Role of Free Radicals in Pathogenesis of Diabetes Nephropathy

Diabetes mellitus has assumed epidemic proportions in most parts of the world including the developing countries, and one of its ominous complications, diabetes nephropathy represent today the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the developed countries. However, the pathogenesis of diabetes nephropathy remains illusive, notwithstanding, free radicals seem to be the most favorable linkage between all the associated factors suggested. Consequently, free radicals, oxidative stress and antioxidants have become commonly used terms in modern discussions of renal disease mechanisms, making the kidney unique among other organs as the site in which a spectrum of seemingly unrelated diseases involves reactive oxygen species. Importantly, hyperglycaemia and its attendant metabolic syndromes, smoking and the use of xenobiotics have been shown to accelerate free radical generations and attenuate the antioxidant system creating oxidative stress. The management of diabetes nephropathy is extremely expensive and frustrating. Therefore, prevention is better. Sources of antioxidants, especially antioxidant vitamins are available and affordable in most environments. These may be adjunct to other ways of preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy. Reviews like this are necessary to stimulate stakeholders in management of diabetes mellitus and modern nephrologists.