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Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 40, No. 6, November-December, 2008, pp. 243-247 Research Article Assessment of prescription pattern at the public health facilities of Lucknow district Kumari Ranjeeta, Idris MZ, Bhushan Vidya, Khanna Anish, Agrawal Monika, Singh ShivendraKumar Department of Community Medicine, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Date of Submission: 10-Jan-2008 Code Number: ph08070 Abstract Objectives: To study the prescription pattern at the different levels of public health facilities of Lucknow district and to assess the average cost of drugs prescribed.
Keywords: Cost, multi-stage stratified sampling, prescription pattern Introduction Drugs play an important role in protecting, maintaining and restoring health. Prescription writing is a science and an art, as it conveys the message from the prescriber to the patient. The treatment of diseases by the use of essential drugs, prescribed by their generic names, has been emphasized by the WHO and the National Health Policy of India. [1] The International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) generated indicators in three main drug use areas viz prescribing, patient care and drug systems. [2] The cost of drug prescription poses problems in developing countries such as India, which allocates only 0.9% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), i.e. Rs. 200 per capita, [3] to health. The allocation for meeting the cost of the drugs is even meager. Moreover, the production of pharmaceutical preparations in India is grossly imbalanced and there is cut throat competition among drug companies, which breeds malpractice. Indian markets are flooded with over 70,000 formulations, as compared to about 350 listed in the WHO essential drug list, and pharmaceutical companies encourage doctors to prescribe branded medicines, often in exchange for favors. This study was, therefore, undertaken with the aim to find out the prescription pattern and cost per prescription at different levels of health facilities in the public health facilities of Lucknow - the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, a state in north India. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2005 to September 2006, among patients attending the allopathic public health facilities of Lucknow district, which provide three different levels of health care. The sample size was 1688 ( P = 50% for the level of completeness of prescription, d = 5%, which is the absolute permissible error in the prevalence, with a 95% confidence limit; nonresponse/wastage = 10%). We were able to obtain the required information from 1625 patients only. Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to select the public health facilities to be included in the study. At the first stage (tertiary level), Medical College (MC) was selected. At the second stage (secondary level), the Balrampur District Hospital (DH) and two community health centers (CHC) were selected. At the third stage (primary level), two primary health centers (PHC) each, under the two selected CHCs were selected. Based on the previous year′s out patient department (OPD) attendance, the number of patients to be included in the study at each of these health facilities was estimated by probability proportion to size (PPS). At the MC, 844 new patients were interviewed from the OPDs of 10 departments i.e. Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Cardiology, Neurology, and Tuberculosis and Chest diseases. At the DH, a total of 420 new patients attending the OPDs of Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pediatrics were interviewed. One hundred and five new patients were interviewed from each of these departments. Similarly, 105 new patients were interviewed from each of the two randomly selected CHCs, while 53 patients from each of the selected PHCs were interviewed. To assess the completeness of prescription, the variables were taken according to the Principles of Prescription Order Writing [4] [Figure - 1]. The patients attending the OPDs of the respective health care facility were selected by systematic random sampling for the interview. The calculation of cost of the prescription included the cost of drugs only. ′New′ (any patient attending the health facility for the first time for the present episode of illness) or ′referred′ (a patient who had visited some other health facility for the present episode of illness and was referred to the present health care facility) patients attending the OPD of the respective health care facility were included in the study, while patients whose family members worked in the health care facility and follow-up patients were excluded. Permission to conduct the study was taken from the superintendents of the respective health care facility. All the patients were interviewed after taking informed verbal consent from them. The prescription was photographed by a digital camera after they had consulted the doctor. The prescribing doctor was kept unaware of the procedure, except in unavoidable circumstances. In the case of pediatric patients, the adult accompanying was the respondent. A quantitative pretested structured interview schedule was used to record information. Statistical analysis Results Observation of the prescriptions revealed that patient details such as age, gender and address were lacking in considerable prescriptions, specially so at the DH. The prescriptions at the PHCs and CHCs lacked all details about the prescriber. The data from other health facilities were also not very impressive. The details of the chief complaints of the patients and the legibility of the prescriptions were significantly better in the prescriptions at the tertiary and secondary levels, as compared to the primary health facilities. The details of examination findings, weight of the child, follow up visit and signature of the prescriber were absent in the prescriptions at the PHC [Table - 1]. Prescription of the drugs by generic names was disheartening at the tertiary level (1.1%), while the use of abbreviations in writing the name of the drugs was the maximum at the primary level (69.8%). The details about the dose, strength, frequency and duration of treatment, and non-pharmacological treatment were best at the tertiary level [Table - 2]. Polypharmacy (>2 drugs) was evident in a majority of the prescriptions, at all the health facilities. The average number (Mean ± SD) of drugs