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African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines
African Ethnomedicines Network
ISSN: 0189-6016
Vol. 5, Num. 3, 2008, pp. 278-289
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African Journal of Traditional, Complimentary and Alternative Medicines, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2008, pg. 278-289
Inhibition Of
Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation And Protein Oxidation By Extracts From Plants
Used In Bamun Folk Medicine (Cameroon) Against Hepatitis
Frederic N. Njayou1, Paul F. Moundipa1*, Angèle N. Tchana1, Bonaventure
T. Ngadjui2, Félicité M. Tchouanguep2.
1Department
of Biochemistry; University of Yaounde I; 2Department of Organic
Chemistry, University of Yaounde I, 3Department of Biochemistry,
University of Dschang; Cameroon.
*E-mail: pmoundipa@hotmail.com
Code Number: tc08040
Abstract
The antioxidant activities of 53 medicinal
plants used in Bamun Folk Medicine for the management of jaundice and hepatitis
were investigated. The studies were done using rat hepatic microsomes for lipid
peroxidation and bovine serum albumin (BSA) for carbonyl group formation.
Silymarine was used as reference compound. Fifteen different extracts were
effective at a dose of 200µg/ml in both experiments. Specifically, 25 extracts
inhibited lipid peroxidation initiated non-enzymatically by ascorbic acid while
18 inhibited peroxidation as determined by reduced Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH). The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50)
of 23 different plant extracts was lower than 200µg/ml in the microsomal lipid
peroxidation inhibition study. Fifteen of the 23 extracts were active in preventing
protein oxidation by inhibiting the formation of the carbonyl group on BSA with
an IC50 value less than 200µg/ ml. The results suggest that the antioxidant
activity of the extracts, may be due to their ability to scavenge free radicals
involved in microsomal lipid peroxidation or in protein oxidation. These
biochemical processes are involved in the aetiology of toxic hepatitis.
Key words: lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, medicinal plants, Bamun, toxic
hepatitis.
Introduction
Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation
are reported to be involved in the aetiology of several human diseases such as atherosclerosis,
ischemia-reperfusion injury, ageing, and liver-related diseases (Dean et al.,
1997; Aruoma, 1998). In paracetamol- and CCl4-induced hepatitis
particularly, the most widely used animal models for the study of the
hepatocurative or preventive effect of many medicinal plants (Lin et al., 1995;
Shenoy et al., 2001; James et al., 2003), lipid peroxidation and protein
oxidation play the main role in the development of the disease (Recknagel,
1983; Fleurentin and Joyeux, 1990; Vuletich and Osawa, 1998; Michael et al.,
1999). Thus, the inhibition of these oxidation phenomena may be important for
the alleviation of the resulting diseases.
In the Bamun folk medicine, quite a number
of plants are reported to be used for the treatment of hepatitis and other
liver related-diseases (Mongbet, 1975, Moundipa et al., 2001). However, for a good
number, no report is available to prove their therapeutic activity. Since toxic
hepatitis is often associated with the oxidative destruction of lipids and
proteins, the plants used by the Bamun in order to alleviate liver-related
diseases may contain compounds which protect lipids and proteins from oxidation
since such compounds have been suggested as prophylactic agents (Aruoma, 1997).
Therefore, the present work was aimed at
identifying among these plants, those that are potentially active in the
protection of biomolecules of the liver and other organs against oxidation.
Thus, the inhibitory effect of their respective extracts on the course of lipid
peroxidation induced non-enzymatically or enzymatically in rat liver microsomes
has been assessed. We also assayed the inhibitory action of these extracts on the
hydroxyl-mediated oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA).
Materials
and Methods
Chemicals: All reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemicals
Company (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Prolabo (Paris, France).
Plant extracts: Fifty-four plants were used in this study, selected
according to a previous survey carried out in the Bamun region (Moundipa et al.,
2002). The parts used were either the bark, the leaves, tubers or rhizomes. The
air-dried and powdered parts (50g) of each plant were extracted by maceration
with a mixture of methanol-methylene chloride (200ml, v/v) for 24 hrs with
constant shaking. The plant extracts were evaporated to dryness under vacuum,
the yield computed and the residue kept at 40°C for pharmacological studies.
