1-132.
  36. Wismeyer D, Van Waas Ma, Vermeeren Ji, Mulder J, Kalk W. Patient satisfaction with implant-supported mandibular overdentures. A comparison of three treatment strategies with ITI-dental implants. International Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997; 26: 263-67.
  37. Awad MA, Locker D, Korner-Bitensky N, Feine JS. Measuring the effect of intra-oral implant rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2000;79:1659-63.
  38. Feine JS, Awad MA, Lund JP. The impact of patient preference on the design and interpretation of clinical trials. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1998; 26: 70-4.
  39. Timmerman R, Stoker GT, Wismeijer D, Oosterveld P, Vermeeren JI, van Waas MA. An eight-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial of participant satisfaction with three types of mandibular implant-retained overdentures. J Dent Res. 2004; 83: 630-3.
  40. Cork RC, Isaac I, Elsharydah A, Saleemi S, Zavisca F, Alexander L. A comparison of the verbal rating scale and the visual analog scale for pain assessment. Internet J Anesthesiol. 2004; 8 [cited 2006 nov]. Available from: http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ija/archives.xml

© Copyright 2006 - Piracicaba Dental School - UNICAMP São Paulo - Brazil


The following images related to this document are available:

Photo images

[os06042t2.jpg] [os06042f1.jpg] [os06042t1.jpg] [os06042t4.jpg] [os06042f2.jpg] [os06042t3.jpg] [os06042f4.jpg] [os06042f3.jpg]
Home Faq Resources Email Bioline
© Bioline International, 1989 - 2024, Site last up-dated on 01-Sep-2022.
Site created and maintained by the Reference Center on Environmental Information, CRIA, Brazil
System hosted by the Google Cloud Platform, GCP, Brazil