search
for
 About Bioline  All Journals  Testimonials  Membership  News


Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
ISSN: 1596-5996 EISSN: 1596-9827
Vol. 7, Num. 2, 2008, pp. 975-979

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2008, pp. 975-979

Research Article

Antifungal activity of Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae) from Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa

FH Tra Bi.1*, MW Koné 1, NF Kouamé.2

1UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02,Côte d’Ivoire.
2
UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
*Corresponding author: Email: trabi_fezan@hotmail.com Tel : (+225) 06 45 30 17

Code Number: pr08016

Abstract

Purpose: Erigeron floribundus is a reputed medicinal plant used in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa for the treatment of skin disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of this plant against fungi from human origin.
Method: Dichloromethane, methanol 80% and aqueous extracts from the leaves with stem were tested for their antifungal activity against 7 strains of dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, M. langeronii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. soudanense ) and one strain of the filamentous fungus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. The assays were performed using the agar dilution method at serial concentrations ranging from 2 to 0.06 mg/ml.
Result: Only the dichloromethane extract exhibited an activity against Microsporum canis and a broad spectrum of good antifungal activity against all the remaining fungi tested.
Conclusion: To the best our knowledge, this is the first report of the antifungal activity of Erigeron floribundus against a wide range of dermatophytes, including Microsporum langeronii and Trichophyton soudanense, the most frequent dermatophytes in Côte d’Ivoire. E. floribundus might be potential sources for improved traditional medicines or new antidermatophyte agents for the treatment of dermatomycoses.

Keywords: Erigeron floribundus, dermatophytes, antifungal activity, Côte d’Ivoire.

INTRODUCTION

Dermatophytes are fungi that can cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails due to their ability to utilize keratin. The organisms are transmitted by either direct contact with infected host (human or animal) or by direct or indirect contact with infected exfoliated skin or hair. The most common clinical manifestations are beard, glabous skin, scalp, groin, hand, feet, and nails. These infections, which constitute the most frequent fungal diseases in human1, are widespread in tropical countries. Dermatomycoses due to Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum are commonly worldwide. Dermatoses caused by Trichophyton soudanense are limited to Africa. For instance, tinea capitis are endemic problem in Africa where they constitute a serious public health problem, particularly in children2 and immunodeficient patients3,4 . In Côte d’Ivoire, the most frequent etiologic agents in school children are Microsporum langeronii and Trichophyton soudanense that infect scalp and hair5 .

Despite the existence of antifungal agents effective on dermatophytes, there is a need to search for alternatives. The relative high cost and constraints due to the length of the modern treatment curb the control of the dermatomycoses in developing countries like Côte d’Ivoire. Patients, in particular, the resource-poor people from remote areas still use traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases from microbial and non microbial origin6, 7. So people know a lot about medicinal plants that can cure diseases of the skin, hair and nails. One of such plants is Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Beep. (Asteraceae) known as a reputed medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of skin disorders by the rural populace as well as those from the urban areas of Côte d’Ivoire8 . This species is widespread in Africa. The present study investigates the effects of E. floribundus against fungi from human origin.

EXPERIMENTAL

Plant material

E. floribundus is an herbaceous plant growing in tropical areas and can reach 2 m. This species belongs to the family of Asteraceae. The leaf is simple, linear, pubescent and dentate. The inflorescences are yellow panicles. Fruits are dry indehiscent.

The plant material (leaves) was harvested in July 2005 in Abidjan (Southern Côte d’Ivoire). Samples were identified at the herbarium of Botanical Garden (University of Cocody-Abidjan) where voucher specimens (375 TB) were deposited. The botanical nomenclature of Hutchinson and Dalziel9 as revised by Lebrun and Stork10, 11 was adopted to name the species.

Preparation of plant extracts

Powdered portions of the plant material (100 g) were successively extracted with five times their weight of water, dichloromethane and methanol (80%) at room temperature for 15 h. The filtrates were evaporated on a rotary evaporator (40 °C) to yield the crude extracts. For the aqueous extracts, 10 g of powder in 250 ml distilled water were boiled during 15 min. Each of the extracts was lyophilized and weighed. The yield was 4.20, 15.05 and 1.86 %, respectively, for the dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts.

