Smithiana Bulletin The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity ISSN: 1684-4130 Num. 13, 2011, pp. 29-44

Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin 13, April, 2011, pp. 29-44

Checklist of the species of the families Labridae and Scaridae: an update

Paolo Parenti¹ and John E. Randall²

¹University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy. Email: paolo.parenti@unimib.it
²Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA Email: jackr@hawaii.rr.com

Recieved 7 July, accepted 1 October 2010

Code Number: sm11002

ABSTRACT.

The checklist of the species of the families Labridae and Scaridae is updated. After the publication of the annotated checklist (Parenti & Randall 2000) the species of Labridae increased from 453 to 504 and genera from 68 to 70, whereas Scaridae increased from 88 to 99 species. Altogether this account lists 53 species that are new to science, while 14 species have been resurrected from synonymy and 5 are now regarded as junior synonyms. Comments on the status of 20 nominal species and notes on undescribed species are also included.

KEY WORDS:Labridae, Scaridae, checklist

RÉSUMÉ.

Le répertoire des espèces des familles des Labridae et des Scaridae est mis à jour. Après la publication du répertoire annoté (Parenti & Randall, 2000), les espèces Labridae ont augmenté de 453 à 504 et les genres de 68 à 70, tandis que les Scaridae sont passées de 88 à 99 espèces. Dans lensemble, ce comptage dénombre 53 espèces qui sont nouvelles à la science, tandis que 14 ont été ressuscitées des synonymes et 5 sont actuellement considérées sous 5 nouveaux synonymes. Le répertoire comprend également des commentaires sur létat de 20 espèces et des notes dexplication des espèces non encore décrites.

Parenti & Randall (2000) published an annotated checklist of the fish families Labridae and Scaridae. They recognized 68 genera and 453 species of labrids, and 10 genera and 88 species of scarids. They did not include the family Odacidae because it was well revised by Gomon & Paxton (1986), and no systematic changes in the family have been published.

Systematic research on labrid and scarid fishes has continued at a surprising pace. Since the publication of the checklist in 2000, 48 new species of Labridae and four new species of Scaridae have been described. In addition, some species have been resurrected or moved to a different genus, and comments are in order on some old labroid names. We provide these additions and changes here.

In the introduction to our labroid checklist paper, we wrote of disagreement among systematic ichthyologists in recognizing the parrotfish family Scaridae as distinct from the Labridae. It has long been known that the Scaridae is a lineage derived from the Labridae (Schultz 1958), and the two families and the odacids have been classified in the suborder Labroidei (Greenwood et al. 1966). Kaufman & Liem (1982), however, proposed that the scarids and odacids be grouped with the labrids as the single family Labridae. Bellwood (1994) published his phylogenetic study of the parrotfishes, maintained the family status, and revised the generic classification. In an extensive genetic study, Westneat & Alfaro (2005) concluded that the scarids and odacids be grouped with the labrids as one family. We accept the value of such phylogenetic research, and these studies often provide refinement in our classification. However, we do not agree to subsume the Scaridae into the Labridae.

The Labridae has long been recognized as a remarkably diverse family. Structural changes in the skull, in particular the jaws and dentition, has enabled the wrasses to exploit a wide variety of prey from zooplankton and crustacean ectoparasites to fishes and heavy-shelled gastropods and bivalves (Westneat et al. 2005). The Scaridae is the labroid lineage with the greatest morphological (and no doubt physiological) alteration. Parrotfishes are omnivores, in strong contrast to the carnivorous wrasses. In addition, they exploit a trophic resource denied to the browsing and grazing herbivorous fishes. With their strong dental plates and powerful jaws, they are able to scrape the stubble of algae and associated bacterial and small animal life that remain after the herbivorous fishes, such as kyphosids, acanthurids, and siganids, have grazed to their limit. As the parrotfishes graze, they bite into the limestone of the reef and grind the coral rock fragments to sand in their unique pharyngeal mill, thus triturating the plant and other food material to make it more digestible. Some of the larger species readily scrape live coral, thereby ingesting both coral polyps and the corals zooxanthellae. Scarid fishes also have the very long digestive tract typical of herbivorous fishes.

In our view, they have clearly evolved to the family level, as long accepted. Regional fish faunal books continue to recognize these fishes as a family, as does Nelson (2006) in the fourth edition of Fishes of the World, and Eschmeyer in his updated, on-line Catalog of Fishes.

Barber & Bellwood (2004) published a molecular phylogenetic study of Halichoeres, the largest labrid fish genus. They sampled 35 of the 72 species, including six western Atlantic species, four eastern Pacific species and 25 Indo-Pacific species. They wrote, Taxonomic revisions based exclusively upon molecular data are inappropriate and beyond the scope of this paper. They added, the results clearly show that the molecular data are not concordant with the present taxonomy. Surprising was finding species of Coris nesting within their phylogenetic tree, suggesting that it also is polyphyletic. Bellwood (pers. comm.) admitted that the Coris results seem illogical and bear repeating. We concur that Halichoeres should be divided into several genera from a molecular standpoint. However, external morphological characters, including those of jaw and pharyngeal dentition, have not been found for such a division. If the genus were divided, Halichoeres would remain with the type species H. zeylonicus (Bennett) and its close relative H. hartzfeldii (Bleeker).