Screening of lipid peroxidation and protein inhibitory activities
Lipid peroxidation assay
Male Wistar rats
weighing 180 200g were sacrificed by cerebral dislocation after overnight
fasting. The liver was removed and homogenised in ice cold 150mM KCl
solution. Liver microsomes were isolated by the calcium aggregation procedure
as described by Garle and Fry (1989). Protein concentration in the microsomal
suspension was assayed by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976) using BSA as
standard. The resulting suspension was diluted to 10mg of microsomal
protein/ml in buffer (25mM Tris-HCl, 115mM KCl, pH 7.5), and stored at 40°C. Experiments
were carried out according to the method described by Ulf et al.,
(1989). Silymarine and plant extract concentrations were tested at 10, 100 and
200µg/ml. Lipid peroxidation was initiated non-enzymatically using ascorbate or
enzymatically by NADPH (only for plant extracts for which IC50 was
less than 200µg/ml). The reaction mixture consisted of microsomes (0.4mg
protein/ml), plant extract and 0.5mM ascorbate or 0.3mM NADPH in 25mM Tris-HCl
buffer, pH 7.5 containing 115mM KCl. The reaction was initiated by the addition
of 1.5µM Fe2+ (in the form of (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2)complexed with 1mM ADP. After the incubation period (15 min, 37°C), the reaction was stopped by the addition of thiobarbituric acid reagent. The samples were then
assayed for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) as described by
Wills (1987). Lipid peroxidation was expressed as the change in absorbance of
TBA-RS at 530nm. The amount of TBA-RS which existed in the mixture before the
peroxidation reaction was substracted from the value obtained.
BSA oxidation assay
BSA was oxidised by a Fenton-type reaction (Martinez
et al., 2001). The reaction was carried out in 2ml polypropylene tubes
with lids. Plant extracts were added to the medium and, after incubation and
protein precipitation by TCA, the mixture was centrifuged (3000g, 4°C, 5 min) and the pellet used for protein carbonyl content determination. This was assayed as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
(DNPH) derivative by of the method described by Martinez et al., (2001)
with some modifications. After extraction and a second precipitation of the precipitate,
the protein pellets were dissolved in 1ml of 6M urea and centrifuged (3000g, 4°C, 5 min). The different spectra of the DNPH derivatives were obtained at 372nm.
Phytochemical studies
Groups of phytochemical compounds
(flavonoids, polyphenols, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, tannins, triterpens and
sterols, anthranoids) were tested for their presence in each extract using
commonly accepted phytochemical methods (Bruneton, 1999).
Calculations
Different IC50 values were
estimated using the EPA probit analyses, on computer program version 1.3 used
by C. Stephen of the Duluth USEPA, Research Laboratory.
Results
Lipid
peroxidation and protein inhibitory activities of extracts
Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation
The respective inhibition percentages (IP)
obtained for each extract are shown in Table 1. These values varied
considerably for the different plant extracts. For each extract, this variation
also depended on the mode of initiation of peroxidation. Based on the IP, in
the non-enzymatical microsomal lipid peroxidation system, at a concentration of
200µg/ml, plant extracts with values equal to or above 50 were selected for
further experiments with the Fe(II)-NADPH system. Twenty-five extracts were
thus selected and tested in the system where the reaction was sustained by
NADPH. Of these, only 18 extracts were active with an IP value above 50 at
200µg/ml (Table 1). Table 3 presents the IC50 values of different
plant extracts according to the mode of initiation the lipid peroxidation
reaction.
Inhibition of BSA oxidation
The IP values of hydroxyl-mediated oxidation
of BSA are presented in Table 2 and the IC50 in Table 3. The values
of the former varied between different extracts. Only 26 different plant extracts
were active above 50 at 200µg/ml.
Groups of compounds in different plant extracts
The phytochemical studies of plant extracts active in inhibiting
microsomal lipid peroxidation or/and protein oxidation revealed the presence of
flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, among other classes of compounds as shown
in Table 4.
Discussion
In many traditional practices, there are
medicines used for the treatment of liver-related diseases (Fleurentin and
Joyeux, 1990). These medicines are generally based on medicinal plants and their
systematical screenings often permit leads to the identification of the effective
plants (Joyeux et al., 1990, Lin et al., 1995).
Extracts of plants under study were tested for their
microsomal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation inhibitory activities. On
the whole, the active extracts inhibited both biochemical processes in a
dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained by Czinnera et al. (2001)
on the action of Helichrysi flos regarding the inhibition of microsomal
lipid peroxidation.
In the present study, plant extracts
inhibiting both oxidation phenomena with an IC50 less than 200µg/ml
were considered as possessing a high protein and lipid oxidation inhibitory
potential. In this respect, Mangifera indica, Enantia chlorantha, Voacanga
africana, Aspilia africana, Senna alata, Piliostigma thonningii (bark),
Piliostigma thonningii (leaves), Kalonchoe crenata, Alchornea laxiflora,
Crotalaria lachnophora, Erythrina senegalensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Entada
africana, Melinis minutiflora and Curcuma longa (Table 2) were found
to be active.Among these active plant species, some of them, namely
E. chlorantha (Virtanen et al., 1993), E. africana (Sanogo et al.,
1998) and C. longa (Pulla and Lokesh, 1994; Sreejayan and Rao, 1994;
Ruby et al., 1995), have been reported to be active against experimentally
induced hepatitis. M. indica on its part, has been shown to be very
effective against lipid and protein oxidation in vitro and injury
associated to hepatic ischemia reperfusion (Martinez et al., 2001; Sanchez et
al., 2000). Concerning S. alata, the choleretic effect of its
extract on rats was demonstrated by Assane et al. (1993).
