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Entomotropica antes/formerly Boletín de Entomología Venezolana, Vol. 20, No. 1, April, 2005, pp. 11-14 Tephritoidea (Diptera) species from Myrtaceae fruits in the State of São Paulo, Brazil Ocorrência de espécies de Tephritoidea (Diptera) em frutos de Myrtaceae no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Adalton Raga, Rogério Amaro Machado, Miguel Francisco de Souza Filho, Mário Eidi Sato, Romildo Cássio Siloto Instituto Biológico, Caixa Postal 70, 13001-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. E-mail: adalton@biologico.sp.gov.br. Code Number: em05003Abstract RAGA A, MACHADO RA, SOUZA FILHO MF, SATO ME, SILOTO RC. 2005. Tephritoidea (Diptera) species from Myrtaceae fruits in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Entomotropica 20 (1): 11-14. A field survey was conducted from August 1997 to January 2003 to identify the Tephritoidea diversity from 15 Myrtaceae species (including guavas) collected in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 38,386 fruits (419.93 kg) were collected from unsprayed trees. From 188 samples of fruits 25,162 puparia and 15,439 adults of Tephritoidea were recovered. Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) flies were obtained from 78.7% and 16.5% of the samples, respectively. About 95.8% of all flies belonged to Tephritidae (98.3% Anastrepha spp. and 1.7% C. capitata) and 4.2% belonged to Lonchaeidae (Neosilba spp.). From 14,540 specimens of Anastrepha, it was obtained 6,642 Anastrepha females identified as: A. fraterculus, A. bistrigata, A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. zenildae, A. striata, A. turpiniae and A. bahiensis. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) was dominant. Mean infestation indices were 0.66 puparium of Tephritoidea/fruit and 59.9 puparia/kg of fruit. Additional key words: Insecta, fruit flies, hosts, diversity. Resumo RAGA A, MACHADO RA, SOUZA FILHO MF, SATO ME, SILOTO RC. 2005. Ocorrência de espécies de Tephritoidea (Diptera) em frutos de Myrtaceae no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Entomotropica 20 (1): 11-14. Um levantamento foi conduzido entre agosto 1997 e janeiro de 2003 para avaliar a diversidade de Tephritoidea em 15 espécies de Myrtaceae coletadas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Um total de 38.386 frutos (419,93 kg) foi coletado de árvores isentas de agrotóxicos. Das 188 amostras de frutas foram obtidos 25.162 pupários e 15.439 adultos de Tephritoidea. Adultos de Anastrepha spp. e de Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) foram obtidos de 78,7% e 16,5% das amostras, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 95,8% dos adultos eram de Tephritidae (98,3% Anastrepha spp. e 1,7% C. capitata) e 4,2% de Lonchaeidae ( Neosilba spp.). Dos 14.540 espécimes de Anastrepha foram obtidas 6.642 fêmeas de Anastrepha, identificadas como: A. fraterculus, A. bistrigata, A. obliqua, A. sororcula, A. zenildae, A. striata, A. turpiniae e A. bahiensis. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi dominante. A infestação média foi de 0,66 pupário de Tephritoidea/fruto e 59,9 pupários/kg de fruto. Palavras chaves adicionais: Insecta, moscas-das-frutas, hospedeiros, diversidade. Introduction The Myrtaceae, consisting of trees and shrubs, comprises about 102 genera and 3000 species. Nowadays, from Myrtaceae family only four genus are considered of the economic importance: Eugenia, Feijoa, Myrciaria and Psidium (Manica 2000). Guava, Psidium guajava L. is the most important fruit crop among 150 species of the genus Psidium (Donadio et al. 2002). Guava is native to the American tropics and today is found in all subtropical and tropical regions (Kwee and Chong 1990; Gould and Raga 2002). The largest production in the world is recorded in Brazil, where guavas are grown in commercial areas or as dooryard fruit. In 2002, guava production in Brazil was estimated in 389.162 tons collected from 18,039 ha. More than 40.7% (5,201 ha) of the Brazilian guava yield is concentrated in the State of São Paulo (Agrianual 2004). Fifteen Anastrepha species are infesting Myrtaceae fruits in Brazil (Zucchi 2000a), in addition to medfly - Ceratitis capitata (Wied., 1824). South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied., 1830), A. striata Schiner 1868, A. sororcula Zucchi 1979 and A. zenildae Zucchi 1979 are strongly associated to Myrtaceae in the Americas (Malavasi et al. 2000). The objective of this study was to obtain basic information about the diversity and infestation levels of fruit flies from Myrtaceae fruits in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Materials and Methods From August 1997 to January 2003, 188 fruit samples (38,386 fruits; 419.93 kg) were collected from 15 Myrtaceae species in 41 municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Mature fruits were picked up at random from the canopy of unsprayed trees as well as from the ground and put into the open plastic boxes. The fruits were brought to the laboratory of the Instituto Biológico, located in Campinas, SP, counted, weighed and placed in fruit-holding boxes with sand at the bottom and a