Kuiter (2010) privately printed a book on the Labridae in which he named six new genera and resurrected six other labrid generic synonyms based on the molecular study of Barber & Bellwood (2004). We do not accept this proliferation of labrid genera that lack morphological support.

Bernardi et al. (2004) published a molecular study of the genera Thalassoma and Gomphosus. The two Indo-Pacific species of Gomphosus nest within the genus Thalassoma in their Fig. 2. This was not surprising when one realizes that the long snout is the only external morphological feature to distinguish the genera, that juveniles of Gomphosus lack the long snout (indeed, Thalassoma stuckiae Whitley proved to be a juvenile of Gomphosus varius), and Randall & Allen (2004) reported a hybrid of Gomphosus varius and Thalassoma lunare. Bernardi et al. did not conclude that Gomphosus is an invalid genus.

The number of species currently recognized in labrid genera is listed in Table 1. Thirty genera are monotypic, whereas about 49% of the species are included in only six genera (Halichoeres, Cirrhilabrus, Bodianus, Thalassoma, Coris, and Choerodon). Since 2000, forty-eight new species have been described and eight are resurrected from synonymy, whereas four nominal species previously regarded as valid are now junior synonyms and one (Xyrichtys javanicus from Red Sea) is presently regarded as doubtful. This brings the total number of species since the previous checklist from 453 to 504. In addition, a new monotypic genus (Novaculoides) has been described and a new genus (Iniistius) has been resurrected from synonymy, thus bringing the total number of genera from 68 to 70. The species composition of Scaridae also changed with four new species and six species resurrected from synonymy; the total number of scarid species is now 99 (Table 2).

The valid genera and species are arranged alphabetically for each family. Only genera whose species composition changed since the annotated checklist are listed, and only species not listed in the previous checklist or nominal species that have changed their status are reported. Additional comments on nominal species now recognized as new synonyms, are included at the end of the checklist. The format adopted in Parenti and Randall (2000) is followed.

FAMILY LABRIDAE CUVIER 1816

Parenti and Randall listed 32 valid species. The genus has been recently revised by Gomon (2006) and now includes 43 species, of which 10 have been described as new, and one has been elevated from subspecies to species level.

Cossyphus albo-taeniatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1839, p. 141 (Sandwich Islands = Hawaiian Islands).

Crenilabrus modestus: Garrett 1864, p. 106, Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands).

Lepidaplois strophodes: Jordan & Evermann 1903, p. 190 (Honolulu market).

Lepidaplois richardsoni: Fowler 1908, p. 433, fig. 7 (Victoria, Hawaiian Islands ?, see Gomon & Randall 1978).

Lepidaplois atrorubens: E.K. Jordan 1925, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Honolulu market).

DISTRIBUTION:This species is restricted to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Island in the central Pacific Ocean.

REMARKS: Gomon & Randall (1978) recognized B. albotaeniatus as a subspecies of B. bilunulatus, deciding to highlight the extremely close relationship of three taxonomically distinct, allopatric populations. Gomon (2006), however considers these populations to represent separate species. Bodianus albotaeniatus is separated from each of its two sibling species by 3200-4000 km.

Bodianus bathycapros Gomon 2006: 39, figs. 22-23 (Nihoa, Hawaiian Islands).

DISTRIBUTION:restricted to deep water (165-256 m) of the Hawaiian Islands.

Labrus bilunulatus Lacepède, 1802, p. 454 [le grande Océan equatorial (Mauritius?)].

DISTRIBUTION: from the east coast of Africa in the western Indian Ocean eastward to Japan, the Philippines and New Caledonia.

Bodianus busellatus Gomon 2006: 79, figs. 47, 49 (Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands).

DISTRIBUTION:Fatu Hiva and Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands (Central Pacific) and Henderson Island and Ducie Atoll in the Pitcairn Group to the southeast.

Bodianus dictynna Gomon 2006: 59, figs. 1c, 5d, 37- 38 (Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands).

DISTRIBUTION: Tropical western Pacific from the eastern coasts of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago to Japan, Palau, western Micronesia, Samoa, Tonga and southeastern Australia. Also from offshore islands of northwestern Western Australia and the southern coasts of eastern Indonesia.

Bodianus flavifrons Gomon 2001: 411, figs. 2-3 Sud Iles-des-Pins, New Caledonia, 22°58.5S, 167°16.5E, 320-340 m.

DISTRIBUTION: New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, and Kermadec Islands.

Bodianus flavipinnis Gomon 2001: 408, fig. 1 (off Ulladulla, New South Wales).

DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

Bodianus neopercularis Gomon 2006: 28, figs. 15-16 (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands)

DISTRIBUTION: known only from the type locality, but no doubt more broadly distributed; collected on vertical drop-offs at a depth of 50 m.

Bodianus paraleucosticticus Gomon 2006: 52, figs. 32-33 (Boia Boia Wagai, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION:Papua New Guinea, Rarotonga and a photo taken in New Caledonia

Bodianus rubrisos Gomon 2006: 53, figs. 32, 34 (Singaraja fish market; Bali, Indonesia)

DISTRIBUTION: Bali, Japan, and Taiwan

Bodianus sepiacaudus Gomon 2006: 33, figs. 16, 19 (Bali, Indonesia)

DISTRIBUTION:Indonesia from Bali, Sulawesi and Flores; Fiji; and Kiritimati Atoll, Line Islands in the Central Pacific.