The protection of the hydroxyl-mediated
oxidation of BSA takes place essentially by reducing the H2O2
concentration, a fundamental component in Fenton-type reaction, by chelating
iron or by scavenging the hydroxyl radical formed on the immediate side of the
target protein during oxidation (Kingu and Wei, 1997). This may suggest that
these plant extracts are able to scavenge hydroxyl radical or chelate iron. The
inhibitory effect against the free radical-mediated degradation of BSA and the microsomal
lipid peroxidation by plant extracts mentioned above may also be attributed to
flavonoids and polyphenols as many of these phytoconstituents are known to be
antioxidants (Faurè et al., 1990; Markus, 1996; Middleton et al., 2000). The
presence of these two families of compounds was revealed in all the above cited
plant extracts. This is in accordance with phytochemical screening done
by Noguchi et al. (1994) and Wandji et al., (1994) respectively on Curcuma longa and Erythrina senegalensis.
However, in extracts from Enantia chlorantha and Voacanga africana which also inhibited both studied biochemical phenomena the presence of
alkaloids was also demonstrated.
Table 1: Inhibition percentages of microsomal lipid
peroxidation of different plants extracts and initiation modes.
Species |
Family |
Inhibition percentage |
Fe(II)-Ascorbate1 |
Fe(II)- NADPH1 |
Concentrations of plant extracts (µg/mL) |
Concentrations of plant extracts (µg/mL) |
10 |
100 |
200 |
10 |
100 |
200 |
Control
silymarine |
|
61.86 ± 2.61 |
86.81 ± 1.45 |
99.29 ± 3.23 |
62.15 ± 1.65 |
78.79 ± 3.54 |
99.40 ± 2.65 |
Eremomastas
speciosa (hochst.) Cufod |
Acanthaceae |
5.58 ± 1.23 |
15.01 ± 1.23 |
46.16 ± 0.35 |
|
|
|
Draceana
deisteliana Engl. |
Agavaceae |
-2.63 ± 0.48 |
-1.72 ± 1.45 |
-0.46 ± 0.00 |
|
|
|
Mangifera
indica Lin. |
Anacardiaceae |
5.46 ± 0.49 |
66.75 ± 0.33 |
75.35 ± 1.32 |
15.42 ± 1.17 |
60.56 ± 0.00 |
77.5 ± 0.40 |
Annona
senegalensis Pers. |
Anonaceae |
-3.76 ± 4.96 |
14.29 ± 0.35 |
16.17 ± 0.88 |
|
|
|
Enantia
chlorantha Oliv. |
Anonaceae |
33.25 ± 0.71 |
42.06 ± 0.52 |
53.97 ± 0.52 |
12.19±2.34 |
28.87±0.98 |
53.87±0.00 |
Voacanga
africana Stapf |
Apocynaceae |
57.82 ± 1.05 |
100.00 ± 0.00 |
100.00±0.00 |
53.04±1.18 |
92.13±2.14 |
100.00±0.00 |
Xanthosoma
sagittifolium L. Schott |
Araceae |
1.37 ± 053 |
25.31±0.71 |
48.01 0.88 |
|
|
|
Polyscias
fulva (Hiern.) Harms. |
Araliaceae |
-0.02 ± 0.00 |
-0.04±0.01 |
-0.01±0.27 |
|
|
|
Ageratum
conyzoides Lin. |
Asteraceae |
-2.79 ± 1.00 |
-2.56±3.00 |
-9.31±3.29 |
|
|
|
Aspilia
africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams |
Asteraceae |
18.26 ± 0.37 |
35.72±0.37 |
52.91±0.37 |
32.95±0.54 |
51.53±0.18 |
68.45±0.72 |
Bidens pilosa
Lin. |
Asteraceae |
14.19± 0.33 |
39.82±2.91 |
50.92±1.38 |
4.86±1.37 |
33.06±0.39 |
52.92±0.59 |
Chrysanthellum
americanum (Lin.) Vatke |
Asteraceae |
2.91 ± 0.00 |
22.89±0.19 |
17.20±1.12 |
|
|
|
Dichrocephala
integrifolia (Lin.F ) O.Ktze |
Asteraceae |
1.24 ± 0.35 |
2.61±0.87 |
25.43±0.88 |
|
|
|
Emilia coccinia
(Sims.) G. Don |
Asteraceae |
-7.15 ± 6.20 |
