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Indian Journal of Pharmacology
Medknow Publications on behalf of Indian Pharmacological Society
ISSN: 0253-7613 EISSN: 1998-3751
Vol. 36, Num. 5, 2004, pp. 333-333
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Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 36, No. 5, October, 2004, pp. 333
Molecules of the Millennium
Taurine: Insurance of sound health
Gupta RC
Department of Chemistry, SASRD, Nagaland University, Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland
Correspondence Address:Department of Chemistry, SASRD, Nagaland
University, Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland
vakv1965@yahoo.co.in
Code Number: ph04119
Minerals, vitamins and amino acids are the core of our physical strength and fitness. Amino acids are the newest addition to the group and its deficiencies are now much more in the news. A group of 21 amino acids are termed as essential amino acids but apart from these there are some other amino acids which are equally essential or in some cases their requirement is even much more. Taurine is one such amino acid. It is a sulfur-containing small amino acid which is highly soluble in water. Chemically, it is amino ethane sulphonic acid and it is not toxic. It is found in our body, a normal adult human contains about 70 gm of Taurine. It is also present in sea weeds; marine arthropods and mollusks are, in general, high in Taurine; in fish, taurine is very common, pigeons contains a good amount of taurine; in almost every mammal, taurine is ubiquitous with high concentrations but in the plants, the distribution of taurine is not very common and, where found, the concentration is low.
Taurine is found in almost every tissue of the human body but more in
excitable tissues, like the heart, brain and musculature. However, the
highest levels are in the pineal gland and retina of the eye. In the
past 20 years, extensive research on taurine has been carried out and
it has been labeled as an essential amino acid, a preventive medicine,
and a vitamin-like molecule. Next, the most important stage of taurine
essentiality is the newborn; the rapid body growth is associated with
a large increase in the total body taurine, which must be met from dietary
sources. The developing brain, in particular, has a high demand for taurine.
Inability to satisfy this demand could lead to the development of abnormalities.
The taurine demand of a newborn can be met by maternal milk. In human
milk, taurine is the most abundant free amino acid (40 µmol/ 100 ml of milk) whereas cow′s milk-based formula on which the majority of the newborns are raised, contains no taurine.
This has compelled many fomula-based milk producing companies in the
USA, Europe and other countries to have a new improved taurine-containing
formula
that performs closest to human milk. Humans are unable to synthesize
more than minor quantities of taurine. Thereafter the demand must be
met by
an exogenous source. People who eat a non-vegetarian diet, receive considerable
quantities in their diet, anything between 30-300 mg/day. Taurine deficiency
is associated with epilepsy, acute hepatitis, retinal degenerate congestive
heart failure, hypertension and many other conditions. Taurine deficiency
can be corrected through taurine supplementation.
Some of the recent additions to its credits are its beneficial role
in diabetes, cancer, smoking, alcoholism, bone growth and development.
As
in the past so at present every one hates aging and wishes to not look
older if not younger. Taurine seems to be involved in alleviating aging
through several agencies which include modulation of the calcium current,
scavenging reactine oxygen species (ROS) and cell regulation. It is
interesting to note that in an island of longevity, in Japan, taurine
content is
significantly higher in both men and women; taurine also has a restorative
effect on
the age-related decline of the T cells. Advance age-related problems
are believed to be linked with the availability of glutathions (GHS).
Taurine
and glutathione have the same precursor: cystein, thus taurine and
glutathione are interlinked. Exercise also alleviates aging and taurine
concentration
is recorded elevated in exercise. Now taurine is part of several anti-aging
formulas.
In spite of all this success, amino acid therapy has its own limitations
viz. first pass effect, low permeability. This necessitates looking
into the structural modification of taurine to provide prodrugs.
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Copyright 2004 - Indian Journal of Pharmacology
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