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Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
ISSN: 1596-5996 EISSN: 1596-5996
Vol. 16, No. 7, 2017, pp. 1481-1487
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Bioline Code: pr17189
Full paper language: English
Document type: Research Article
Document available free of charge
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Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 16, No. 7, 2017, pp. 1481-1487
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Preparation and assessment of ketamine hydrogels for prolonged transdermal anaesthesia
Liu, Mingsheng & Zheng, Xiaoyu
Abstract
Purpose: To formulate and assess thermoresponsive ketamine hydrogels for prolonged transdermal
analgesia/anaesthesia.
Methods: Thermoresponsive ketamine hydrogels were prepared from chitosan (CTS) and poloxamer
407. Four different formulations (2 formulations of ketamine with 1 and 2 % w/w CTS and 2 formulations
with 10 and 15 % w/w ploxamer 407) were assessed for pH, spreadability, drug content, viscosity, in
vitro permeation/diffusion, in vivo skin irritancy, and in vivo analgesia (using the hot plate/writhing
method in Wistar rats).
Results: The formulations had a high drug content (96.12 ± 1.24 to 98.49 ± 0.07 %) with good
spreadability. They showed prolonged drug release/permeation of ketamine across the skin, ranging
from 81.23 to 98.28 %, and were non-irritating to the denuded skin of Wistar rats with no erythema or
oedema after 24 h. The preparation showed effective analgesia that lasted 24 to 30 h. In the writhing
test, CTS hydrogels showed stronger analgesia (60.26 – 58.97 %) than those made with poloxamerbased
hydrogels (56.41 and 53.85 %). Compared to the activity shown by the standard, lidocaine (which
produced 62.82 % analgesia), the effect of the test formulations seem good for probable therapeutic
use. Using the hot plate method, the poloxamer-based hydrogels showed more prolonged analgesia
than the CTS-based hydrogels.
Conclusion: Ketamine hydrogels of CTS and poloxamer may be useful for prolonged analgesia in
neuropathic pain and local anaesthesia in minor surgeries.
Keywords
Ketamine; Chitosan; Poloxamer; Thermoresponsive hydrogel; Transdermal; Skin permeation
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