-5.77±3.19 |
-1.51±1.77 |
|
|
|
Sonchus
oleraceus Lin. |
Asteraceae |
-0.75 ± 0.35 |
-5.71±0.35 |
31.02±0.35 |
|
|
|
Spilanthes
filicaulis (Sch. et Th.) C.D. Adams |
Asteraceae |
9.18 ± 0.35 |
18.99±1.23 |
58.93±0.17 |
0.55±0.00 |
3.18±0.20 |
12.29±0.98 |
Vernonia
amygdalina Del. |
Asteraceae |
0.93 ± 0.00 |
26.98±0.33 |
33.49±1.97 |
|
|
|
Dacryodes
edulis (G.Don) H.Lam |
Burseraceae |
-0.26 ± 0.00 |
-6.75±1.68 |
-8.20±0.00 |
|
|
|
Carica papaya
Lin. |
Caricaceae |
-3.38 ± 1.15 |
-4.07±3.78 |
-2.68±1.80 |
|
|
|
Senna alata
(Lin.) Link |
Cesalpilaceae |
34.53 ± 0.94 |
71.30±0.56 |
88.50±0.56 |
46.44±0.18 |
92.37±0.00 |
100.00±0.00 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (Sch.) M. Red. (L) |
Cesalpilaceae |
32.84 ± 0.16 |
58.70±0.16 |
74.26±0.81 |
35.14±0.59 |
61.81±0.59 |
68.47±1.37 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (Sch.) M. Red. (B) |
Cesalpilaceae |
37.53 ± 0.33 |
64.99±3.56 |
78.03±0.33 |
40.56±1.58 |
60.70±0.59 |
67.50±0.00 |
Table 1 (continued): Inhibition percentages of microsomal lipid peroxidation of
different plants extracts and initiation modes.
Terminalia
glaucescens Planch.ex benth. |
Combretaceae |
2.10 ± 0.66 |
7.32±0.49 |
47.68±1.65 |
|
|
|
|
Ipomea batatas
(Lin.) Lam |
Convolvulaceae |
2.10 ± 0.33 |
5.12±1.65 |
14.30±0.49 |
|
|
|
|
Kalonchoe crenata
(Andr.) Haw. |
Crasulaceae |
17.18 ± 0.76 |
36.31±0.00 |
73.70±0.50 |
11.88±0.39 |
44.48±0.39 |
59.81±1.76 |
|
Alchornea
laxiflora (benth.) Pax& K.H |
Euphorbiaceae |
58.07 ± 9.91 |
84.39±0.75 |
95.90±0.57 |
40.84±0.39 |
65.42±1.77 |
79.17±1.57 |
|
Manihot esculenta
Crantz |
Euphorbiaceae |
-1.15 ± 0.64 |
-0.46±0.00 |
-4.80±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Crotalaria
lachnophora Hochst.ex A.R. |
Fabaceae |
22.54 ± 0.76 |
84.26±0.50 |
97.41±0.37 |
38.26±1.37 |
68.37±1.75 |
74.45±0.98 |
|
Erythrina
senegalensis D.C |
Fabaceae |
39.32 ± 3.79 |
75.20±2.12 |
94.25±0.71 |
35.91±0.78 |
61.33±3.91 |
75.69±0.40 |
|
Harungana
madagascariensis Lam. |
Hypericaceae |
13.60 ± 0.50 |
71.38±1.01 |
81.75±0.00 |
31.08±0.59 |
67.96±0.39 |
76.25±0.39 |
|
Gladiolus dalenii
Van Geel |
Iridaceae |
-0.36 ± 0.25 |
-3.94±0.25 |
-8.23±1.27 |
|
|
|
|
Occimum
Gratissimum Lin. |
Labieae |
14.99 ± 0.16 |
55.38±1.62 |
68.01±0.49 |
1.11±0.00 |
23.89±1.57 |
43.75±1.37 |
|
Persea americana Mill. (L) |
Lauraceae |
-6.02 ± 1.77 |
2.63±3.01 |
24.31±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Persea americana Mill. (B) |
Lauraceae |
29.52 ± 0.65 |
29.87±0.16 |
44.85±4.52 |
|
|
|
|
Anthocleista
schweinfurthii Gil. |
Loganiaceae |
-0.01 ± 0.01 |
-0.07±0.01 |
-0.05±0.01 |
|
|
|
|
Gosypium
barbadense (Mac fedyen) J.B.H. |
Malvaceae |
8.24 ± 1.60 |
53.32±1.29 |
56.98±0.33 |
0.56±0.39 |
7.78±0.78 |
40.14±0.98 |
|
Khaya
grandifoliola D.C. |
Meliaceae |
1.51 ± 0.49 |
60.94±0.66 |
78.91±1.08 |
12.50±0.00 |
53.33±0.00 |
59.87±0.98 |
|
Entada africana
(Guill. et Pers.) |
Mimosaceae |
25.17 ± 0.00 |
50.34±0.00 |
82.73±0.49 |
38.48±0.59 |
74.03±1.37 |
100.00±0.00 |
|
Ficus
exasperata Vahl. |
Moraceae |
-1.40 ± 0.00 |
-6.98±3.29 |