Bodianus solatus Gomon 2006: 90, figs. 7c, 54-55 (Western Australia, north of Cape Lambert).

DISTRIBUTION: western coast of Australia between the Monte Bello Islands and the Houtman Abrolhos.

One new species has been described in this genus which now contains 24 species.

Choerodon gomoni Allen & Randall 2002: 110, figs. 1-2 (Chesterfield Bank, Coral Sea)

DISTRIBUTION: Coral Sea and Indonesia.

The second largest genus with 46 species. Ten new species were added since the previous checklist. Kuiter (2002: 24) is responsible for recognizing lyukyuensis as a valid name. He meant to say southern Japan to northern Indonesia. The type locality of lyukyuensis is the Ryukyu Islands. Photos suggest a clinal picture; therefore one might use lyukyuensis as a northern subspecies of Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura. A DNA study of this complex of species of Cirrhilabrus is needed.

Cirrhilabrus beauperryi Allen, Drew & Barber 2008: 132, figs. 1-4 (Kwato Island, Papua New Guinea)

DISTRIBUTION:Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands.

Cirrhilabrus bathyphilus Randall & Nagareda 2002: 124, fig. 1 (Holmes Reef, Coral Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: Coral Sea, in 60-217 m.

Cirrhilabrus brunneus Allen 2006: 2, fig. 1 (Kaniunga Besar Island, Kalimantan, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION:Indonesia (Kalimantan and Nusa Penida, near Bali) and Philippines (Allen, pers. comm.).

Cirrhilabrus cenderawasih Allen & Erdmann 2006: 126, figs. 1-2 (Cenderawasih Bay, Irian Java, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION:known only from Cenderawasih Bay, West Papua and Papua New Guinea.

Cirrhilabrus claire Randall & Pyle 2001: 90, fig. 1 (Rarotonga, Cook Islands).

DISTRIBUTION: known only from the type locality from a depth range of 55-100 m.

Cirrhilabrus earlei Randall & Pyle 2001: 93, fig. 2 (Blue Hole, Ngemelis Island, Palau).

DISTRIBUTION:known only from Palau from a depth range of 60-92 m.

Cirrhilabrus joanallenae Allen 2000: 47, fig. 1 (Weh Island, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: known from off the northwestern tip of Sumatra and Andaman Islands (Allen, pers. comm.).

Cirrhilabrus marjorie Allen, Randall & Carlson 2003: 114, figs. 1-3 (Fiji).

DISTRIBUTION:Fiji.

Cirrhilabrus naokoae Randall & Tanaka 2009: 30, figs. 1-3, 7 (vicinity of Medan, Sumatra).

DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra.

Cirrhilabrus walshi Randall & Pyle 2001: 95, figs. 3, 4 (Taumu Bank, north of Tutuila, American Samoa).

DISTRIBUTION:known only from the type locality from a depth of 37-45 m.

The genus contains three species, two of which were described in a paper by Heiser et al. (2000) published few weeks after the annotated checklist

Clepticus sp. 2: Parenti & Randall 2000: 13. Clepticus africanus Heiser, Moura & Robertson 2000: 69, figs. 1, 2a, 2b, 6 (north coast of São Tomé, Gulf of Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION:Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe and possibly the other islands of the Guinea Archipelago.

Clepticus brasiliensis Heiser, Moura & Robertson

Clepticus sp. 1: Parenti & Randall 2000: 13. Clepticus brasiliensis Heiser, Moura & Robertson 2000: 71, figs. 3, 4a, 4b, 5, 6 (Ilha Escalvada, Guarapari, off the coast of Espirito Santo, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: from Recife Manuel Luis (0°52'S, 44°1'W) to the coastal islands of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil; also from the archipelago Fernando de Noronha.

Genus Epibulus Cuvier

The genus includes two species. The genus was formerly regarded as consisting of one Indo-Pacific species, Epibulus insidator; a second species has now been described.

Epibulus sp. 1: Parenti & Randall 2000: 22. Epibulus brevis Carlson, Randall & Dawson 2008:477, figs. 1, 2 (Palau).

DISTRIBUTION: Palau, Luzon and Cebu Provinces in the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, and Flores in Indonesia; Solomon Islands.