prescribed was minimum (2.6 ± 1.6) at the tertiary level, while it increased at the primary level (3.5 ± 1.4) [Table - 3]. It was observed that vitamins and other supplements (25.6%) constituted the major group of drugs prescribed at all the health facilities, followed by antibiotics and antiinfectives (20.6%), and non steridal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) /antipyretics (17.7%). All the patients at the primary health care level were prescribed a drug indicating the placebo prescription at the primary level. The average cost of drugs/prescription/day (Mean, SD) in US$ [6] (as on 29 Sep. 2006) was found to be significantly more at the MC (0.34, 0.42) and CHC (0.34, 0.26), while it was the least at the PHC (0.19, 0.19) [Figure - 2]. The prescription of antibiotics and anti-infectives, NSAIDS and antipyretics and vitamins and other supplements was more at the secondary and primary levels, as compared to the tertiary level. On the other hand, a significantly greater number of H 2 receptor antagonist/other gastrointestinal (GI) drugs, antihypertensives/other cardiovascular (CV) drugs, central nervous system (CNS) drugs, topical nasopharyngeal/ocular drugs and sedatives/anxiolytics were prescribed at the tertiary level, as compared to the secondary and primary level. Prescription of antihistamines was more at the primary level (11.1%), than at the other levels. Discussion This study was an attempt to find the existing pattern of prescription writing in various public health facilities, which cater to the health needs of the majority of the less educated population. The relative lack of information about the patient and the prescriber, reported in this study, was similar to that reported by Mallet et al . [7] The absence of examination findings on the prescription would lead to problems in tracing the progress during the follow up visits. Also, lack of information on the weight of the child on the prescription and poor legibility could lead to medication errors during dispensing. Polypharmacy, at all the health facilities provides a fertile ground for drug interactions. The only consolation was the practice at the tertiary level, with the lowest average (2.6 ± 1.6), along with a considerable proportion of prescriptions without any drugs. A similar trend of polypharmacy was reported by others. [8],[9],[10],[11],[12] Low (27.1%) generic prescription of the drugs, especially at the tertiary level health facility (1.1%) could reflect the dominating influence of pharmaceutical companies. Our findings regarding generic prescribing are contrary to those of several studies carried out in other countries, [13],[14],[15],[16] while being similar to that of various studies carried out in India and the neighboring countries. [7],[10],[11],[12],[17],[18],[19],[20] Prescriptions written at the tertiary level, which is a teaching and training institution with its expert prescribers as well as a large group of resident doctors, were better in respect to the details of the drugs. On the other hand, the prescriptions at primary level health facilities, and to some extent the secondary level health facilities, were poor, with most of the details missing. Similar findings regarding the incompleteness of the prescription were observed by Mallet et al., [7] Moghadamnia et al., [16] Dineshkumar et al . [21] and Patel et al . [22] The use of Latin in writing the directions regarding the drugs could lead to administration of the wrong doses of the drugs, due to misinterpretation. Our observation regarding the dominance of vitamins and other supplements, antibiotics and NSAIDS and antipyretics in the prescriptions at the secondary and primary level health facilities was similar to that of other studies. [8],[9],[10],[16],[18],[21],[23] The use of injections (1.7% of all the drugs) at all the health facilities in our study was similar to that observed by Rehan et al . [24] (0.9%), but lower than those reported in other studies. [10],[22],[25] Prescription of a significantly greater number of hormones, particularly steroids, at the primary level health facilities, indicates irrational prescribing. The prescription of a greater number of H 2 receptor antagonist/other GI drugs (11.5%), antihypertensives/other CV drugs (7.3%), CNS drugs (4.5%), topical nasopharyngeal/ocular drugs (10.7%) and sedatives/anxiolytics (4%) at the tertiary level is in accordance with the diagnosis. The high average cost of the drugs at the MC was due to the type and severity of the illness that the patients come with. On the other hand, the high cost of the drugs at the CHCs indicate a significant degree of irrational prescribing, as is evident by the fact that it has the highest average number of drugs prescribed. We did not evaluate the cost of other aspects of health care such as transport, investigations, stay in the hospital and other intangible costs, which, if calculated, will provide us with a more realistic picture of the existing situation. We, therefore, need to devise mechanisms to keep a check on the irrational prescription of drugs. Conclusion Our study reveals that despite all the efforts taken by the government and the WHO, the pattern of prescription in terms of completeness and rationality remains poor. There is an urgent need to develop standards of drug prescription and develop ways and means to ensure that they are adhered to. Special attention needs to be given to the primary and secondary level health facilities, where significant irrational prescribing in terms of polypharmacy and relative absence of the directions about the use of drugs was evident. This could be done by making it mandatory for the prescribers to attend regular continuing medical education (CME), so as to update their knowledge. A check on the influence of pharmaceutical companies and their representatives needs to be maintained in health institutions, to minimize their influence on the drug prescription. All these measures would go a long way in providing optimal, low cost, and effective medicines to the patients.Acknowledgment We thank the respondents for their cooperation. My special thanks to Dr. Bhola Nath who helped and provided constant comfort and technical support during the course of this study.References
Copyright 2008 - Indian Journal of Pharmacology The following images related to this document are available:Photo images[ph08070t3.jpg] [ph08070f1.jpg] [ph08070t1.jpg] [ph08070f2.jpg] [ph08070t2.jpg] |
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