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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 96, Num. 3, 2001, pp. 293-302
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Untitled Document
Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 96(3) Apr. 2001, pp.
293-302
Geographical Distribution
of Biomphalaria Snails in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Cecília Pereira de Souza/+,
Roberta Lima Caldeira*, Sandra Costa Drummond**, Alan Lane Melo***,
Carlos Tito Guimarães, Delza de Moura Soares, Omar dos Santos Carvalho*
Laboratório de Malacologia *Laboratório
de Helmintoses Intestinais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto
de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil **Fundação Nacional de Saúde,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil ***Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
+Corresponding
author. Fax: +55-31-3295.3115. E-mail:souzacp@cpqrr.fiocruz.br
Received 11 July 2000
Accepted 14 November 2000
Code Number: oc01043
Published and unpublished observations
on geographical distribution of Biomphalaria snails in the State of Minas
Gerais, Brazil, were compiled. This work is aimed at knowing the present occurrence
of Biomphalaria species in this region, and at contributing to the elaboration
of the planorbid chart of Minas Gerais. In malacological surveys, performed
by several researchers, the presence of seven species of this genus was recorded.
Those planorbids were found in 12 mesoregions, in 283 (33.1%) municipalities
out of 853 with the following distribution: B. glabrata (185 municipalities),
B. straminea (125), B. tenagophila (58), B. peregrina (57),
B. schrammi (26), B. intermedia (20) and B. occidentalis
(2). B. glabrata and B. tenagophila are found naturally infected
by Schistosoma mansoni in Minas Gerais. In 24 municipalities the
three snail hosts of S. mansoni in Brazil, B. glabrata,
B. tenagophila and B. straminea, are present.
Key words: Biomphalaria -
planorbids - geographic distribution - Minas Gerais - Brazil
Brazil is an endemic focus of schistosomiasis
mansoni with over 6 million people infected (Rey 1991). The current national
prevalence of schistosomiasis in Brazil indicates that it is still considered
an important endemic parasitosis (Katz & Peixoto 2000). The endemic areas
are located in the states of Maranhão, Pará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco,
Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and in the city of Rio
de Janeiro. In Minas Gerais, the endemic areas are located in the mesoregions
of Norte de Minas, Campo das Vertentes, Oeste de Minas, Je-quitinhonha, Vale
do Mucuri, Vale do Rio Doce, Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Zona da Mata and
Central Mineira.
Among neotropical Biomphalaria,
ten species and one subspecies are found in Brazil. Some species are widely
distributed while others are restricted to some specific regions. The intermediate
hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil are Biomphalaria glabrata (Say,
1818), Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835) and Biomphalaria straminea
(Dunker, 1848). B. glabrata is epidemiologically the most important host
regarding its wide geographic distribution and high susceptibility to infection
by the trematode (Souza et al. 1995). Furthermore, its distribution is nearly
always related to the presence of schistosomiasis. Two other species, Biomphalaria
amazonica Paraense, 1966 and Biomphalaria peregrina (Orbigny, 1835)
can be infected with S. mansoni under experimental conditions (Corrêa
& Paraense 1971, Paraense 1973).
Malacological surveys and isolated
captures, undertaken by several researchers, have already recorded the presence
of seven Biomphalaria species in Minas Gerais. The three snail hosts
of S. mansoni occur in some municipalities, having been found naturally
infected with S. mansoni and other trematode larvae, which do not infect
man (Ruiz 1952, Souza et al. 1998b).
The present work was aimed to update
the knowledge of the distribution of Biomphalaria species and to contribute
to the elaboration of the planorbid chart of Minas Gerais.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The list of municipalities of Minas
Gerais where Biomphalaria (=Australorbis; Tropicorbis; Platytaphius;
Taphius, Paraense 1958) occurs was organized with data of the literature
and unpublished observations. The list is presented by mesoregions and municipalities
(IGA 1995). Snails were collected in breeding places from different municipalities
in Minas Gerais at different periods, using scoops and tweezers, and then packed
to be transported to the laboratory (Souza & Lima 1990). Specific identification
was performed according to the morphology of the shells, reproductive system
and renal ridge of the snails (Deslandes 1951, Paraense & Deslandes 1955a,b,
1959, Paraense 1975, 1981), or recently through low stringency polymerase chain
reaction and restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (Vidigal et al. 2000).
Different researchers, whose works are quoted in the references, collected and
identified the snails. In the last 40 years, great part of identification was
undertaken by Dr Wladimir Lobato Paraense, Departamento de Malacologia, Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. In the last two decades technicians and researchers,
mainly from Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Fundação
Nacional de Saúde, Belo Horizonte and Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, have done their utmost to collect and classify the planorbid
snails from this state (Souza et al. 1981a, 1998b, Souza 1986, Souza & Lima
1997, Carvalho et al. 1989, 1994, 1997, 1998a, FNS 1995, 1998). A great deal
of information was also obtained from materials sent by health officials of
municipalities in the state, urban and rural state owners, researchers and technicians
from several institutions.