The genus contains 80 valid species: fourteen species have been added to the previous checklist, of which ten are described as new, one was omitted, and three have been resurrected. The results of a molecular phylogenetic study (Barber & Bellwood 2005) strongly reject the hypothesis of monophyly of Halichoeres. The analysis reveals three major ' Halichoeres' clades. Although taxonomic revisions based exclusively upon molecular data are inappropriate, these studies may stimulate ichthyologists to search for morphological traits to support the separation of this genus into three or more genera. Halichoeres lamarii has been listed in synonymy with H. marginatus, whereas it is regarded as valid by Adrim et al. (2004: 124) and Fricke et al. (2009: 86). The male of H. marginatus in Arabian waters is a little different in colour from elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific. Some authors, such as Kuiter (2002: 132) prefer to regard H. marginatus as restricted to the seas around the Arabian Peninsula, whereas others such as Lieske & Myers (2004: 159) consider H. marginatus as one widespread Indo-Pacific species. A DNA comparison might resolve this issue. Halichoeres kneri has been regarded as valid by Kuiter (2002: 112) and Allen & Adrim (2003: 49). However, the rose pink bands behind the eye and row of white spots on the body are the same as H. nigrescens. Allen & Adrim (2003: 49), following Kuiter (2002: 119), regarded H. chrysotaenia as valid. Bleeker (1862) placed his chrysotaenia into synonymy of H. melanurus, and we follow Bleeker. Halichoeres hyrtlii has been listed as valid by Westneat (2001: 3401) but without documentation. We also continue to regard H. kneri Bleeker as a synonym of H. nigrescens.

Labrus brasiliensis Bloch 1791: 125, pl. 280 (Brazil). Julis principis: Valenciennes 1839: 402 (Bahia, Brazil). Halichoeres irideus: Starks 1913: 60, pl. 8 (Natal, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: off coast of Brazil.

REMARKS: previously regarded as a synonym of H. radiatus; resurrected by Rocha & Rosa (2001).

Halichoeres burekae Weaver & Rocha 2007: 800, figs. 1-2 (Stetson Bank, Gulf of Mexico).

DISTRIBUTION: Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary and reefs off Veracruz, Mexico, western Gulf of Mexico.

Halichoeres claudia Randall & Rocha 2009: 713, figs. 8-13 (Moorea, Society Islands).

DISTRIBUTION:Line Islands and islands of French Polynesia to the western Pacific, where reported from the Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Indonesia. The species is also found in the eastern Indian Ocean at Christmas Island, the Cocos-Keeling Islands.

Julis dimidiatus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz 1831: 96, pl. 53 (Atlantic off Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION:French Guiana to Brazil.

REMARKS: Synonym of Halichoeres cyanocephalus (Bloch 1791) in Parenti & Randall 2000: 20. Valid as Halichoeres dimidiatus Agassiz 1831 (Rocha 2004).

Halichoeres erdmanni Randall & Allen 2010: 283, figs. 4-7 (Ogar Island, Fak Fak Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia). Halichoeres javanicus (non Bleeker 1857): Kuiter 2002: 115, figs. A, C, and D (Singapore).

DISTRIBUTION: northern Gulf of Thailand, Singapore, and Berau Bay, West Papua, Indonesia.

Halichoeres hilomeni Randall & Allen 2010: 286, figs. 8-12 (Dibuluan Island, Palawan Province, Philippines). Halichoeres exornatus (non Richardson, 1846): Kuiter 2002: 115, figs. A, B. Philippines and Sabah.

DISTRIBUTION: Philippines south to Borneo.

Halichoeres orientalis Randall 1999: 295, figs. 1-5 (Sesoki Island, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION:southern Japan and Taiwan.

REMARKS: this species corresponds to the undescribed species labeled as Halichoeres sp. 1 in Parenti & Randall (2000). The name was inadvertently omitted from the annotated checklist.

Halichoeres penrosei Starks 1913: 59, pl. 7 (tide pool at Natal, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION:Southeastern Brazil, including Trinidade Island.

REMARKS: Synonym of Halichoeres maculipinna (Müller & Troschel 1848)  (Parenti & Randall 2000: 21). Valid as Halichoeres penrosei Starks, 1913 (Rocha 2004).

Halichoeres raisneri Baldwin & McCosker 2001: 93, figs. 4-5 (southwestern Wolf Island, Galápagos Islands.).

DISTRIBUTION:Galápagos Islands.

Halichoeres rubrovirens Rocha, Pinheiro & Gasparini 2010: 23, figs. 1-5 (Calhetas Reef, Trinidade Island, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: Trinidade and Martin Vaz Island group, 1200 km east of the southeastern Brazilian coast

Halichoeres salmofasciatus Allen & Robertson

Halichoeres salmofasciatus Allen & Robertson 2002: 67, figs. 1-3 (Isla del Coco).

DISTRIBUTION: Isla del Coco, Costa Rica.

Halichoeres sazimai Luiz, Ferreira & Rocha 2009: 38, figs. 1, 2C-D, 3A-B, 4-6 (Ilha de Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: coasts of Brazil from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina States.

Halichoeres socialis Randall & Lobel

Halichoeres socialis Randall & Lobel 2003: 125, figs. 1-3 (Belize).

DISTRIBUTION: off Belize.

Halichoeres socialis Randall & King 2010: 19, fig. 1, pl. 1 A, G-J (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).

DISTRIBUTION:off KwaZulu-Natal, but it should range at least to southern Mozambique.

Iniistius Gill 1862: 143 (type species, Xyrichthys pavo Valenciennes, by original designation). Duohemipteronotus Fowler 1956:281. (type species, Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & Richardson, by original designation).