Fungi cultures

The antifungal activity of E. floribundus was evaluated against 8 strains of fungi, provided by the Medical Analysis Laboratory of Marseille (France). Seven of the strains were clinical isolates of the following dermatophyte species: Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, M. langeronii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. soudanense. One strain (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis) was an environmental filamentous fungus.

Antifungal assay

The antifungal activity was assessed according to the agar dilution methodon Sabouraud agar (Difco). Plant extracts were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and diluted to give serial twofold dilutions that were incorporated into growth medium. The resulting concentrations ranged from 2 to 0.06 mg/ml. Sabouraud agar plates were inoculated with 0.2 ml of a particular dermatophyte or fungi strain. The plates were incubated in duplicate over a period of 15 days at 30 °C. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), defined as the lowest concentration that produced no visible fungal growth after the incubation time, was recorded.

RESULTS

The antifungal activity of dichloromethane, methanol (80 %) and aqueous extracts obtained from Erigeron floribundus revealed that only the dichloromethane extract showed a good antifungal activity against the dermatophytes and filamentous fungus used (Table 1). The MIC values were 0.25 mg/ml against the strains of Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, M. langeronii, T. rubrum, T. sudanense and S. brevicaulis. The extract was effective on Trichophyton mentagrophytes with MIC value of 0.5 mg/ml and exhibited a moderate activity against Microsporum canis, with MIC value of 1 mg/ml. No antifungal activity was observed for both methanol and aqueous extracts.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, Erigeron floribundus was investigated for its antifungal activity against dermatophytes and filamentous fungus. E. floribundus is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Côte d’Ivoire as well as in other African countries to cure skin infections. The result indicated that the dichloromenthane extract was the most effective on clinical isolates of dermatophytes. This crude extract exhibited a broad spectrum antifungal activity with MIC values ranging between 1 and 0.25 mg/ml against Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, M. langeronii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, Epidermophyton floccosum and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the antifungal activity of E. floribundus has been reported against M. langeronii and T. soudanense, the most frequent dermatophytes causing dermatomycoses in Côte d’Ivoire. In a previous screening of 100 plants from Rwanda13 and 228 from Uganda14 for their antimicrobial activity, the ethanol (80%) extract of E. floribundus was shown to display antifungal activity against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes with a MIC of 500 mg/ml.

Both methanol and aqueous extracts of E. floribundus did not exert antifungal activity against the fungi tested. Previous antifungal screening carried out by Tra Bi et al15 .on several ivorian medicinal plants indicated that the same dichloromethane extract tested here was active on yeast while the methanol extract was not effective. This observation may be attributed to the nature of the biological active compounds. The antifungal activity observed for the dichloromethane extract suggests that the active metabolites of Erigeron floribundus are mostly lypophilic (dichoromethane).

E. floribundus from Cameroon was chemically screened and yielded saponins, flavonoïds, tannins, phenols, alkaloids and essential oils16 . Among these compounds, the essential oils and flavonoids can be incriminated in the antifungal activity of E. floribundus. Some of these groups of compounds are lipophilic due to the presence of a prenyl chain. Therefore these components can be extracted by non polar solvents such as dichloromethane. The prenylated groups render the actives molecules more lipophilic inducing antimicrobial activity within interactions with cell membranes. This may probably explain the lack of activity observed with the polar (ethanol, methanol and water) extracts. However, there is a need to test the saponins, flavonoïds, tannins, phenols, alkaloids from E. floribundus for their antidermatophyte activity.

CONCLUSION

Our results offer a scientific basis for the use of Erigeron floribundus in traditional medicine in Côte d’Ivoire for treatment of skin disorders. The dichloromethane extract of this plant showed promising antifungal activity against dermatophytes, some of which are the most frequent species implicated in dermatomycoses in Côte d’Ivoire. This plant may also find application in veterinary medicine as some of the tested dermatophytes like Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes are zoophilic17 . A study is underway in order to identify the precise actives principles and understand the mode of action of E. floribundus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to the Egide agency, the Government of France (Foreign Affairs Ministry) and the University of Mediterranee (Marseille) for financial support of this research. We acknowledge the technical support from staff Pharmacognosy, Botany and Cryptogamy laboratories. We warmly thank Professor Aké Assi Laurent and the Director of the National Centre of Floristic for botanical authentication and supply of plants.