The malacological survey was performed
in all municipalities belonging to mesoregions of Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba
and Norte de Minas (Carvalho et al. 1994, 1997, 1998a). The municipalities in
which the presence of any Biomphalaria species was noticed are recorded
in the Table.
RESULTS
The occurrence of seven Biomphalaria
species was recorded in Minas Gerais. The current distribution, per municipalities,
in the twelve mesoregions in this state is shown in the Table
and in the Figure. Snails were
found in 283 (33.1%) municipalities, out of 853, with the following distribution:
B. glabrata 65.3% (185) municipalities, B. straminea 43.8% (125),
B. tenagophila 20.4% (58), B. peregrina 20.1% (57), B. schrammi
9.2% (26), B. intermedia 7% (20) and B. occidentalis 0.7% (2).
The three snail hosts of S. mansoni in Brazil (B. glabrata, B.
straminea and B. tenagophila) were found in 24 (8.4%) municipalities.
DISCUSSION
The need for updated information
on geographic distribution of parasite vectors, in endemic regions, has led
urban and rural communities up to seek institutions responsible for public health,
aimed to know the transmission risks of diseases by those organisms. In the
summer, mainly on vacation periods or prolonged holidays, the flow of people
towards rural regions with lakes, rivers and waterfalls raises the dispersion
risks of diseases caused by protozoa, helminths and viruses. In Brazil, schistosomiasis
prevalence justifies the necessity of updated knowledge of the localization
of intermediate hosts in risk regions (Souza et al. 1998a). Besides, the presence
in a shorter scale of angiostrongyliasis and fascioliasis also play an important
role, since these diseases are transmitted by snails.
Indeed, the real geographic distribution
of schistosomiasis the transmitter snails in Brazil is not well known owing
to the great territorial extension and the lack of human and economic resources
(Paraense 1972). However, the number of studies aimed to better know the malacological
fauna in some regions has increased in the last decades (Paraense 1983, 1986,
Paraense et al. 1983, Souza 1986, Souza & Lima 1997, Souza et al. 1998a,b,
Teles 1987, 1989, 1996, Teles et al. 1991, Carvalho et al. 1989, 1994, 1997,
1998a,b, FNS 1995, 1998, Schlemper Junior et al. 1996).
In the present study the distribution
of Biomphalaria snails per municipality and mesoregion in Minas Gerais
(Table, Figure)
is presented, showing the higher concentration of S. mansoni intermediate
hosts, mainly B. glabrata, in three mesoregions - IV Metropolitana de
Belo Horizonte, VI Norte de Minas and XI Vale do Rio Doce - with quite significant
schistosomiasis prevalence rates.
B. glabrata was found naturally
infected with S. mansoni in several municipalities and there were focuses
with snail infection rates of 85% (Souza et al. 1997). In the mesoregions of
Noroeste de Minas (V), Sul/Sudoeste de Minas (VIII) and Triângulo Mineiro/Alto
Paranaíba (IX), where B. glabrata is rarely found, the occurrence of
the parasitosis is very low (Figure).
Although B. tenagophila is not widely spread in Minas Gerais, it was
found naturally infected with S. mansoni in the municipalities of Jaboticatubas,
Itajubá, Belo Horizonte and Ouro Branco (Melo & Pereira 1985, Carvalho et
al. 1985a,b, Silva et al. 1994), localized in the mesoregions Metropolitana
de Belo Horizonte (IV) and Sul/Sudoeste de Minas (VIII). The natural infection
rates of this species in those focuses are low, ranging from 0.03 to 17.5%.
B. straminea was mainly found in three mesoregions, Metropolitana de
Belo Horizonte (IV), Noroeste de Minas (V) and Norte de Minas (VI). This species
has not been found naturally infected with S. mansoni in Minas Gerais,
as well as B. peregrina, but they have been experimentally infected with
S. mansoni (Paraense 1973, Souza et al. 1981a,b, 1983, Souza 1986). B.
intermedia was found only in the Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba (IX) mesoregion,
in the boundaries with the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo, where
its occurrence had already been recorded. B. occidentalis, resistant
to S. mansoni infection and very similar to B. tenagophila by
the morphology of the shell, was found in two municipalities (Table).
The current geographic distribution
shows a high concentration of Biomphalaria species up to six per mesoregions,
in Minas Gerais (Figure).
Studies on the planorbid fauna in
all states of Brazil, mainly in less investigated regions, should be motivated
with the objective to better know the geographic distribution of snail vectors
of schistosomiasis and other helminthiases, aiming to control the risk of transmission.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To Dr Frederico Carlos Carvalho Soares,
Regional Coordinator of Fundação Nacional de Saúde in Minas Gerais, for bibliography
on snails of epidemiological importance in the transmission of schistosomiasis
in the State of Minas Gerais.
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2001 Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Fiocruz
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