Iniistius is now recognized as a separate genus, distinct from Xyrichtys (Randall & Earle 2002; Randall et al. 2002). Nineteen species are included in the genus: I. aneitensis, I. auropunctatus, I. baldwini, I. bimaculatus, I. celebicus, I. cyanifrons, I. dea, I. evides, I. geisha, I. griffithsi, I. jacksonensis, I. melanopus, I. pavo, I. pentadactylus, I. spilonotus, I. trivittatus, I. twistii, I. umbrilatus, and I. verrens. Most species were previously placed in the genus Xyrichtys. Iniistius auropunctatus and I. griffithsi were described as new, while I. evides and I. spilonotus were resurrected from the synonymy of I. baldwini and I. melanopus, respectively. Recently, Allen & Adrim (2003: 50) listed I. tetrazona (Bleeker 1859) as an Indonesian endemic. Examination of syntypes of I. tetrazona in museums in Europe showed that tetrazona is the juvenile of I. pavo (Randall & Earle 2002). Iniistius niger (Steindachner 1900), regarded as valid species of Xyrichtys in Parenti & Randall (2000: 49), was shown to be a colour morph of Iniistius pavo by Randall & Earle (2002: 396). Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Evermann 1903, wrongly regarded as a synonym of Xyrichtys martinicensis (Valenciennes 1840) by Parenti & Randall (2000: 49), is a synonym of Iniistius aneitensis (Günther 1862) (Randall & Earle 2002: 392).

Iniistius auropunctatus Randall, Earle & Robertson 2002: 94, figs. 1-4 (Ua Pou, Marquesas Islands).

DISTRIBUTION: known only from the type locality.

Hemipteronotus evides Jordan & Richardson 1909: 196, pl. 72 (Takao, Taiwan). Hemipteronotus maculosus: Fourmanoir 1967: 269, fig. 2 (Vietnam).

DISTRIBUTION:Southern Japan and Taiwan south at least to peninsular Malaysia at 3° N.

REMARKS: previously regarded as synonym of I. baldwini, new evidences have been reported which confirm it is a valid species (Randall & Johnson, 2008)

Iniistius griffithsi Randall 2007a: 10, figs. 1-3 (South coast of Mauritius).

DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius, Madagascar and Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.

Novacula spilonotus Bleeker 1857: 83 (Ambon, Molucca Islands, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.

REMARKS: previously regarded as a synonym of Xyrichtys melanopus (Parenti & Randall, 2000: 49).

The genus contains a single species, N. taeniourus (Lacepède 1801).

Novaculichthys woodi, previously regarded as valid species of Novaculichthys (Parenti & Randall 2000: 32), is now placed in Xyrichtys (Randall & Allen 2004). Xyrichtys perlas, previously regarded as a valid species of Novaculichthys (Parenti & Randall 2000: 32) is now a junior synonym of Xyrichtys mundiceps Gill, 1862 (Victor et al. 2001: 106). Labrus macrolepidotus is reclassified in the new genus Novaculoides.

Genus Novaculoides Randall

Novaculoides Randall & Earle 2004: 39 (type species, Labrus macrolepidotus Bloch, by original designation).

The genus is monotypic.

Novaculoides macrolepidotus (Bloch)

Labrus macrolepidotus Bloch 1791: 135, pl. 284, fig. 2 (no locality).

Labrus arago: Quoy & Gaimard 1824: 263, pl. 65, fig. 2 (Iles des Papous). Julis taenianotus: Cuvier in Quoy & Gaimard 1824: 271 (Waigeo, Indonesia).

Julis trimaculata: Valenciennes 1839: 386 (no locality; preoccupied by Julis trimaculata Quoy & Gaimard 1834 [= Halichoeres trimaculatus]).

Novacula julioides: Bleeker 1851b: 354 (Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION:Indian Ocean to Mariana Islands.

The genus comprises nine species: two new species have been described recently, and O. rhodochrous, recognized as valid by Parenti & Randall (2000: 33) is now a junior synonym of O. orientalis (Randall & Khalaf 2003: 136).

Oxycheilinus lineatus Randall, Westneat & Gomon

Oxycheilinus sp. 4: Parenti & Randall 2000: 33. Oxycheilinus lineatus Randall, Westneat & Gomon 2003: 362, pl. 1 (fig. A) (Rarotonga, Cook Islands).

DISTRIBUTION: Cook Islands, Tahiti, Austral Island, and Henderson Island.

Oxycheilinus nigromarginatus Randall, Westneat & Gomon

Oxycheilinus nigromarginatus Randall, Westneat & Gomon 2003: 365, pl. 1 (figs. C-E) (Chesterfield Bank, Coral Sea).

DISTRIBUTION:Coral Sea.

Genus Paracheilinus Fourmanoir

Three new species have been recently described, bringing the total number of species to fifteen.

Paracheilinus nursalim Allen & Erdmann

Paracheilinus nursalim Allen & Erdmann 2008: 181, figs. 2-4 (Triton Bay, Papua Barat Province, West Papua).

DISTRIBUTION:southwestern New Guinea.

Paracheilinus rubricaudalis Randall & Allen

Paracheilinus rubricaudalis Randall & Allen 2003: 106, figs, 2-4 (Fiji)

DISTRIBUTION: Fiji, Manus, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, and northern Coral Sea (Allen, pers. comm.).