REFERENCES

  1. Midgley G, Clayton YM, Hay JR. Atlas de poche de mycologie, Paris, Médecine-Science, 1998.
  2. Menan EIH, Zongo-Bonou O, Rouet F, Kiki-Barro PC, Yavo W, N'Guessan FN, Koné M. Tinea capitis in schoolchildren from lvory Coast (western Africa). A 1998-1999 cross-sectional study. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41: 204-207.
  3. ONUSIDA. Maladies opportunistes liées au VIH: Actualisation ONUSIDA, Genève (Suisse), Collection Meilleures Pratiques de l'ONUSIDA 1999.
  4. OMS. VIH/SIDA: couverture de certains services de prévention et de soins dans les pays peu développés en 2001, Genève, OMS, 2003.
  5. Adou-Bryn KD, Assoumou A, Haddad RN, Aka BR, Ouhon J. Epidemiology of Tinea capitis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Med Trop 2004; 64:171-175.
  6. Tra Bi FH, Kouamé NF, Traoré D. Utilisation of climbers in two forest reserves in West Côte d'Ivoire. In: Bongers F. P.M., Traoré D., Ed. Forest Climbing Plants of West Africa: Diversity, Ecology and Management. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire (UK): 2005.
  7. Koné M, Atindehou Kamanzi K, Traoré D. Plantes et médecine traditionnelle dans la région de Ferkessédougou (Côte d'Ivoire). Ann Bot Afr O 2002; 2: 13-21.
  8. Tra Bi FH. Utilisations des plantes, par l'homme, dans les forêts classées du Haut-Sassandra et de Scio, en Côte d'Ivoire, Thèse 3ème cycle, Université d'Abidjan-Cocody, Abidjan, 1997.
  9. Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM. Flora of West Tropical Africa, London, Crown Agents for Oversea Government and Administratons Millbank, 1954.
  10. Lebrun J-P, Stork AL. Enumération des plantes à fleurs d'Afrique Tropicale: Chrysobalanaceae à Apiaceae, Génève, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, 1992.
  11. Lebrun J-P, Stork AL. Enumération des plantes à fleurs d'Afrique Tropicale. Gamopétales: Ericaceae à Lamiaceae, Génève, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, 1997.
  12. Favel A, Steinmetz MD, Regli P. In vitro antifungal activity of triterpenoid saponins. Planta Med 1994; 60: 50-53.
  13. Vlietinck AJ, Van Hoof L, Totté J, Lasure A, Vanden Berghe D, Rwangabo PC, Mvukiyumwami J. Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 46: 31-47.
  14. Hamill FA, Apio S, Mubiru NK, Bukenya-Ziraba R, Mosango M, Maganyi OW, Soejarto DD. Traditional herbal drugs of Southern Uganda, II: literature analysis and antimicrobial assays. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84: 57-78.
  15. Tra Bi FH, Kouamé NF, Favel A, Fallague K. Activité antifongique de quelques plantes de la flore ivoirienne. Sci Nat 2007; 4: 117-122.
  16. Asongalem EA, Foyet HS, Ngogang J, Folefoc GN, Dimo T, Kamtchouing P. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of Erigeron floribundus. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 91: 301-308.
  17. Krol AL. World of Dermatophytes: A Pictorial Canadian National Centre for Mycology. Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, University of Alberta Hospitals Edmonton, Alberta, http://www.provlab.ab.ca

© Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.


The following images related to this document are available:

Photo images

[pr08016t1.jpg]
Home Faq Resources Email Bioline
© Bioline International, 1989 - 2024, Site last up-dated on 01-Sep-2022.
Site created and maintained by the Reference Center on Environmental Information, CRIA, Brazil
System hosted by the Google Cloud Platform, GCP, Brazil