-6.98±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Ficus sp. |
Moraceae |
-0.01± 0.00 |
-0.04±0.00 |
-0.07±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Musa sapientum
Lin. |
Musaceae |
-2.15 ± 2.78 |
-6.09±0.76 |
-9.33±1.39 |
|
|
|
|
Eucalyptus
sp. |
Myrtaceae |
50.93± 0.19 |
78.18±0.94 |
76.19±0.00 |
29.77±1.44 |
65.90±0.00 |
85.63±0.18 |
|
Psidium
guayava Lin. |
Myrtaceae |
2.21 ± 0.49 |
14.54±0.83 |
50.47±2.64 |
7.08±1.77 |
24.31±0.98 |
32.92±1.38 |
|
Olax
subscorpioideae Oliv. |
Olacaceae |
18.26 ± 0.37 |
42.86±0.00 |
44.71±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Cymbopogon
citratus ( D.C.) Stapf |
Poaceae |
-1.25 ± 1.10 |
-5.71±0.35 |
-9.66±0.38 |
|
|
|
|
Melinis minutiflora
P. Bearw |
Poaceae |
32.67 ± 1.68 |
86.11±0.93 |
58.47±0.37 |
10.56±0.54 |
61.32±0.72 |
71.33±0.90 |
|
Coffea arabica
Lin. |
Rubiaceae |
39.69 ± 1.12 |
25.00±1.32 |
10.05±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
Coffea robusta
lin. |
Rubiaceae |
8.27 ± 0.35 |
19.43±7.62 |
41.23±1.60 |
|
|
|
|
Nauclea
latifolia Sm. |
Rubiaceae |
25.97 ± 1.13 |
33.41±0.33 |
43.02±1.61 |
|
|
|
|
Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle |
Rutaceae |
1.61 ± 0.18 |
26.31±0.71 |
54.59±1.40 |
11.74±058 |
20.31±0.59 |
30.80±4.10 |
|
Citrus
sinensis L. ( Osbeck ) |
Rutaceae |
15.01± 1.23 |
54.71±0.52 |
100.00±0.00 |
12.57±0.59 |
24.72±0.98 |
46.83±2.54 |
Solanum
acaleastrum Dunal |
Solanaceae |
11.00 ± 1.00 |
40.23±7.62 |
28.57±0.00 |
|
|
|
Trema orientalis Lour. |
Ulmaceae |
-1.28 ± 1.15 |
-2.91±0.81 |
-5.23±4.77 |
|
|
|
Costus afer Ker .Gawl |
Zingiberaceae |
7.51 ± 0.00 |
25.31±0.38 |
68.16±2.02 |
0.83±0.00 |
2.62±0.98 |
11.61±3.51 |
Curcuma longa Lin. |
Zingiberaceae |
53.26 ± 1.95 |
77.44±0.35 |
90.36±0.18 |
91.60±0.00 |
100.00±0.00 |
100.00±0.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1-Initiation mode of lipid peroxidation:
Fe (II)-Ascorbate (non-enzymatical lipid peroxidation), Fe (II)-NADPH
(enzymatical lipid peroxidation), Data are given as mean ± SD of two
experiments; L = Leaves; B = Stem bark
Table 2: Inhibition percentages of carbonyl-group
formation of different plants extracts
Species |
Family |
Inhibition Percentage |
Fe(III)-EDTA / H2O2 / ascorbate1
Concentration of plant extracts (µg/ml) |
|
|
10 |
100 |
200 |
Control
silymarine |
|
51.19 ± 2.34 |
84.18 ± 4.54 |
99.40 ± 3.56 |
Eremomastas
speciosa (hochst.) Cufod |
Acanthaceae |
9.52±0.00 |
31.79±0.00 |
45.03±0.00 |
Draceana
deisteliana Engl |
Agavaceae |
5.07±0.35 |
16.55±0.76 |
38.27±1.30 |
Mangifera
indica Lin. |
Anacardiaceae |
69.47±0.27 |
89.44±0.15 |
99.21±0.00 |
Annona
senegalensis Pers. |
Anonaceae |
44.49±1.63 |
68.59±3.23 |
85.17±0.82 |
Enantia
chlorantha Oliv. |
Anonaceae |
20.67±1.44 |
44.95±0.57 |
61.62±0.72 |
Voacanga
africana Stapf |
Apocynaceae |
24.80±1.29 |
36.34±0.71 |
76.75±0.59 |
Xanthosoma
sagittifolium L. Schott |
Araceae |
-0.81±0.30 |
14.50±1.56 |
29.58±0.30 |
Polyscias
fulva (Hiern.) Harms. |
Araliaceae |
5.00±0.45 |
27.40±1.48 |
42.89±0.31 |
Ageratum
conyzoides Lin. |
Asteraceae |
34.13±0.15 |
35.24±0.33 |
48.71±0.42 |
Aspilia
africana (Pers.) C.D.