Paracheilinus walton Allen & Erdmann

Paracheilinus walton Allen & Erdmann 2006: 14, figs. 1-3 (Cenderawasih Bay, West Papua, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION:known only from the type locality.

Genus Pseudocoris Bleeker

One new species has been described, bringing the total number in the genus to six. Pseudocoris philippina (Fowler & Bean 1928) has been regarded by some authors as valid. Randall & Walsh (2008) showed that P. philippina is the female of P. bleekeri (Hubrecht 1876).

Pseudocoris aequalis Randall & Walsh

Pseudocoris aequalis Randall & Walsh 2008: 53, figs. 18-21 (Holmes Reef, Coral Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: known only from type locality, but expected at other reefs and islands in the Coral Sea, as well as the Great Barrier Reef.

Genus Tautogolabrus

A monotypic genus containing the species Tautogolabrus adspersus.

A second species, Ctenolabrus brandaonis, was listed as valid species of the genus (Parenti & Randall 2000: 44). The holotype of C. brandaonis (NMW 22794) was recently compared by the first author to a series of specimens of T. adspersus and determined as the same species. Therefore, C. brandaonis is here regarded as junior synonym of T. adspersus.

Genus Thalassoma Swainson

With one new species and one resurrected from synonymy, the genus now includes 28 species.

Thalassoma newtoni (Osório)

Julis newtoni Osório 1891: 127 (São Thomé [Tome] Island, West Africa).

DISTRIBUTION: endemic to São Thomé Island, Eastern Atlantic.

REMARKS: previously regarded as a synonym of Thalassoma ascensionis (Parenti & Randall 2000: 44). There is now evidence that T. newtoni represents a valid species (Costagliola et al. 2004).

Thalassoma nigrofasciatum Randall

Thalassoma nigrofasciatum Randall 2003: 3, figs. 1-3 (Lord Howe I.)

DISTRIBUTION:Coral Sea to New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.

Genus Wetmorella Randall & Kuiter

The genus now includes three species.

Wetmorella tanakai Randall & Kuiter

Wetmorella tanakai Randall & Kuiter 2007: 2, figs. 1-2 (Flores, Indonesia).

DISTRIBUTION:Indonesia.

REMARKS: in the revision of the genus Wetmorella, Randall (1983) regarded W. triocellata Schultz & Marshall as a young stage of W. nigropinnata. Kuiter (2002) illustrated a 38 mm specimen from Flores that he believed to be W. triocellata, but his specimen represented the new species of W. tanakai.

Genus Xyrichtys Cuvier

Fifteen species previously included in this genus are currently placed in genus Inistius. The record of Xyrichtys javanicus described by Bleeker from Indonesia is doubtful (Randall et al. 2008). The Hebrew University specimen from the Red Sea that was identified as X. javanicus probably represents a new species of Xyrichtys. Three new species (X. halsteadi, X. koteamea, and X. pastellus) have been described, and one (X. sciistius) resurrected (Randall et al. 2008). The remaining species are: X. blanchardi, X. incandescens, X. martinicensis, X. mundiceps, X. novacula, X. rajagopalani, X. sanctaehelenae, X. splendens, X. victori, X. wellingtoni, and X. woodi.

Xyrichtys halsteadi Randall & Lobel

Xyrichtys halsteadi Randall & Lobel 2003: 972, figs. 1-3 (DEntrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea).

DISTRIBUTION: Papua New Guinea and northeastern Kalimantan and Halmahera, Indonesia (Allen, pers. comm.).

Xyrichtys koteamea Randall & Allen

Xyrichtys koteamea Randall & Allen 2004: 253 (Easter Island).

DISTRIBUTION: Easter Island.

Xyrichtys sciistius Jordan & Thompson

Xyrichthys sciistius Jordan & Thompson 1914: 263, pl. 30, fig. 3 (Sagami Bay, Japan).

DISTRIBUTION: Japan.

REMARKS: Previously regarded as a junior synonym of Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins 1901 (Parenti & Randall 2000: 32) it is currently regarded as valid (Allen & Randall 2004; Randall et al. 2008).

Xyrichtys pastellus Randall, Earle & Rocha

Xyrichtys pastellus Randall, Earle & Rocha 2008: 150, figs. 1-3 (Lord Howe Island).

DISTRIBUTION: Lord Howe Island and Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, New South Wales.

FAMILY SCARIDAE RAFINESQUE 1810

Genus Cetoscarus Rüppell

The genus contains two species: C. bicolor restricted to the Red Sea and C. ocellatus from the east coast of Africa to the Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago and Micronesia (Randall, 2005).

Genus Chlorurus Swainson

Randall (2007b: 362) wrote: Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål) does not range throughout the Indo-Pacific region. The population in the central and western Pacific is distinct at the species level, taking the oldest name available for a Pacific locality, Chlorurus spilurus (Valenciennes), described from the terminal-male phase. The population break appears to be between the islands of the Indo-Malayan region and those of Oceania. The supporting DNA evidence (Choat et al. MS) has still not been published. With the addition of C. spilurus, the genus Chlorurus is now represented by 18 valid species.

Genus Nicholsina Fowler

The genus was previously considered to include two species, N. denticulata and N. usta, the latter with two subspecies (Parenti & Randall 2000). Recent evidence suggests that there are three distinct species.