piece of cotton cloth at the top. About 15 days later, the sand in the boxes was sieved to remove the fruit fly puparia. The puparia were counted and transferred to glass cage (6,000 cc) with a little amount of dry sand plus vermiculite at the bottom and kept at 25 ± 2°C and 70 ± 10% of relative humidity for 25 days to allow the maximum emergence rate. A mixture of sugar and yeast extract (3:1) and water was provided to the flies. After complete emergence, adults were killed in a freezer and placed in labeled vials with 70% alcohol. Identification of Anastrepha species were based on female (Stone 1942, Steyskal 1977, Zucchi 1978). Results and Discussion The results of Tephritoidea diversity and the infestation indices in different Myrtaceae species are summarized in Table 1. About 88% of samples were infested by fruit flies. From overall collections, the mean infestation indices were 0.66 puparium/fruit and 59.9 puparia/kg of fruit. Eugenia leitonii Legr., Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Eugenia involucrata DC. and Psidium guajava L. were the most infested species (4.83; 3.23; 3.15 and 2.69 puparium/fruit, respectively). Except Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, all the remaining species of Myrtaceae were infested by Tephritoidea. Eight Myrtaceae species showed average infestations above 100 puparia/kg of fruit (Table 1). ‘Cereja-da-terra' ( E. involucrata), Surinam cherry ( Eugenia uniflora L.) and ‘goiabão' (E. leitonii) reaching mean infestation of 1,102.0; 447.6 and 207.9 puparia/kg of fruit, respectively. In isolated samples, Surinam cherry and ‘cereja-da-terra' showed the highest values of puparia/ kg of fruit (1,810.1 and 1,533.9, respectively). Table 1. Rate of fruit fly infestation in Myrtaceae species in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1997-2003.
1 Number of collected
samples (Number of infested samples) The potential of guavas as primary host for fruit fly was observed in some samples with infestations of up to 21.26 puparia/fruit and 298.2 puparia/kg of fruit. Considering all samples, it was estimated 2.69 puparia/fruit and 41.1 puparia/kg of guava. In earlier survey of fruit flies conducted in the State of São Paulo, Souza Filho (1999) obtained means of 1.72 puparium/guava and 36.9 puparia/ kg of guava. In Venezuela, Katiyar et al. (2000) obtained 114.3 adults of Anastrepha spp/kg of guava. A total of 25,162 puparia and 15,439 flies of Tephritoidea (females + males) were recovered from all collections. Among the flies, 95.8% belonged to Tephritidae (98.3% of Anastrepha spp. and 1.7% of C. capitata) and 4.2% belonged to Lonchaeidae ( Neosilba spp.). Ceratitis capitata emerged from nine species of Myrtaceae and from 16.5% of the total of samples. The medfly occurrence in fruits of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., E. involucrata, Eugenia schomburgkii Benth. and Plinia glomerata (Berg) Amshof represents the first report in Brazil. According to Zucchi (2000b), 20 of 58 medfly host plants recorded from Brazil are natives. Flies of the genus Anastrepha infested all species of Myrtaceae, except S. cumini. In total, 78.7% of the samples were infested by Anastrepha. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. bistrigata Bezzi 1919, A. obliqua (Macquart, 1835), A. sororcula, A. zenildae, A. striata, A. turpiniae Stone 1942 and A. bahiensis Lima 1937 were identified from a total of 6,642 females (Table 2). These are the first reports of A. bahiensis in P. glomerata in Brazil and of A. sororocula for Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) Berg in the state of São Paulo. Table 2. Diversity of Anastrepha females emerged from Myrtaceae fruit samples collected in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1997-2003.
In this study, with exception of A. bahiensis, all Anastrepha species were recovered from guava fruits. Souza Filho (1999) identified the same species in guavas, however, with different proportions of A. bistrigata and A. sororcula. In the state of Rio de Janeiro (Southeast of Brazil), Aguiar- Menezes and Menezes (2002) recovered A. fraterculus (55%), A. sororcula (38%) and A. obliqua (7%) from guavas. In the northeast part of Brazil, Araujo and Zucchi (2003) recovered 86.9% of A. zenildae and 13.1% of A. sororcula in guavas. Anastrepha fraterculus has been reported from 24 host plants of the Myrtaceae and 18 botanic families in Brazil (Zucchi 2000a). In our survey, South American fruit fly infested fourteen species of Myrtaceae. Thus A. fraterculus was dominant, reaching 87.74% of the all Anastrepha females and 76.62% of females from guavas. In the present study, Neosilba spp. (Lonchaeidae) were present in 33.5% of the samples (Table 1), infesting eleven species of Myrtaceae. Lonchaeidae species are important pests of several horticultural crops (Norrbom and Mcalpine 1997). Status of some Lonchaeidae species is increasing due to considerable populations in commercial fruits (Raga et al. 2004). Acknowledgements We would like to thank to Mr. Gabriel Buratto da Silva and Fabiano Domingues Gomes for technical assistance in laboratory activities. References
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