Adams |
Asteraceae |
59.39±3.24 |
81.63±1.00 |
86.33±0.81 |
Bidens pilosa Lin. |
Asteraceae |
5.81±0.26 |
15.68±0.12 |
33.24±1.83 |
Chrysanthellum
americanum (Lin.) Vatke |
Asteraceae |
61.09±1.90 |
88.02±0.00 |
99.58±0.59 |
Dichrocephala
integrifolia (Lin.F )
O.Ktze |
Asteraceae |
2.74±0.45 |
19.44±0.27 |
42.92±0.00 |
Emilia coccinia (Sims.) G. Don |
Asteraceae |
14.01±2.59 |
29.59±3.23 |
35.22±1.46 |
Sonchus
oleraceus Lin. |
Asteraceae |
4.46±1.44 |
4.46±0.00 |
22.16±2.14 |
Spilanthes
filicaulis (Sch. et Th.)
CD. Adams |
Asteraceae |
5.27±0.30 |
12.56±1.41 |
42.41±0.72 |
Vernonia
amygdalina Del. |
Asteraceae |
27.83±1.44 |
58.77±1.47 |
75.27±1.47 |
Dacryodes
edulis (G.Don.) H.Lam |
Burseraceae |
9.10± 0.00 |
26.68±3.76 |
47.20±1.10 |
Carica papaya Lin. |
Caricaceae |
32.89±1.32 |
71.66±0.70 |
87.20±0.60 |
Senna alata (Lin.) Link |
Cesalpilaceae |
70.05±1.16 |
84.38±0.30 |
98.94±0.48 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (Sch.) M.
Red. (L) |
Cesalpilaceae |
61.38±0.68 |
71.36±0.69 |
91.81±0.26 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (Sch.) M.
Red. (B) |
Cesalpilaceae |
34.94±0.40 |
68.03±1.90 |
95.33±1.70 |
Terminalia
glaucescens Planch.ex
benth. |
Combretaceae |
22.41±0.00 |
59.33±0.70 |
74.58±1.11 |
Ipomea batatas (Lin.) Lam |
Convolvulaceae |
35.51±0.99 |
40.14±0.00 |
50.97±1.40 |
Kalonchoe
crenata (Andr.) Haw. |
Crasulaceae |
45.84±0.15 |
62.13±0.00 |
69.93±0.45 |
Alchornea
laxiflora (benth.) Pax
& K.H. |
Euphorbiaceae |
58.40±0.40 |
85.61±0.40 |
95.60±0.59 |
Manihot
esculenta Crantz |
Euphorbiaceae |
2.41±0.57 |
10.69±0.12 |
29.45±0.15 |
Crotalaria
lachnophora Hochst.ex A.R |
Fabaceae |
0.43±0.60 |
21.36±1.07 |
54.32±0.40 |
Erythrina
senegalensis D.C. |
Fabaceae |
54.48±0.18 |
95.43±1.36 |
98.53±0.00 |
Harungana
madagascariensis Lam. |
Hypericaceae |
7.18±0.42 |
17.43±0.30 |
47.48±0.12 |
Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel |
Iridaceae |
-0.19±0.27 |
3.55±0.15 |
7.29± 0.57 |
Occimum
Gratissimum Lin. |
Labieae |
11.99±0.30 |
25.44±0.71 |
49.42±0.71 |
Persea americana Mill. (L) |
Lauraceae |
3.47±1.29 |
17.81±0.33 |
44.05±0.00 |
Persea americana Mill. (B) |
Lauraceae |
0.00±0.00 |
16.98±1.42 |
35.54±1.43 |
Anthocleista
schweinfurthii Gil. |
Loganiaceae |
37.99±0.30 |
51.96±0.00 |
57.57±0.44 |
Gosypium
barbadense (Mac fedyen) J.B.H. |
Malvaceae |
11.96±1.17 |
19.47±0.16 |
40.52±1.01 |
Khaya
grandifoliola D.C. |
Meliaceae |
19.69±1.62 |
68.56±2.21 |
83.09±0.28 |
Table 2 (continued): Inhibition percentages of
carbonyl-group formation of different plants extracts
Entada africana (Guill. et Pers.) |
Mimosaceae |
50.00±0.71 |
71.25±0.83 |
79.55±0.42 |
Ficus
exasperata Vahl. |
Moraceae |
17.22±1.01 |
28.84±0.00 |
39.56±0.58 |
Ficus sp. |
Moraceae |
27.60±1.20 |
34.71±0.16 |
51.39±0.60 |
Musa
sapientum Lin. |
Musaceae |
6.99±0.45 |
25.42±0.42 |
34.13±0.42 |
Eucalyptus
sp. |
Myrtaceae |
58.48±0.30 |
29.37±2.93 |
12.95±0.82 |
Psidium
guayava Lin. |
Myrtaceae |
17.61±1.32 |
54.64±0.29 |
83.72±1.17 |
Olax
subscorpioideae Oliv. |
Olacaceae |
13.33±0.33 |
31.66±0.30 |
39.12±2.76 |
Cymbopogon
citratus ( D.C.) Stapf |
poaceae |
19.12±0.72 |
26.82±1.56 |
40.08±0.30 |
Melinis
minutiflora P. Bearw |
Poaceae |
5.60±0.40 |
64.00±1.90 |
96.92±2.46 |
Coffea
arabica Lin. |
Rubiaceae |
11.03±0.35 |
18.03±0.17 |
36.45±0.00 |
Coffea
robusta Lin. |
Rubiaceae |
29.37±0.00 |