Nicholsina collettei Schultz

Nicholsina usta collettei Schultz 1968: 2, pl. 1 (off Guinea, west Africa, 9°53 ' N, 15°56'W).

DISTRIBUTION: from Senegal to at least Annobón Island off Gabon.

REMARKS: The East and West Atlantic populations of N. usta were designated as separate subspecies by Schultz (1968) on the basis of minor morphometric differences. Recent data show that these two forms are more divergent genetically than many of the Sparisoma species are from each other (Robertson et al. 2006); hence the East and West Atlantic forms represent sister species, N. collettei and N. usta, respectively.

Genus Scarus Forsskål

Changes respect to the annotated checklist include a new species described from the southwestern Atlantic, a second from the Indo-Pacific and a third that has been resurrected. This is the largest genus of the family, comprising 52 species.

Scarus maculipinna Westneat, Satapoomin & Randall

Scarus maculipinna Westneat, Satapoomin & Randall 2007: 60, figs. 1-3 (Similan Island, Thailand, Andaman Sea).

DISTRIBUTION: reefs of Surin Island and the Similan Islands of Thailand, and the Mentawai Islands off the southwest coast of Sumatra. In addition, this species was illustrated in Allen et al. (2003, p. 182, top right) in a photo labeled S. hypselopterus, taken by Rudie Kuiter at Pulau Putri, Seribu Islands in the Java Sea, north of Jakarta.

Scarus trispinosus Valenciennes

Scarus trispinosus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840: 182 (Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION: coast of Brazil.

REMARKS:known only from the dried holotype, Parenti & Randall (2000: 63) placed this nominal species in incertae sedis; Moura et al. (2001: 517) regarded this species as valid, based on new material from Brazil.

Scarus zelindae Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima

Scarus zelindae Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima 2001: 506, fig.1 (Alcatrazes Archipelago, Brazil)

DISTRIBUTION: southwestern Atlantic.

Genus Sparisoma Swainson

Parenti & Randall (2000) recognized nine species of Sparisoma. Five additional species are recognized (Moura et al. 2001; Feitoza et al. 2003; Gasparini et al. 2003).

Sparisoma amplum (Ranzani)

Scarus amplus Ranzani 1842: 324, pl. 25 (Brazilian seas).

DISTRIBUTION:Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and others oceanic Islands off Brazil.

REMARKS:synonym of Sparisoma viride (Parenti & Randall 2000: 61); resurrected by Moura et al. (2001:513).

Sparisoma axillare Steindachner

Scarus spinidens Guichenot 1865: 15 (Bahia, Brazil; preoccupied by Scarus spinidens Quoy & Gaimard 1824 [= Calotomus spinidens (Quoy & Gaimard]).

Scarus (Scarus) axillaris: Steindachner 1878: 384, pl. 3, fig. 1 (probably coast of North Australia [evidently an error]).

DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Atol das Rocas, and Trinidade Island.

REMARKS:synonym of Sparisoma rubripinne (Parenti & Randall 2000: 61); resurrected by Moura et al. (2001: 515).

Sparisoma frondosum Agassiz

Scarus frondosus Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz 1829: 98, pl. 54 (Bahia, Brazil).

DISTRIBUTION:southwestern Atlantic, including oceanic islands off Brazil.

REMARKS:synonym of Sparisoma viride (Parenti & Randall 2000: 61); resurrected by Moura et al. (2001: 510).

Sparisoma rocha Pinheiro, Gasparini & Sazima

Sparisoma rocha Pinheiro, Gasparini & Sazima 2010: 60, Figs. 1-4, 8 (Ilha de Trinidade).

DISTRIBUTION:known only from the type locality, southwestern Atlantic.

Sparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter

Sparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter, 2003: 2, figs. 1-5 (Rasa de Flora Island, Brazil)

DISTRIBUTION:Southwestern Atlantic, from the state of Bahia (Abrolhos Archipelago National Marine Park (17°57´ S) to the state of Santa Catarina (27°20´ S), Brazil.

NOTES ON SOME NOMINAL SPECIES

In this section comments are provided on nominal species which have been omitted or have been wrongly placed in synonymy in Parenti & Randalls annotated checklist. Type material (when extant) and original descriptions were re-examined. The species are arranged alphabetically according to genus.

LABRIDAE

Cheilinus diagrammus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840: 98 (Mauritius; Seychelles; Madagascar; New Guinea). Apparently the same as Labrus digramma Lacepède 1801, but regarded as independently described. The name is a synonym of Oxycheilinus digrammus (Lacepède 1801).

Choerodonoides japonicus Kamohara 1958: 2, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan). This nominal species is a junior synonym of Choerodon gymnogenys (Playfair & Günther 1867). It was included in the list of nominal species (p. 70) of Parenti & Randall but it was inadvertently omitted in the species account on p. 10.

Julis blochii Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1839: 422 (Indian Ocean). Previously regarded as a synonym of Thalassoma hebraicum (Lacepède 1801) by Parenti & Randall (2000: 45). Examination of type material revealed that Julis blochii is a synonym of Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus 1758) (Randall & Bartsch 2004).

