|
Indian Journal of Pharmacology
Medknow Publications on behalf of Indian Pharmacological Society
ISSN: 0253-7613 EISSN: 1998-3751
Vol. 38, Num. 4, 2006, pp. 295-296
|
Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 38, No. 4, July-August, 2006, pp. 295-296
Correspondence
Is enalapril and losartan combination irrational?
Tandon VR
Post-graduate Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Govt. Medical College, Jammu (J&K) India - 180001
Correspondence Address:Post-graduate Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics,
Govt. Medical College, Jammu (J&K) India - 180001,
dr_vishaltandon@yahoo.com
Code Number: ph06080
Related article: ph06041
I read with great interest the editorial by C.S. Gautam and S. Aditya, which appeared in the Indian Journal of Pharmacology in June 2006 (vol, 38(3):167-70). A very important topic was addressed in the editorial, and I compliment the authors on this. On the other hand, I felt confused when I found Enalapril + Losartan in the list of irrational fixed dose combinations. I agree with the authors that combining the two drugs affecting the same pathway is irrational as it does not add to its efficacy, but I am not sure whether this combination should be categorised as irrational or as rational. The results of ongoing research may answer this question in future.
Apparently this combination may appear irrational, but actually rationality
does exist for combining these two drugs.
- From a physiological point of view, the general mechanism of action
of both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and AT 1 receptor
antagonist is the same, i.e., inhibition of the rennin-angiotensin
system. Their sites of action are, however, different and, therefore,
differences
exist in their intrinsic mechanisms of action. Angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitor acts by blocking conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, while angiotensin receptor blockers act at terminal
receptor level.
- It has been shown that even maximum doses of angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors do not completely suppress angiotensin II generation[1],[2] because
it is known that there are several alternative pathways to generate
this peptide from angiotensin I.[3] The
conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II is catalysed
not only by angiotensin-converting enzyme, but also by other
peptidases,
such
as, chymase, tonin, and cathepsin G. This fact might explain
the loss of antihypertensive and antihypertrophic effects during
long-term
use
of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive patients.[2] The
addition of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocking agent
to an ACE inhibitor would theoretically block ACE as well as
non-ACE-dependent
angiotensin II formation and will achieve a more complete inhibition
of the renin-angiotensin.
- ARBs also simulate rennin release. With ARBs, however, this translates
into a several fold increase in circulating levels of angitensinogen
II. As AT 2 receptors are not blocked by clinically
available ARBs, ARBs indirectly stimulate AT 2 receptors
by increasing angitensin II levels. Therefore, in the presence
of ACE inhibitors,
it will block conversion of angitensin I to angitensin II and
will prevent
this indirect stimulation of AT 2 receptors. The
clinical significance of this action, however, remains to be
defined.
- Ealapril and losartan do exert dose-dependent and, when combined,
additive effects in terms of blood pressure fall and cardiac
hypertrophy limitation
and synergistic effects in terms of plasma active renin stimulation
and blockade of exogenous angiotensin I pressor effects.[4] Therefore,
the enalapril-losartan combinations are more potent at achieving
these goals than any of their constituents individually.
- Similarly synergistic efficacy of enalapril and losartan in
combination on exercise performance and oxygen consumption
at peak exercise
in congestive heart failure has been sugested.[5]
- The combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (AT[1] receptor
antagonist) in patients can significantly enhance reduction
in left ventricular hypertrophy. This can provide greater protection
to the
heart against
the overload caused by persistent hypertension. Furthermore,
the combination of these drugs did not increase the incidence
of adverse
effects. On
the contrary, the possibility of using a lower dose of angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor, combined with an AT1 receptor
antagonist,
might in
fact reduce the chance of persistent cough, the main factor
limiting the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
in hypertension.[6]
- Similarly, the beneficial effect of combination therapy with
an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting
enzyme
inhibitor
on overt proteinuria in a patient with type 1 diabetic nephropathy
is very
encouraging.[7]
- A combination of a full-dose ACE-inhibitor and an ARB may
be a rational choice in selected patients. Further trials
are, however,
needed to
evaluate long-term safety, efficacy, quality of life, and
survival before the
combination can be recommended for routine use.
Therefore, I would like the authors to address this issue and
contemplate whether it is right to categorise this combination
as irrational
just because it is not in the approved list of WHO. I especially
recommend
this because the answer about its rationality is awaited
from the ongoing research in this field.
References
1. | Juillerat L, Nussberger J, Menard J, Mooser V, Christen Y, Waeber B, et al . Determinants of angiotensin II generationduring converting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 1990;16:564-72. Back to cited text no. 1 |
2. | Van Den Meiracker AH, Man in't Veld AJ, Admiraal PJJ, Ritsema van Eck HJ, Boomsma F, Derkx FH, et al . Partial escape of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition during prolongued ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? J Hypertension 1992;10:803-12. Back to cited text no. 2 |
3. | Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW, Bumpus FM, Husain A. Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circulation Res 1990;66: 883-90. Back to cited text no. 3 [PUBMED] |
4. | Richer C, Bruneval P, Menard J, Giudicelli JF. Additive effects of enalapril and losartan in (mREN-2)27 transgenic rats. Hypertension 1998;31:692-8. Back to cited text no. 4 [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
5. | Guazzi M, Palermo P, Pontone G, Susini F, Agostoni P. Synergistic efficacy of enalapril and losartan on exercise performance and oxygen consumption at peak exercise in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:1038-43. Back to cited text no. 5 [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
6. | Avanza AC Jr, El Aouar LM, Mill JG. Reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with enalapril, losartan or the combination of enalapril and losartan. Arq Bras Cardiol 2000;74:103-17. Back to cited text no. 6 [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
7. | Kuriyama S, Tomonari H, Abe A, Imasawa T, Hosoya T. Beneficial effect of combination therapy with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on overt proteinuria in a patient with type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 2000;86:529-30. Back to cited text no. 7 [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
Copyright 2006 - Indian Journal of Pharmacology
|