45.98±0.48 |
45.80±0.00 |
Nauclea
latifolia Sm. |
Rubiaceae |
48.30±0.57 |
51.89±0.00 |
70.96±1.54 |
Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle |
Rutaceae |
14.90±1.00 |
38.22±3.38 |
47.77±0.30 |
Citrus
sinensis L. ( Osbeck ) |
Rutaceae |
20.65±1.44 |
29.86±1.00 |
45.35±1.44 |
Solanum
acaleastrum Dunal |
Solanaceae |
2.19±0.51 |
12.07±1.12 |
25.23±0.34 |
Trema orientalis Lour. |
Ulmaceae |
13.80±0.88 |
21.63±1.44 |
36.49±0.89 |
Costus afer Ker .Gawl |
Zingiberaceae |
36.00±1.36 |
49.38±0.47 |
57.87±0.44 |
Curcuma longa Lin. |
Zingiberaceae |
95.31±0.52 |
99.57 ± 0.00 |
100.00 ± 0.00 |
1-Initiation mode of BSA oxidation, Data are
given as mean ± SD of two experiments; L = Leaves; B = Stem bark
Table 3: Computed IC50 (µg/mL) of microsomal lipid oxidation and
protein oxidation by some plant extracts.
Species |
Family |
Microsomal lipid
peroxidation |
Protein
oxidation |
Non-enzymatical |
Enzymatical |
|
Control
silymarine |
|
5.5 ± 1.98 |
22.70 ± 3.34 |
10.43 ± 2.39 |
Mangifera
indica |
Anacardiaceae |
69.84 ± 0.70 |
51.70 ± 2.83 |
3.33±0.22 |
Annona
senegalensis |
Annonaceae |
NC |
NC |
16.21±1.05 |
Enantia
chlorantha |
Apocynaceae |
197.16 ± 3.85 |
NC |
108.28±1.00 |
Voacanga
africana |
Apocynaceae |
< 10 |
< 10 |
79.91±0.90 |
Aspilia Africana |
Asteraceae |
NC |
53.91 ± 2.26 |
4.69±1.90 |
Bidens pilosa |
Asteraceae |
194.00 ± 9.07 |
190.91 ± 071 |
NC |
Chrysanthellum
americanum |
Asteraceae |
NC |
NC |
6.24±0.37 |
Spilanthes
filicaulis |
Asteraceae |
239.58 ± 8.05 |
NC |
NC |
Vernonia
amygdalina |
Asteraceae |
NC |
NC |
45.31±1.88 |
Carica papaya |
Caricaceae |
NC |
NC |
25.44±1.73 |
Senna alata |
Cesalpiniaceae |
23.86 ± 1.03 |
11.57 ± 0.26 |
2.83±0.39 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (bark) |
Cesalpiniaceae |
26.13 ± 2.66 |
28.46 ± 4.04 |
23.18±0.93 |
Piliostigma
thonningii (leaves) |
Cesalpiniaceae |
31.39 ± 9.45 |
37.14 ± 0.55 |
4.27±0.37 |
Terminalia
glaucescens |
Combretaceae |
NC |
NC |
53.72±0.03 |
Kalonchoe
crenata |
Crasulaceae |
97.96 ± 0.97 |
125.25 ± 6.99 |
17.37±0.00 |
Alchornea
laxiflora |
Euphorbiaceae |
6.95 ± 4.31 |
21.64 ± 1.15 |
6.43 ±0.18 |
Crotalaria
lachnophora |
Fabaceae |
25.62 ± 0.50 |
24.79 ± 2.93 |
189.92 ±7.76 |
Erythrina
senegalensis |
Fabaceae |
33.11 ± 3.78 |
31.75 ± 3.65 |
8.57±0.23 |
Harungana
madagascariensis |
Hypericaceae |
48.35 ± 1.37 |
33.28 ± 0.78 |
NC |
Occimum
gratissimum |
Labieae |
77.75 ± 1.44 |
NC |
NC |
Anthocleista
schweinfurthii |
Loganiaceae |
NC |
NC |
67.09±2.72 |
Gossypium
Barbadense |
Malvaceae |
114.80 ± 3.87 |
NC |
NC |
Khaya
grandifoliola |
Meliaceae |
81.70 ± 3.30 |
102.04 ± 2.52 |
42.04±0.16 |
Entada Africana |
Mimosaceae |
50.67 ± 0.46 |
18.33 ± 0.76 |
9.85±0.66 |
Eucalyptus sp. |
Myrtaceae |
8.14 ± 0.06 |
31.33 ± 1.45 |
NC |
Psidium guyava |
Myrtaceae |
NC |
NC |
53.20±2.55 |
Melinis
minutiflora |
Poaceae |
27.42 ± 297 |
71.29 ± 2.59 |
54.93±3.25 |
Nauclea
latifolia |
Rubiaceae |
NC |
NC |
17.62±1.41 |
Citrus
aurantifolia |
Rutaceae |
190.48 ± 6.24 |
NC |
NC |
Citrus sinensis |
Rutaceae |
45.01 ± 0.49 |
NC |
NC |
Costus afer |
Zingiberaceae |
151.33 ± 6.42 |
NC |
80.43±0.76 |
Curcuma longa |
Zingiberaceae |
8.39 ± 1.25 |
< 10 |
< 10 |
Values are mean ±
SD of two experiments
NC: Values not computed because of the low inhibition percentages
obtained with the highest dose of extract during the test (< 50%)