Labroides auropinna Saville-Kent 1893: 308, colour pl. 16, fig. 9 (Lady Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia). No types known. Randall (1958) dealt with Labroides auropinna in his review of Labroides. Saville-Kent made crude colour drawings of two fish he saw in a coral pool on Lady Elliot Island. One that he called Labroides bicincta is recognizable as a juvenile of L. dimidiatus. Randall wrote, The figure of L. auropinna, a blue fish with yellow fins, fits no known species of Labroides. He did not recognize the name, adding that the fish might not be a labrid.

Labrus dispar Ekström, in Fries, Ekström & Sundevall 1836-48: 160, pls. 37-38 (Scandinavia). This nominal species was overlooked by Parenti & Randall (2000). The name appears in a footnote under the account of Labrus mixtus (Linnaeus 1758); translation of the Swedish text revealed that the name was suggested by the zoologist Bengt Fredrik Fries (1790-1839) as a new name for L. mixtus to avoid confusion existing for its synonyms. Labrus dispar is well illustrated in two plates showing a male and a female, respectively.

Labrus fasciatus Gronow, in Gray 1854: 80 (Indian Ocean). No type is known; based on the original description the closest in colour to an Indian Ocean labrid fish is Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1830), but none of the counts are even close, so this species is regarded as unidentifiable.

Labrus ferrugineus Linnaeus 1758: 284 (India). No types is known; described as having two spines in dorsal fin. This nominal species does not appear to be a labrid.

Labrus flavus Forster 1771: 21 (No locality stated [Carolinas, U.S.A.]).

The name was based on a Catesby illustration of a fish known as the hog fish. The illustration fits a species of Bodianus, most probably B. rufus. Günther (1862: 108) listed Turdus flavus Catesby in the synonymy of Cossyphus rufus, presently regarded as valid in Bodianus. The name was not mentioned by Parenti & Randall or by Gomon (2006) in his recent revision of the genus.

Labrus linearis Linnaeus 1758: 287 (Indiis). With no types known, and described having a dorsal-fin count of XX,1 this nominal species does not fit any known labrid fish.

Labrus marginalis Linnaeus 1758: 284 (Pelagic, Ocean). No types are known and the description gives a dorsal-fin count of 2 spines and 28 rays; therefore this nominal species cannot be identified with any labrid currently known.

Labrus venosus Walbaum 1792: 264 (No locality stated). No types known. Apparently independently described, it is preoccupied by Labrus venosus Gmelin 1789; synonym of Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål 1775).

Lutjanus cinereus Risso, 1810: 266 (Nice, France). Regarded by Bauchot et al. (1981: 35) as an original description, but not treated by Parenti & Randall (2000). This nominal species is a synonym of Symphodus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788).

Perca rupestris Müller 1789: 44, pl. 107 (Norway Sea). This nominal species is a junior synonym of Ctenolabrus rupestris (Linnaeus 1758).

Platychoerops badius Ogilby 1893: 134 (off Port Jackson, N.S.W., Australia). Wrongly regarded as a synonym of Achoerodus gouldii (Richardson 1843) by Parenti & Randall 2000: 3; synonym of Achoerodus viridis (Steindachner 1866).

Sparus anonymus Walbaum 1792: 297 (No locality stated). Although no type is known, description contains enough information to place this nominal species as a synonym of Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus 1758).

Sparus brunnichii Shaw, 1803: 462 (Mediterranean Sea). Based on Labrus fuscus Gmelin; junior synonym of Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus 1758).

Stethojulis maculata Schmidt 1931 The distribution of this species is Japan. Records from Fiji and Norfolk Island are misidentification of S. notialis.

Trochocopus unicolor Günther 1876: 398 (Sydney, N.S.W., Australia). Wrongly regarded as a synonym of Achoerodus gouldii (Richardson 1843) (Parenti & Randall 2000: 3). It is a junior synonym of Achoerodus viridis (Steindachner 1866).

Xiphochilus quadrimaculatus Günther 1880: 45, pl. 20, fig. C (Arafura Sea).

This name was wrongly regarded as valid (Parenti & Randall 2000: 48); it is a synonym of Xiphocheilus typus Bleeker, 1857.

Xiphocheilus typus Bleeker 1857: 224 (Nias Island, Indonesia). Wrongly regarded as junior synonym of Xiphocheilus quadrimaculatus (Günther 1880) (Parenti & Randall 2000: 48); valid as Xiphocheilus typus Bleeker 1857.

SCARIDAE

Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins 1903 Parenti & Randall wrongly included the Hawaiian Islands in the DISTRIBUTION of this invalid species. The description by Jenkins was based on a specimen believed to be from Honlulu, but it was from Japan. Bruce & Randall (1985) reported it as a synonym of the Japanese species C. japonicus (Valenciennes).

Pseudoscarus jonesi Streets 1877 A synonym of Chlorurus frontalis; the type locality was reported as Palmyra I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A. (Parenti & Randall 2000: 52). Palmyra is an atoll in the Line Islands, not the Hawaiian Islands.

Pseudoscarus troscheli var. flavoguttata Steindachner 1882 (Gilbert Islands). The first author examined the holotype (NMW 72975) and concluded that it as a synonym of Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål 1775).

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