Table 4 : Phytochemical composition of some selected
active plant extracts
Classes of
compounds
Families
&Species |
Flavonoids |
Triterpens |
Sterols |
Alcaloids |
Polyphenols |
Tannins |
Anthranoids |
Leucoanthocyans |
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera
indica |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
Annonaceae
Annona
senegalensis(leaves)
Enantia
chlorantha |
-
- |
-
- |
+
- |
-
+ |
+
+ |
+
+ |
-
- |
-
- |
Apocynaceae
Voacanga
Africana |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
Asteraceae
Aspilia
Africana
Chrysanthellum
americanum
Vernonia
amygdalina |
-
+
+ |
-
-
- |
+
+
+ |
-
-
- |
+
+
+ |
+
+
- |
-
-
- |
-
-
- |
Caricaceae
Carica papaya |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Cesalpiniaceae
Senna alata
Piliostigma
thonningii(bark)
Piliostigma
thonningii(leaves) |
+
+
+ |
-
-
- |
+
+
+ |
-
-
- |
+
+
+ |
+
+
+ |
-
-
- |
+
+
+ |
Combretaceae
Terminalia
glaucescens |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
Crasulaceae
Kalonchoe
crenata |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea
laxiflora |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Fabaceae
Crotalaria
lachnophora
Erythrina senegalensis |
-
+ |
-
- |
+
- |
-
- |
+
+ |
-
- |
-
+ |
-
- |
Table 4
(continued): Phytochemical composition of some selected active plant extracts
Classes of
compounds
Families
&Species |
Flavonoids |
Triterpens |
Sterols |
Alcaloids |
Polyphenols |
Tannins |
Anthranoids |
Leucoanthocyans |
Hypericaceae
Harungana
madagascariensis |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
Loganaceae
Anthocleista
shweinfurthii |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
Meliaceae
Khaya
grandifoliola |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
Mimosaceae
Entada
Africana |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
Myrtaceae
Psidium
guayava
Eucalyptus
sp. |
+
+ |
-
- |
+
+ |
-
- |
+
+ |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
Poaceae
Melinis
minutiflora |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
Rubiaceae
Nauclea
latifolia |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
Zingiberaceae
Curcuma longa |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) positive test for the class of compounds
(-) Negative test for the class of compounds
Since protein degradation and lipid
peroxidation seem to occur by distinct mechanisms (Davies and Goldberg, 1986),
it may be suggested that the above 15 plant extracts have strong lipid and
protein oxidation inhibitory potency. Therefore, these plant species may be a
good source of medicines against diseases in which lipids and proteins
oxidation are involved such as toxic hepatitis. Further in vitro and in
vivo studies on some of these plant extracts are in progress.
Acknowledgments
This work was partly funded by the
International Foundation for Science (IFS) through the Grant N° F/4223-1F. We are grateful to Professor Martinez Gregorio Sanchez (Center for Evaluation and Biological
Research, Institute of Pharmacy, Havana University, Cuba) for his useful
assistance in the form of literature and advice. We also thank the Chief of Institute
of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Centre of Nkolbisson (Yaounde) for plant material collection from the Centres experimental garden.
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